Psychology Exam #3
The three sources of motivation in the self-determination theory
(Autonomy), Feeling to do and execute goals on your own. (Competence), Having the competence to do things Sense of (Relatedness), Have a drive that what we are doing matters, and that we belong.
What is a hassle
A minor or everyday stressor that can be frustrating or annoying but doesn't normally have a long term impact on the person's life. What is an example of a hassle - Waiting in line, traffic, or dealing with a difficult coworker.
Distress
A negative type of distress that results from a threatening or unpleasant, or challenging situation. Distress can lead to physical and emotional symptoms. Such as anxiety, depression, fatigue, and physical illness. For example, such as financial difficulties, relationships, problems, and traumatic events.
Eustress
A positive stress that can result from a motivating, exciting, or challenging situation. Can lead to feelings of excitement, enthusiasm and motivation. For example, getting a new job.
What is Eustress
A positive stress that can result from a motivating, exciting, or challenging situation. Can lead to feelings of excitement, enthusiasm and motivation. For example, getting a new job.
What is Extrinsic
Act, because it leads to some outcome outside the person
Intrinsic
Act, the act itself is a reward.
Know, understand, and apply the three components for the (psychology) definition of all motivation X5
Arousal, Direction, and Persistence of behavior. For example, a person may be activated to start a new exercise routine by an external factor such as a friend's encouragement. Persistence may be influenced by internal factors such as the person's belief in their ability to stick to the routine and their perception of the value of exercise for their health. Intensity may be influenced by factors such as the perceived difficulty of the exercises and the degree of challenge involved. By understanding and applying these components, psychologists can help individuals identify their own sources of motivation and develop strategies to enhance their motivation and achieve their goals
Know and understand what confirmation bias is and how it can impact real-world interactions
Confirmation bias is a cognitive bias that can have significant impacts on real-world interactions. It involves the tendency to seek, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms pre-existing beliefs, while ignoring or dismissing information that contradicts them. Confirmation bias can lead to polarization and conflict, as people become entrenched in their beliefs and are less willing to consider opposing viewpoints.
Why Emotional Intelligence is important to be aware of as a psychologist
Emotional intelligence is crucial for psychologists to effectively communicate and build relationships with clients. It helps establish rapport, build trust, and model emotional intelligence skills for clients to improve their mental health and relationships. Emotional intelligence also helps psychologists manage their own emotions, respond effectively to others' emotions, and prevent burnout. Developing emotional intelligence is essential for promoting communication, enhancing therapeutic outcomes, and promoting overall well-being.
Know, understand and apply the idea of functional fixedness to a real-world situation
Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias where people only see objects or concepts as having a single, fixed function, limiting creativity and problem-solving abilities. For example, emergency personnel must think creatively about how to adapt everyday objects for medical procedures in situations where medical equipment is not available. By doing so, they can improve their problem-solving abilities and potentially save lives in resource-limited situations.
Example of intrinsic motivation
I study because I find the topic interesting
Example of Extrinsic
I study because I want the good grade
Know Dweck's views on needs theory and how it applies to raising children
In the context of raising children, Dweck's views suggest that parents and educators should focus on promoting a growth mindset in children. This can be done by emphasizing the importance of effort, learning, and perseverance, rather than innate abilities or talent. By doing so, children are encouraged to see themselves as capable of growth and development, and are more likely to persevere in the face of challenges and setbacks. Overall, promoting a growth mindset can help to foster resilience, perseverance, and a lifelong love of learning in children.
Know and understand the Yerkes-Dodson law as it relates to task performance, emotion, and stress
In the context of stress, the Yerkes-Dodson law suggests that moderate levels of stress can be beneficial for task performance. This is because moderate stress can increase alertness, motivation, and the release of hormones like adrenaline that enhance focus and cognitive processing. However, high levels of stress can be detrimental to performance by overwhelming the cognitive system, leading to distraction, anxiety, and reduced ability to concentrate.
Understand and apply the difference between cognition and intelligence
Intelligence may be defined as the ability to obtain and use knowledge in an adaptive situation. cognition means awareness in general and the ability to learn in particular.
What is a life event
Is a significant change or occurrence in an individual's life that can have a lasting impact on their emotional, physical, or social well being. Can be positive or negative. What is an example of a life event? Getting a new job or getting married. Or A death of a family member or getting a divorce.
Understand and apply James-Lange theory of emotion and how it relates to the facial feedback hypothesis
James Lang Theory - physical changes in the body happen first, which then leads to the experience of emotion. For example, your heart beating wildly would lead you to realize that you are afraid.
Know and understand the cognitive mediation model for emotions
Lazarus' cognitive mediation model suggests that when we encounter an event, we appraise it to evaluate its relevance, potential threat or benefit, and our ability to cope with it. Based on these appraisals, we experience an emotional response specific to the situation. This process involves two stages: primary appraisal, where we determine if the event is relevant, and secondary appraisal, where we evaluate our ability to cope. If we feel we can cope, we may experience positive emotions, but if we feel unable to cope, we may experience negative emotions.
Safety needs
Once physiological needs are met, individuals seek safety and security, including physical safety, emotional security, and stability.
Know and understand the key points to Instinct theory of motivation
Same as animals, Reproduction → sexual behavior, Territorial → Aggression
Key points to Drive-reduction theory of motivation
Something occurs that causes activation and you are driven to act away and be in a state of Homeostasis. Primary vs. Acquired drives, Primary dive to eat, Acquired drive do good in college so we can make money
Know, understand, and apply the different theories defining distress and eustress and how they relate to specific stressors x 3
Stress is a physical, mental,and emotional response to a challenging situation or event.
Understand and recognize the definition of Emotional Intelligence
The ability to understand, manage, and express one's own emotions, as well as the ability to perceive and understand the emotions of others. Components of emotional intelligence are Self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills.
The difference between trial and error and decision-making
The difference is the amount of structure involved with each thing. Trial and error is more exploratory and flexible, while algorithmic decision-making is more systematic and rigid.
Self-actualization needs
The highest level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy involves fulfilling one's potential and achieving personal growth, including creativity, problem-solving, and achieving personal goals.
Love and belonging needs
The third level of needs involves social connections and relationships, such as friendships, family, and romantic relationships.
Define Representative heuristic
Things you know or assume about a broad category that you can apply to a specific case/ general stereotypes.
Define Availability Heuristics
Things you know or assume about a specific example of a category that you can apply to a separate specific case. Based more on typically recent personal experiences.
Know, understand, and recognize the trial/error
Trial and error is finding different solutions until something works
Know and understand what a heuristic is
Ways to problem solve, Faster than algorithms, Done based on our scripts and schema.
What are universal emotions
emotions that are recognized across cultures and languages, expressed through facial expressions such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust. Research shows that people from diverse backgrounds can identify these emotions without explicit training, suggesting that they are innate and biologically-based.
Know, understand, and recognize algorithm forms of decision-making
following a specific set of steps or rules to arrive at a solution.
What is Intelligence
how efficiently it is processed
what are Psychological responses and causes of stress
include cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses. Cognitive responses involve the individual's perception and evaluation of a stressor. Emotional responses include anxiety, fear, frustration, anger, and sadness. Behavioral responses refer to actions taken in response to a stressor. Psychological causes of stress can include personality traits, life events, and daily hassles. Recognizing these responses and causes can aid in developing coping strategies to manage stress levels
What is Knowledge
information stored
Esteem needs
involve self-respect, confidence, and feelings of achievement and recognition.
Emotion-focused coping
involves regulating one's emotional response to a stressful situation. This can involve using relaxation techniques, engaging in activities that provide a sense of comfort or distraction, or reinterpreting the meaning of the stressor. For example, if a person is experiencing stress related to a relationship, they may seek support from friends, engage in activities they enjoy, or reframe the situation as an opportunity for personal growth.
Problem-focused coping
involves taking action to change the stressful situation itself. This can involve seeking social support, gathering information, and developing a plan of action to address the problem. For example, if a person is experiencing work-related stress, they may seek advice from colleagues or superiors, set priorities and deadlines, and develop a system for organizing their workload.
Why are Facial expressions crucial for communication and understanding emotional states
making it essential to understand universal emotions in various fields, including psychology, anthropology, and cross-cultural communication.
Physiological needs
most basic needs that require survival such as food water and shelter
Arousal theory of motivation and the concept of "optimum level"
people are driven to perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level of physiological arousal. According to the arousal theory of motivation, each person has a unique arousal level that is right for them.
Know and understand the key points of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory
physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs
Example of Availability Heuristics
plane crashes can make people afraid of flying. However, the likelihood of dying in a car accident is far higher than dying as a passenger on an airplane
What is The Appraisal Theory of Stress by Richard Lazarus
proposes that cognitive appraisal of a stressful situation plays a critical role in the experience of stress. There are two primary stages of appraisal: (primary appraisal), which involves evaluating a situation as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful; and (secondary appraisal), which involves evaluating one's coping resources and options for dealing with the stressful situation. The theory emphasizes the subjective nature of stress and highlights the importance of understanding the appraisal process in developing effective coping strategies.
What is The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
proposes that emotions are a result of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The theory suggests that two people experiencing the same physiological arousal can experience different emotions based on their cognitive appraisal of the situation. The theory also allows for excitation transfer, where residual physiological arousal from one event can intensify emotional reactions to a subsequent event.
Know and understand and apply the three needs in McClelland's Needs theory X3
proposes that individuals have three basic needs that motivate behavior: the Need for Achievement (nAch), the Need for Affiliation (nAff), and the Need for Power (nPow). These needs can influence an individual's behavior and motivation in different ways, such as seeking out leadership roles or social activities, or setting ambitious goals for themselves. Understanding and applying this theory can be useful in various fields, such as management and human resources, to motivate and engage employees and promote their job satisfaction and performance
Cannon-Board Theory
stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur at the same time. For example, Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly, and his palms sweat.
Know and understand what cognition is
the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
Example for Representative Heuristics
thinking that a nurse is going to be a woman)
Know, understand and apply the difference between eustress and distress X2
what is Distress - A negative type of distress that results from a threatening or unpleasant, or challenging situation. Distress can lead to physical and emotional symptoms. Such as anxiety, depression, fatigue, and physical illness. For example, such as financial difficulties, relationships, problems, and traumatic events.
what is Displaced aggression
when someone directs their aggressive behavior towards a target other than the source of the frustration or provocation. This can happen when the source of the frustration is not available or it is socially unacceptable to direct aggression towards them. It is a maladaptive coping mechanism that can have negative consequences.
