Psychology exam 2 - chapter 8 and 9
Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience BEST illustrates:
.mood-congruent memory
having enough experience to develop expertise in a field
10 year rule
most children are in one word stage
12 months
the IQ of a 6-year-old with am measured age of 9 would be
150
English has how many phonemes
40
Coral's intelligence score is 104. She is in good company: nearly _____ out of 10 people have intelligence scores between 85 and 115.
7
Proposed a model to explain our memory forming process Sensory=>Short Term=>Long Term
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
children can be accurate eyewitnesses if
A neutral person asks nonleading questions soon after the event
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
Algorithm
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning
Alzheimer's disease
People remember exciting or shocking events for a long time due to activation of the limbic system's, emotion- related memory formation
Amygdala
Damage to the _____ would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten one on several occasions.
Cerrebellum
a type of information-processing approach that emphasizes the simultaneous activity of numerous interconnected processing units
Connectionism
Eleven-year-old Hector was given a test by his school district to measure his intelligence. During the test, he was required to define words, describe the similarities among objects, make patterns from blocks, and arrange numbers in a sequence. Most likely, Hector was administered a well-known test called the:
WISC
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
WISC test
psychologists involved in the study of memories of abuse tend to disagree with eachother about what
We tend to repress extremely upsetting memories
the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
when forgetting is due to encoding failure, information has not been transferred from
a short term memory into long term memory
= success
ability + opportunity + motivation =
The idea that a "bad" genetic traits could be bred out and good traits could promoted in order to improve society. Some Americans believed that the society could be improved by controlled breeding. They accomplished this by sterilizing many criminals and the mentally handicapped.
Eugenics Movement
Created by Pierre de Fermat, a "17th century mischevious genius" who challenged mathematicians of his day to match his solutions to various number theory problems. This is his most famous challenge. Solved by Andrew Wiles, a Princeton mathematician.
Fermat's last theorem
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set
Fixation
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
Framing
when consumers respond more positively to ground beef described as "75 percent lean" than to the same product labeled "25 percent fat" they have been influenced by
Framing
our abilities are best classified into eight independent intelligences, which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts
Gardener's Multiple Intelligences
the existence of savant syndrome seems to support
Gardner's Theory of multiple intelligences
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is enhanced by the neurotransmitter:
Glutamate
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
Grammar
A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage. - is compared to a "save button"
Hippocampus
Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time, even though they cannot recall having seen the story before. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the:
Hippocampus
saving for retirement, choosing to live or die, becoming an organ donor
all examples of framing
inability to form new memories
anterograde amnesia
Lara is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is MOST likely due to the fact that her _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was NOT fully developed at that age.
Hippocampus
the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is best able to tell us
How the test-taker compares with other adults in vocabulary and arithmetic reasoning
a natural ability to learn
apitude
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
automatic processing
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
Reliability
a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
conformation bias
In one experiment described in the textbook, researchers reduced belief perseverance by encouraging participants to:
consider the opposite point of view.
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
echoic memory
Referring to the effects of environmental forces on the expression of an individual's, or a species', genetic inheritance.
epigentic
the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place - type pf explicit memory
episodic memory
hippocampus and frontal lobes
explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
explicit memory (declarative memory)
Dr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular course. However, the longer he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the difference in:
explicit memory and implicit memory
with respect to memory, hippocampus is to cerebellum as _____ is to _____.
explicit, implicit
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
flashbulb memory
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
fluid intelligence
according to Charles Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
general intelligence (g)
As an elementary school teacher, Lisa has many students for whom English is a second language. She notices that many of these students have more difficulty understanding new vocabulary terms than the rest of the class, and have a tendency to misplace adjectives in their writings. These students are experiencing difficulty with:
grammar
According to the textbook, modern researchers would likely conclude that children who are able to resist eating lollipops even when exposed to them for long periods of time:
have high levels of emotional intelligence
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
longitudinal study
practice that can produce speedy, short term learning and high feelings of confidence
massed practice (cramming)
processing information in a way that allows consumers to reach the conclusion that they want to reach
motivated reasoning
a framing of choices by which governments and companies can, without coercion or altered incentives, encourage people to make choice that support their health, retirement savings, and well-being
nudge
the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
one-word stage
a process where we visualize the endpoint of a specific event
outcome simulation
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.
parallel processing
a tendency to perceive or notice some aspects of the available sensory data and ignore others.
perceptual set
in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. - bat - b,a,t
phoneme
3 building blocks of language
phonemes, morphemes, grammar
the tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task - overestimating our future leisure time and income
planning fallacy
traits controlled by two or more genes
polygenic traits
old information facilitates the learning of new information
postive transfer
Richard learned at an early age how to sell numerous items ranging from chocolate to small electronics. Many say his best education came from the streets he grew up on. This BEST illustrates Sternberg's concept of _____ intelligence.
practical
Meredith remembers the first several companies she contacted in her job search, but not the next few; this exemplifies the _____ effect.
primacy effect
In an effort to recall his early life experiences, Aaron forms vivid mental images of the rooms in his childhood home. Aaron is engaged in the process of:
priming
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information, if you buy a new combo lock, your well-rehearsed old combo may interfere with your retrieval of the new one
proactive interference
implicit memories include
procedural memory and classically conditioned associations
the act of reproducing the behavior of a process, using a model that describes each step
process stimulation
ability to produce words
productive language
Arnold had difficulty recognizing that bullfighting was a sport because it failed to resemble his _____ of a sport.
prototype
The best example of a category of objects, events, ideas, and people is called a(n):
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category ex- crows are more birdy than penguins
prototype
A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of testing retention using:
recall
a psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few mins earlier is testing your
recall
evidence that learning persists includes three retention measures:
recall, recognition, relearning
specific odors, visual images, emotions, or other associations that help us access a memory are examples of
retrieval cues
interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information - someone sings new lyrics to the tune of an old song, you may have trouble remembering the original words.
retroactive interference
With respect to interference, backward-acting is to forward-acting as _____ is to _____.
retroactive; proactive
visual designs and locations
right hippocampus
tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves
self-reference effect
a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world - type of explicit memory
semantic memory
One's strongest retrieval cues are often associated _____ information.
sensory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
sensory memory
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
shallow processing
Making several minor household repairs, Alyssa uses a shoe as a hammer and a butter knife as a screwdriver. Which statement BEST characterizes Alyssa's problem solving?
she is not constrained by functional fixedness
Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which will affect his _____ memory.
short term
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
short-term memory
emotional intelligence is a part of
social intelligence
the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
social intelligence
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
source amnesia
Which individual believed that general intelligence underlies specific mental abilities?
spearman
People's environment often influences them by activating their principles through priming. This process is:
unconscious
referred to priming as the "wakening of associations."
william james
Dr. Nason and his colleagues have worked at teaching sign language to a great ape. Over the past year, they have observed the ape's slow vocabulary acquisition very closely. When their study is complete, Dr. Nason and his team are likely to find that the language acquisition of the ape is similar to that observed in:
2 year old humans
the correlation between identical twins raised together is
approx 0.85
At a loud party, Maggie met so many new people that when she ran into one of her new acquaintances on campus the next day, she was unable to remember her name. The MOST likely explanation for her forgetting the name of her new acquaintance is:
Intereference
________observed the dramatic effects of early experiences and demonstrated the impact of early intervention in an Iranian orphanage.
J. Mcvicker hunt
While studying chimpanzees, _____ observed that animals have the ability to display insight.
Wolfgang Kohler
tests designed to assess what a person has learned.
achievement tests
Jaeden's friend is nervous about his upcoming final exam in art history class. She tells him not to worry because it is only an _____ test, not an _____ test such as the MCAT (Medical College Admission Test).
achievment test, aptitude
A deep brain structure involved in movement and the formation of one's procedural memories for skills is the: implicit memory formation
basal ganglia
boys outnumber girls in
both extremes
Learning to ride a bike is likely to require activation of the _____ rather than the _____.
cerebellum and basal ganglia; hippocampus
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
chuncking
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
concepts
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
convergent thinking
The textbook uses the term memoryless memory to refer to priming because priming is a type of _____ memory.
implicit
Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously
implicit memory
basal ganglia and cerebellum
implicit memory
memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas _____ refers to memory for facts and experiences.
implicit; explicit
James has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is not able to remember verbal information, but retains the ability to recall visual designs and locations. He may have suffered damage to his:
left hippocampus
in the early twentieth century, some psychologists noted that an animal consciousness can be inferred from their behavior. In the early twenty-first century, other scientists argued that animal consciousness can be inferred from their brain's
neural networks
the hour before sleep is a good time to memorize info, bc going to sleep after learning new material minimizes
retroactive interference
loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past
retrograde amnesia
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
savant syndrome
Forest often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble because he cannot figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as _____ amnesia.
source anmesia
things our implicit memory keeps track of
space, time, frequency
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
spacing effect
females tend to outscore males on which skills
spelling, emotion detecting and verbal frequency
A measure of reliability in which a test is split into two parts and an individual's scores on both halves are compared.
split-half
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
stereotype threat
retention of encoded information over time
storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time
storage
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response if we hear the word rabbit we are more likely to recall seeing or hearing "rabbit"
*Priming*
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
*long-term potentiation (LTP)*
5 components of creativity
- Expertise - imaginative thinking skills - a venturesome personality - intrinsic motivation - a creative environment
A high school physics teacher reassures his class that no matter how confusing this week's word problems appear, they all may be solved quite handily through the use of the formula F = MA. The teacher has offered his students a(n):
Algorithm
The formula of two parts oil to one part vinegar is guaranteed to yield decent oil-and-vinegar salad dressing. In problem-solving terms, this recipe is a(n):
Algorithm
he hospital where Josh works has specific step-by-step procedures, or _________________, for treating people having heart attacks.
Algorithms
To solve a problem, we often make use of a simple thinking strategy that will allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently by following a(n):
Heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms - grouping letters that appear together and excluding rare letter combos
Heuristic
mental age/chronological age x 100
IQ
argued language unlearned human trait, separate from other parts of human cognition. He theorized that a build-in predisposition to learn grammar rules, which he called universal grammer
Noam Chomsky
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). - left temporal
aphasia
tests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
aptitude tests
the environmental influence that has the clearest, most profound effect on intellectual development is
being raised in conditions of extreme deprivation
the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.
bell curve or normal curve
ability of bilinguals to exert executive control and control attention
bilingual advantage
which influences intelligence more - biological parents or adoptive
biological
The theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place.
context dependent memory
Laverne's scores on different parts of an intelligence test are very different from one another. Laverne's profile of scores on the test:
contradicts the view of intelligence offered by such early theorists as Spearman.
the ability to produce new and valuable ideas
creativity
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
critical period
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
cross-sectional study
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
crystallized intelligence
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
deep processing
that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
deja vu
Although one might wish that studying occurred automatically, successful studying, unfortunately, requires the attention and conscious work known as:
effortful processing
While you probably wish that studying was automatic, successful studying your introductory psychology course requires the attention and conscious effort known as:
effortful processing
the psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it and later getting it back out are
encoding, storage, retrieval
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
factor analysis
the idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow
growth mindset
is recognition born of experience. it is implicit (unconscious knowledge) - what we recorded in our brains but can't fully explain. It is usually adaptive, enabling quick reactions, and it is HUGE
intution
Because of a construction accident, Yoseph is no longer able to comprehend and express meaningful language. This is likely due to damage to his
left temporal lobe
a moderate form of linguistic determinism that argues that language exerts a strong influence on the perceptions of the people who speak it
linguistic relativism
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
long-term memory
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.
predictive validity
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information ex - is a small, thin man who likes to read poetry a truck driver or ivy league professor
representativeness heuristic
Hermann Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material.
semantic encoding
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
serial position effect
The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind.
state-dependent memory
emotionally intelligent people tend to
succeed in their careers
While on vacation in Mexico, James attempts to speak Spanish. However, he is finding it difficult to communicate with others. He is using Spanish terms, but he places words together according to the English language. James is having difficulty with
syntax
Which phenomenon relates MOST closely to productive language?
telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.
telegraphic speech
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information
testing effect
The easier it is for people to remember circumstances in which friends betrayed them, the more they expect such events to recur. This BEST illustrates the impact of:
the availability heuristic
A graph showing retention and forgetting over time. - after initial decline memory seems to level off
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.
Encoding
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
Morpheme
the smallest unit of language that carries meaning
Morpheme
the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
Overconfidence
where does working memory processing occur?
Prefontal Lobe
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
Recall
we remember the most when we
Recall
University grades are used to access the predictive _____ of the SAT.
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Validity
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
Standardization
the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test
Standford-Binet
analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
Sentence structure, The set of rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences in language is:
Syntax
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
WAIS
People _____ information about space. For example, while reading a textbook, people encode the place on a page where certain material appears.
automatically process
In the last few months of 2001, many Americans believed flying was more dangerous than driving. This led to a major increase in traffic fatalities. This flaw in reasoning is known as: .
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
availability heuristic
terrorist attacks made Americans more fearful of being victimized by terrorism than of other, greater threats. Such exaggerated fear after dramatic events illustrates the
availability heuristic
beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language , can even read lips
babbling stage
tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
belief perseverance
Research with the sea slug Aplysia has contributed to psychologists' understanding of not only long-term potentiation but also: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
classical conditioning
most researchers agreed that apes can
communicate through symbols
= accomplishment
competence + diligence =
today information process models human memory after __________________ thus to remember an event we must:
computer operations encode store retrieve
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient - typically no memory of events before
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Even in very stressful or embarrassing situations, Akbar is able to maintain her poise and help others to feel comfortable. Akbar's ability best illustrates the value of:
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
emotional intelligence
gene FOXP2
enables the lop tongue and vocal cord movement of speech
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
encoding specificity principle
Amelia remarks that she needs to learn the textbook's section on the structures of the brain for an upcoming test. Brian responds that he could not remember the function of the hippocampus on a test the preceding day. Amelia is making reference to the memory process called _____. Brian is referring to the memory process called _____.
encoding, retrieval
Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions. This BEST illustrates the use of:
hierarchical organization
some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the:
hippocampus
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
iconic memory
strongest support for heredity's influence on intelligence is the finding that
identical twins, but not other siblings, have nearly identical intelligence test scores
the inability to remember events from early childhood
infantile amnesia
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
insight
a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life
intelectual disability
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
intelligence
An instructor has just asked the class, "What is intelligence?" Which definition embodies the spirit of psychology's simplest answer?
intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure
defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 [thus, IQ = (ma/ca) x 100]. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.
intelligence quotient (IQ)
a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
intelligence test
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
intuition
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
language
verbal information
left hippocampus
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
linguistic determinism
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
memory
The hippocampus and brain cortex display simultaneous activity rhythms during sleep. This supports the process of:
memory consolidation
the gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring memory codes
memory consolidation
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
mental age
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
mental set
occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information
misinformation effect
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
mnemonics
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
mood-congruent memory
those suffering from depression are more likely to have their memories affected by priming negative associations. this is known as
mood-congruent memory
ability to comprehend speech
receptive language
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
recognition
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
reconsolidation
Hermann Ebbinghaus found that the more times he practiced the nonsense syllables on Day 1, the fewer repetitions he needed to relearn the information on Day 2 because he had increased his _____ time.
rehearsal
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
relearning
A long time ago, Leslie was stuck in an elevator for over 3 hours. Though generally not claustrophobic, after 2 hours she felt like the elevator walls were closing in on her. Now, 10 years later, she still vividly recalls the details of the emotionally traumatic experience. What is MOST likely causing her long-lasting robust memory of this event?
stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels activity.
SQ3R method
survey, question, read, retrieve, review
Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which of the following scenarios can BEST be used to explain the encoding problem?
the book was never purchased and placed in the library
what did Steven Pinker call language
the jewel in the crown of cognition
spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods
distributed practice
expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)
divergent thinking
Dr. Rich is a scientist who studies social influences on behavior. Dr. Rich has published ten articles and three scientific books in the past three years, which is quite an accomplishment for a psychological scientist. Dr. Rich is MOST likely to be in her:
early thirties
A performance score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) that is higher than all but 2 percent of all scores earns an intelligence score of:
130
A performance score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) that is higher than all but 2.5 percent of all scores earns an intelligence score of:
130
In the destitute Iranian orphanage that researcher J. McVicker Hunt studied, the typical child could not sit up unassisted at age ___.
2
Approximately what proportion of the population as a whole may be described as intellectually disabled?
3 in 100
In one study by Ceci and others, nearly _____ percent of preschoolers produced false memories of events that never happened.
60
Damage to the _____ would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten one on several occasions.
Cerebellum
plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning
Cerebellum
Found that short term memory has the capacity of about 7 (+/- 2) items
George Miller
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.
Hereitability
the first person to study memory scientifically and systematically; used nonsense syllables and recorded how many times he had to study a list to remember it well
Hermann Ebbinghaus
the process of getting information out of memory storage
Retrieval
what are the two types of Explicit conscious memories
Semantic - facts and general knowledge Episodic - experienced events
Erum's 2-year-old son was just administered an intelligence test. Erum is very worried because his score was 100, which she was told is the average score for toddlers. Should Erum worry about her son's chance of getting a scholarship to an Ivy League college?
She should not worry because intelligence tests administered before age 3 only minimally predict future aptitude
when tested immediately after viewing a list of words, people tend to recall the first and last items more readily than those in the middle. When retested after a delay, they are most likely to recall?
The First Items on the List.
to say that the heritability of intelligence is about 50 percent means that 50 percent of
the variation in intelligence within a group of people is attributable to genetic factors
human brain capacity is compared to
the world wide web
beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements
two-word stage
