Psychology Exam 2 Study Guide

Explicit attitudes are ______________, whereas implicit attitudes are _______________. a. deliberative; intuitive b. measured directly; measured indirectly c. difficult to control; controllable d. Both A and B

Both A and B

Allison got a C on her biology exam. Her friend Mike got a B and her friend David got a D. Who is Allison likely to talk to after class?

David

Which of the following is NOT a way that we resist persuasion attempts?

Ego-depletion

John is relaxing and watching TV and sees a commercial for vitamins. John cares about his health and knows a lot about physical fitness. What aspect of the commercial is John likely to be persuaded by? a. A celebrity spokesperson b. An attractive model c. The quality of the message d. Both A and B

The quality of the message

Two football teams are playing against each other. Upon arriving at the stadium, the players shout insults at members of the other team. When the game is about to start, the lights go out in the stadium. Which of the following would reduce the teams' prejudice against each other? a. Cancelling the game, effectively eliminating the competition b. Working together to fix the lights c. Playing the game in the dark d. Both A and B

Working together to fix the lights

According to the elaboration-likelihood and the heuristic-systematic models of persuasion, the two key factors that will determine whether we engage in effortful or effortless processing of information are one's ________.

capacity to process information and level of motivation

Introspection is an effective means of understanding ourselves when the ________.

focus is on a conscious decision-making process

We hold values similar to, and identify with, ________.

members of our reference group(s)

Ingratiation involves __________, whereas self-deprecation involves __________.

praising another person or using flattering language; lowering an audience's expectations of one's abilities

The belief that we can achieve a particular goal through our own actions is known as ________.

self-efficacy

Positive self-talk such as "I am a lovable person" tends to ________.

sometimes decrease happiness for people with low self-esteem

Training individuals to refute their own stereotypes is known as ________ training and has the effect of ________ stereotype activation.

stereotype negation; reducing

According to the theory of planned behavior, what type of process precedes the decision to engage in a particular behavior?

A rational process

Which of the following is usually true of a persuasive communicator?

An attractive communicator is more persuasive than an unattractive communicator.

Calvin feels that he ought to be a straight A student, but actually gets mostly Bs. How does Calvin feel as a result?

Anxious

Terry went to lunch with his sister and her boyfriend. He finds his sister's boyfriend very irritating, but sat through lunch without lashing out. When he gets home, he opens his refrigerator and sees an apple, carrots, and a slice of cake. Which is Terry most likely to eat?

Cake

Anna encounters someone who practices a different religion than she does. This person threatens her values. What emotional component of prejudice is Anna likely to experience toward this person?

Disgust

Which attitudinal factor describes the extent of how strongly an individual feels about an issue?

Extremity

Your mom wants to start exercising regularly. Which of the following is NOT something that would help you figure out whether she'll follow through?

How much time she has to exercise

Which of the following is NOT a component of attitudes? a. Affect b. Cognition c. Implicit processes d. Behavior

Implicit Processes

Gender-based discrimination affects a substantial proportion of the population by ________.

blocking women's progress in the workplace

Jennifer is an elementary school teacher. The boys and the girls in her class decide that they don't like each other, and refuse to sit near each other or play together during recess. Jennifer wants to reduce this "us" versus "them" mentality. What should she do?

Make the boys and girls work together on a project to earn an extra hour of recess

Research shows that, on average, ___________________________________________.

Men have higher self-esteem than women.

Due to the fact that we can define ourselves differently at any time, we have many selves. Can we say that one of these selves is the "true" self?

No, because all selves can be accurate, depending on the context and comparative dimension.

Sandra isn't religious, but her mom tells her she has to go to church with her family until she moves out of the house. Because of this, Sandra goes to church anyway. Sandra is likely to __________________. a. Change her attitudes to be more religious b. Not change her attitudes toward religion c. Change her behavior by stopping going to church d. Both A and C

Not change her attitudes toward religion

Alex doesn't really like the bar he and his friends go to on the weekends. He goes anyway because he thinks his friends really like it. However, his friends also don't really like that bar. What is this an example of?

Pluralistic Ignorance

Maria has an important job interview that knows she's unprepared for. She chooses to go out with her friends the night before the interview. When she gets rejected from the job, she blames the fact that she was hungover. What is this an example of?

Self-handicapping

Brad goes to an accountant to have his taxes done. When he gets to the office, he is surprised to learn that the accountant is a woman. She seems to be very good at math, and also warm and friendly. Which piece of information is Brad most likely to remember about her? a. She is warm and friendly b. She is very good at math c. She works in an office d. Both A and B

She is warm and friendly

What is the most common method used to measure personal self-esteem as an overall assessment of self-evaluation?

The Rosenberg Scale

Which of the following statements about implicit biases is FALSE? a. They make it more likely that people will shoot unarmed Black men. b. They are measured using association and priming tasks. c. They involve the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. d. They are usually controllable.

They are usually controllable

Fred (male) and Ethel (female) live in the same retirement community. Both were born and raised in the United States. Who has higher self-esteem?

They both have the same levels of self esteem

How do prejudiced people come to perceive themselves as unprejudiced?

They compare themselves to extreme bigots and feel that they don't match up.

Your brother feels good about his salary at his summer job until he realizes your salary is higher. This is an example of ______________________.

Upward social comparison

Which of the following is a reason why introspection can be misleading?

We don't always know or have conscious access to the reasons for our actions

When are women more likely to gain access to high-status positions?

When companies are in a time of crisis

Encouraging majority members to think about the advantages they have enjoyed as a result of their majority status increases their ________ guilt, which, in turn ________ racism.

collective; reduces

One approach to reducing prejudice and bias is to encourage individuals to recategorize outgroup members and ingroup members as both being part of a larger single social entity. This approach is known as the ________ model.

common ingroup identity

We form attitudes via classical conditioning by ______________________.

developing associations

LaPiere's research with the Chinese couple pointed out the ________.

difficulty of predicting actual behavior from reported attitudes

Comparing yourself to someone less competent than you is called _________________, whereas comparing yourself to someone more competent than you is called _________________.

downward social comparison; upward social comparison

Some people feel that certain groups of people have some underlying, biologically-based features that distinguish that group from other groups. These supposed distinguishing features are known as ________.

essences

One result of tokenism is that it ________.

helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is fair

The contact hypothesis is based on the idea that ________.

increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce prejudice between the groups

Research on self-control has demonstrated that engaging in self-regulation ________.

is like a muscle in that the more we practice self-control, the easier it becomes to self-regulate

Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by ________.

modifying either the attitude or the behavior to be more consistent with each other

In a study, participants were told an African American student had been discriminated against in the grading of a paper, and had either complained about it or dealt with it by accepting responsibility. Participants evaluated the student ________ in the ________ condition than in the ________ condition

more negatively; complaint; responsibility

According to the theory of planned behavior, our behavioral intentions are determined in part by our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior, our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior, and ________.

our attitudes toward a particular behavior

Rachel is about to take an exam in her statistics class. In order to ensure no one cheats, her teacher announces that she's giving female students Form A of the exam and male students Form B. It's likely that the female students will perform ____________ than the male students because ______________.

worse, gender was made salient