Psychology Exam #3

Cindy had cheesy tacos at a local Mexican restaurant. Later she became terribly ill and suffered bouts of nausea and vomiting. What might we predict based on conditioned taste aversion research? -Cindy will probably develop a strong liking for cheesy tacos -Cindy will probably be able to eat cheesy tacos with no nausea at all -Cindy will probably get nauseated the next time she tries to eat cheesy tacos -Cindy will probably continue to eat cheesy tacos except when she feels nauseous

Cindy will probably get nauseated the next time she tries to eat cheesy tacos

which is the most similar to the concept of long-term memory? -a computer hard drive -a computer monitor -a computer mouse -a computer keyboard

a computer hard drive

Studies by Keller and Marian Breland found that many animals exhibit indistictive drift. What does this mean? -the animals studied could not learn any skills even with the use of reinforcement -the animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement but eventually revert to the genetically controlled patterns of behavior. -the animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement and they remained that way no matter how much reinforcement they were given -the animals studied could only learn skills similar to those found in the wild

the animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement but eventually revert to the genetically controlled patterns of behavior.

Which of the following is the best example of applied behavior analysis? -Tiffany works with children by asking them what they want to accomplish and then helping them attain that goal through different forms of classical conditioning -Bethany has children watch her repeatedly so as to understand how a task is to be done. Once they have finsihed the observation, then they are asked to imitate the behavior -Agatha observes a child to see what purpose a disruptive classroom behavior serves, and identifies a new replacement behavior. She then implements a training program for the new behavior, reinforcing often at the simplest levels and gradually removing reinforcers as the child demonstrates the behavior independently -Camile wants children to learn a new behavior and uses punishment as the basis for the behavior change

Agatha observes a child to see what purpose a disruptive classroom behavior serves, and identifies a new replacement behavior. She then implements a training program for the new behavior, reinforcing often at the simplest levels and gradually removing reinforcers as the child demonstrates the behavior independently

What does AMID stand for? -Attention, Memory, Intention, Detention -Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire -Ask, Memory, Imitation, Develop -Association, Memory, Imitation, Desires

Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire

What is the correct sequence of the four elements of observational learning? -Attention, Imitation, Desire, Memory -Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire -Desire, Attention, Memory, Imitation -Memory, Attention, Desire, Imitation

Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire

Darla has noticed how some of her friends have lost weight and gotten trim by exercising 1-2 hours each day. However, she has no plans to imitate their behavior. What component of Bandura's model of observational learning will explain why Darla has not started a similar weight loss program? -Darla's unconscious does not believe she can achieve the goal -Darla is not motivated nor does she have the desire to begin the program. -Darla's self-esteem must first be addressed -Darla's unwillingness may be a sign of mental disorder

Darla is not motivated nor does she have the desire to begin the program.

Which of the following is an example of Thorndike's law of effect? -John, a teenager, gets compliments from Carla for wearing a nice shirt. Subsequently, John wears the shirt whenever he thinks he will be seeing Carla -James always cleans his room or he knows he will be punished -Josh tries to complete his homework even though he hates having to do it -Jeremy often sits around inside hoping that someone will call him to go do something

John, a teenager, gets compliments from Carla for wearing a nice shirt. Subsequently, John wears the shirt whenever he thinks he will be seeing Carla

Which theory is commonly represented by the "aha!" phenomenon? -Tolman's latent learning theory -Kohlers insight theory -Seligman's learned helplessness theory -Bandura's observational learning

Kohlers insight theory

Mary has just met an attractive man named Austin at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name. What should she do? -Mary should chunk it by remembering the first three letters as a set and then remembering the remaining letters as a set -Mary should repeat the name continuously so as to commit it to long-term memory -Mary should make it more meaningful. For example, she might remind herself that Austin has the same name as the capital of Texas -Mary should create a song to help her remember his name

Mary should make it more meaningful. For example, she might remind herself that Austin has the same name as the capital of Texas

Where do secondary reinforcers get their power from? -Pavlov's classical conditioning -Thorndike's law of effect -Bandura's observational theory -Kohlers insight theory

Pavlov's classical conditioning

According to Sternberg which type of intelligence has a low relationship to academic success and would be the most difficult to measure in the classroom -practical -creative -analytical -verbal

Practical

Blake finds that if he washes his car prior to going out on the town, more of his frinds want to ride along with him. What theory would best explain his willingness to always wash and clean his car before going out? -Thorndike's law of effect -Skinner's theory of operant conditioning -Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning

Thorndike's law of effect

Rhonda had tartar sauce with her fish one night. The next morning she was nauseated and sick for much of the day. The next time she was offered the chance to go out for fish, she felt queasy and declined. Her queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce was probably due to: -higher-order conditioning -a conditioned taste aversion -stimulus substitution -stimulus generalization

a conditioned taste aversion

Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction with operant conditioning? -a mother ignores her child's temper tantrum so that the behavior ultimately goes away -a mother gives in to her child's demands for candy by buying the child some chocolate so as to quiet him or her -a mother spanks a child when he or she starts throwing a tantrum -a mother gives a child chocolate prior to him or her asking for it so as to keep a tantrum from occurring in the first place

a mother ignores her child's temper tantrum so that the behavior ultimately goes away

Learning can best be described as -a relatively permanent change in behavior -a permanent change in behavior -due primarily to unconscious motives -momentary changes that require biological changes from within

a relatively permanent change in behavior

According to Sternberg, "book smarts" is another way of talking about which kind of intelligence? -analytical -creative -practical -emotional

analytical

Which of the following would be an example of vicarious classical conditioning? -as a young child, tony frequently observed his older sisters jump around and scream whenever any of them saw a spider, as they were very afraid of them. Subsequently, Tony experiences feelings of fear when he sees a spider -Tommy is told about a new product from a close friend and decides to buy it for himself -A cat responds to the sound of a bell because it sounds similar to a bell it hears on the television -Tonja watches her grandfather check the air pressure in her bike tire and then use a hand pump to add air to the tire. She is later able to check the air pressure and pump up the tire herself

as a young child, tony frequently observed his older sisters jump around and scream whenever any of them saw a spider, as they were very afraid of them. Subsequently, Tony experiences feelings of fear when he sees a spider

Neurofeedback is a form of __________ and works to change a person's _______________ through a series of reinforcements. -classical conditioning; thoughts -operant conditioning; anxieties -observation learning; behaviors -biofeedback; brain activity

biofeedback; brain activity

Caitlin works in the psychology department's rat lab. In her studies, she found that many of her lab rats would develop a conditioned taste aversion to certain foods after as little as one trial. Caitlin's psychology professor refers to this as a classic example of: -biological preparedness -psychological preparedness -instinctive drift -stimulus substitution

biological preparedness

Michael noticed that whenever he moved his dogs food dish, his dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry and excited. He reasoned that because he feeds the dog using that dish, the sound of the dish had become -unconditioned stimulus -conditioned stimulus -unconditioned response -conditioned response

conditioned stimulus

With operant conditioning _________________________ are important in forming an association, whereas with classical conditioning, _________________________ are important in forming an association. -consequences; antecedent stimuli -reflexes; rewards -conditioned stimuli; reflexive stimuli -positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement

consequences; antecedent stimuli

Brenda has been able to tie her shoes since she was 4 but now finds it difficult to explain to her baby brother how to tie his shoes but she can easily demonstrate it for him. Brenda's memory for shoe-tying is best characterized as a ______ memory. -declarative (explicit) -demantic -episodic -nondeclarative (implicit)

declarative (explicit)

To a dog ___________________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ________________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer -a paycheck; money -dog food; frisbee -dog food; dog treats -a gold star; candy

dog food; frisbee

_______ memories are said to linger in the mind for a few seconds, allowing people the chance to keep with the flow of conversations and remember what was just said. -iconic -echoic -short-term -long-term

echoic

Which type of memory best explains the "What?" phenomenon? -iconic sensory memory -echoic sensory memory -short-term memory -tactile sensory memory

echoic sensory memory

amber meets a cute guy named Carson at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name so she reminds herself that he has the same name as the capital of Nevada (Carson City). This transferring of information from the short-term memory to long-term memory is an example of what type of rehearsal? -repetitive -imagery -elaborative -maintenance

elaborative

In recent studies, what do some researchers argue is a more accurate means of gauging success in relationships and careers -intellectual intelligence -emotional intelligence -heredity studies -stress surveys

emotional intelligence

What may be the best predictor of why some people do not excel in school but essentially succeed in their life and career choices? a. cretinism b. phonemes c. one's intelligence quotient d. emotional intelligence

emotional intelligence

when you take your final exam in your psychology class, what type of memory will you most certainly need to access to answer each question? -procedural -semantic -episodic -working

episodic

According to Sperling, what is the capacity of iconic memory? -everything that can be seen at one time -everything that can be heard in one minute -everything that can be sensed in one second -everything that can be perceived in a lifetime

everything that can be see at one time

During the cold winter, you have stopped taking your dog for walks. What's more, your dog has gotten used to the fact that when you accidentally rattle his leash, he isn't going for a walk, and subsequently he doesn't come running to the front door. What has occured? -stimulus generalization -stimulus discrimination -spontaneous recovery -extinction

extinction

Ben gets paid every 2 weeks. In one 2-week period, he worked a total of 20 hours. During another 2-week period, he worked a total of 50 hours. Regardless of the total number of hours he works each week, he is paid every two weeks. What schedule of reinforcement is being used? -fixed ratio -variable ratio -fixed interval -variable interval

fixed interval

Dr. Thomas has found that William, her patient, has a defecct in a gene on the X chromosome of his 23rd pair, which has resulted in a deficiency of a protein needed for William's brain development. William will most likely suffer from -down syndrome -cretinism -fragile X syndrome -fetal alcohol syndrome

fragile X syndrome

The study by Keller and Marian Breland found that instinctive drift in animal behavior is: -caused by confusion between punishment types -caused by overuse of positive reinforcement -the result of conscious decisions on the part of animals not to take part in further testing -genetically determined and not under the influence of learning

genetically determined and not under the influence of learning

In Tolman's maze study, the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after day 10 of the study solved the maze far more quickly than did the rats who had been reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to mean that these particular rats: -were much smarter than the other rats -had already learned the maze in the first 9 days -had the opportunity to cheat by watching other rats -were very hungry and, therefore, learned much more quickly

had already learned the maze in the first 9 days

Positive reinforcement results in a ______________ in the target behavior and negative reinforcement results in a _____________ in the target behavior. -increase; decrease -increase; increase -decrease; decrease -decrease; increase

increase; increase

Jose was lying in bed when he suddenly realized how he might deal with a fast approaching deadline at work. When his coworkers asked how he came up with his idea, he said, "It just came to me out of nowhere." Psychologists would refer to this as: -latent learning -learned helplessness -insight learning -observational learning

insight learning

Dr. Miller works with children who have grown up poor socioeconomic conditions. Many of her clients come from homes that do not emphasize education or social involvement, and opportunities for advancement are practically nonexistent. Many are malnourished, have been exposed to a variety of environmental toxins, and have multiple infections without adequate or timely health care. What might these children be at risk for? -intellectual disability -genetic inhibition -organically induced deprivation -increases emtional intelligence

intellectual disability

In Gardners view, effective counseling psychologists and managers would likely be high in blank intelligence -verbal/linguistic -visual-spatial -interpersonal -intrapersonal

interpersonal

In classical conditioning, behavior typically is ______________________ whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is ____________________ -rewarded; punished -biological; internal -voluntary; involuntary -involuntary; voluntary

involuntary; voluntary

Lisa's parents have decided to take a 3-week trip to Europe. Consequently, Lisa's mother will not be able to make her famous pies for the upcoming bake sale. When her mother encourages Lisa to bake the pies herself, Lisa panics at first but then finds that she knows how to put the recipe together. Her ability to prepare the recipe is an example of: -latent learning -learned helplessness -insight learning -discovery learning

latent learning

Jody failed repeatedly in college algebra. Finally, she gave up and was seriously considering dropping out of college. One day, her best friend offered to personally help her is she signed up for college algebra again, but she refused. What concpet might explain her reluctance? -latent learning -learned helplessness -insight learning -observational learning

learned helplessness

Sheila almost got hit by a car at a street corner because she was too busy texting on her phone. From that day on, Sheila looks before she reaches the street corner. Her change in behavior is a result of: -learning -memory -motivation -both sensation and perception

learning

Bandura's studies found that learning can take place without actual performance. What is this referred to as? -learning/performance distinction -insight-biased learning -ARID -cognitive learning

learning/performance distinction

Which type of intelligence, according to Howard Garnder, would most likely be present in farmers, landscapers, and biologists? -naturalist -visual/spatial -existentialist -movement

naturalist

Belinda has a terrible headache. If she takes some aspirin and her headache goes away, and as a result Belinda is more likely to take aspirin in the future when she has a headache, this would be an example of: -positive reinforcement -negative reinforcement -punishment -generalization

negative reinforcement

Edgar cannot sleep because he is terribly worried about his research paper. So Edgar decides to get out of bed and continue working on the paper. Although he stays up to nearly 3 a.m he is relieved that it is done and easily falls off to sleep. In the future, Edgar will be more likely to finish his work before going to bed so that he can avoid the worry and sleeplessness. Such behavior is an example of -positive reinforcement -negative reinforcement -punishment -classical conditioning

negative reinforcement

What is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment? -both tend to strengthen a response -both tend to weaken a response -negative reinforcement strengthens a response while punishment weakens a response -negative reinforcement weakens a response while punishment strengthens a response

negative reinforcement strengthens a response while punishment weakens a response

______________ memory includes what people can do or demonstrate, whereas _______________ memory is about what people know and can report. -nondeclarative; declairative -declarative; nondeclarative -semantic; procedural -episodic; semantic

nondeclarative; declairative

Which of the following would not be considered a circadian rhythm?

our heart beating

Rescorla found that the CS must _________________________ the UCS for conditioning to take place -replace -come after -come at the same time -predict

predict

Kyle, age 13, has an intellectual disability complicated by multiple physical and sensory impairments that significantly impact his skills of daily living and ability to communicate. He is unable to take care of himself in any area of life. Kyle would most likely be classified with ________ intellectual disability. -mild -moderate -severe -profound

profound

Denise is grounded for coming home after curfew. Additionally, her parents have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her cell phone privileges is an example of: -negative reinforcement -punishment by application -punishment by removal -learned helplessness

punishment by removal

Little Jimmie's mother was upset to find that Jimmie had not picked up his building blocks after repeated requests to do so. The next morning, Jimmie found all his blocks had been picked up and put into a bag on top of the refrigerator. Jimmie's mother told him that he couldn't play with his blocks for the next two days. Which type of discipline did she use? -negative reinforcement -punishment by application -punishment by removal -positive reinforcement

punishment by removal

information enters into short-term memory through a process known as ________ -recency effect -primacy effect -selective attention -repetition

selective attention

For information to travel from sensory memory to short-term memory, it must first be _______________ and then encoded primarily into ____________ form. -unconsciously chosen; auditory -selectively attended to; visual -biologically chosen; visual -selectively attended to auditory

selectively attended to; auditory

Helen has overcome her fear of toy snakes. However, on one occasion her fear returned when she found a toy snake in the cushion of her couch. Such a reaction is called -spontaneous recovery -higher-order conditioning -extinction -stimulus generalization

spontaneous recovery

Dr. Davenport gives all her classes 45 min to complete their psychology test regardless if the class meets for 50 min, 75 min, or even 3 hours. Such a technique ensures test -reliability -validity -norms -standardization

standardization

A child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If the child does not show fear when shown a black rat, this is called: -stimulus generalization -stimulus discrimination -spontaneous recovery -extinction

stimulus discrimination

Ever since she was scared by a dog as a young child, Angelica has been afraid of all dogs. The fact that she is not only afraid of the original dog but all types of dogs is an example of -extinction -spontaneous recovery -stimulus discrimination -stimulus generalization

stimulus generalization

Which of the following statements is essential to classical conditioning? -the CS and the UCS must come closely together in time -The CS must come immediately after the CR -The neutral stimulus and UCR must be paired several times before conditioning takes place -The CS should be something highly unusual

the CS and the USC must come closely together in time

At home, you rattle the chain on your dog's leash everyt ime you prepare to take him for a walk. After several episodes like this, you find that your dog comes running to the front door even when you pick up the leash to put it back in the closet. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus? -going for a walk -the sound of the leash -the front door -the dog runs to the door

the sound of the leash

In Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," the conditioned stimulus was -the white rat -the loud noise -the fear of the rat -the fear of the noise

the white rat

Tabitha signed up for a new credit card that offers reward miles for every purchase. Tabitha plans to make as many purchases as she can so that she can accumulate enough miles to go on a trip over spring break. Such an approach is an example of -token economy -shaping -a schedule reinforcement -a form of negative reinforcement

token economy

You are introduced to someone at a party. While talking with the person, you realize that you have already forgotten the person's name. Assuming no strategies are used in the attempt to remember their name, how long does it typically take before such information is lost from short-term memory? -approximately 1/4 of a second -usually no more than 4 seconds -typically between 12 & 30 seconds -short-term memories typically last a lifetime

typically between 12 & 30 seconds

Joe owned a small repair shop. Each day, he would check the mail to see if any of his customers mailed in a payment for the work he had done for them. Some days, he would receive a check or two. At other times, he would have to wait days before getting another payment. What schedule of reinforcement is evident here? -fixed interval -fixed ratio -variable interval -variable ratio

variable interval

Research by Steven Maier suggests that learned helplessness involves a higher-level region of the brain known as the _____________ , which helps subjects determine what is controllable. -amygdala -hippocampus -dorsal raphe nucleus -ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)

ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)