Psychology Exam 2 MC

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? A. acquisition B. extinction C. recovery D. reflex

B. Extinction

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. punishment

a. Negative Reinforcement

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? a. checking your messages at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the message notification b. feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m c. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart d. playing the slot machine

a. checking your messages throughout the day instead of when it dings

tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a BLANK, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms a. cognitive map b. fixed interval map c. fixed ratio map d. latent map

a. cognitive map

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________. a. cognitive mapping b. conditioning c. latent learning d. reinforcement

a. cognitive mapping

grace whistles while tickling kevin with a feather. Eventually, kevin starts to squirm and giggle every time grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) a. conditioned response b. conditioned stimulus c. unconditioned response d. unconditioned stimulus

a. conditioned response

Jenna wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jenna praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. continuous b. partial c. primary d. secondary

a. continuous

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

a. fixed ratio

compared to continuous schedules of reinforcement, partial schedules of reinforcement a. are more resistant to extinction b. are less resistant to extinction c. produce lower rates of responding d. produce the greatest stimulus generalization

a. more are resistant to extinction

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. a. continuous b. discontinuous c. progressive d. regressive

b. discontinuous

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________. a. conditioning b. instincts c. learning d. reflexes

b. instincts

which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? a. belinda saw mavis receive a hug for cleaning her room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it b. jason observes brynn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. c. job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom d. laurie wants to receive a smile sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.

b. jason observes brynn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called BLANK learning. a. conditioned b. latent c. partial d. primary

b. latent

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. a. cognition b. model c. response d. stimulus

b. model

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use? a. continuous b. partial c. primary d. secondary

b. partial

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________. a. conditioned response b. stimulus discrimination c. stimulus generalization d. unconditioned response

b. stimulus discrimination

What did John B. Watson demonstrate with his study of Little Albert? a. boys display differently from girls b. boys display more fear than girls c. emotion can be a conditioned response d. fear cannot be a conditioned response

c. emotion can be a conditioned response

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? a. conditioning b. instincts c. learning d. reflexes

c. learning

what was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs? a. behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior b. fear is a conditioned response c. learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus d. one can learn new behaviors by observing others

c. learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Emily watches her older sister do headstands. Emily falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. SHe watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Emily is them able to do them herself. Which type of learning is this? a. classical b. conditioning c. observational d. operant

c. observational

BLANK reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. a. classical b. operant c. primary d. secondary

c. primary

your dog barks incessantly while you are studying unless you allow him to sit on your lap. now you avoid the barking by putting your dog on your lap when you begin to study. Your behavior best exemplifies BLANK. a. negative reinforcement b. negative conditioning c. shaping d. punishment

c. shaping

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan? a. what do people think about development? b. what is biological about development? c. what is normal development? d. who decided what constituted normal development?

c. what is normal development?

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

c.variable Interval

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a BLANK. a. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response b. neutral response and a conditioned stimulus c. neutral stimulus and a neutral response d. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned response

d. Neural stimulus and a neutral response

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization? a. being conditioned to not laugh at hats b. being conditioned to laugh at all kinds of hats c. being conditioned to laugh when you see a hot hat and cry when you see other kinds of hats d. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats.

d. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

what happens when the conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus a. a conditioned response b. stimulus discrimination c. shaping d. no learning

d. no learning

what is the main idea of social learning theory? a. behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcement and punishments b. fear is a conditioned response c. learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus d. one can learn new behaviors by observing others

d. one can learn new behaviors by observing others

Henry tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning behavior is this? a. Classical conditioning b. imitation c. modeling d. operant conditioning

d. operant conditioning

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________. a. classical conditioning b. higher order conditioning c. neutral stimulus d. spontaneous recovery

d. spontaneous recovery

which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? a. checking your snapchat account at random times throughout the day. b. playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores. c. playing poker d. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

d. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4 pm

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

d. variable ratio