Psychology exam 3

Nature vs. Nurture

"Nature" refers to genetic factors involved in development and maturation "Nurture" refers to environmental factors involved in development and maturation

Intuitive decision, going with your gut, automatic, implicit making is system ________ decision making.

1

Stress reduction techniques

1. Muscle relaxation 2. Biofeedback 3. Meditation 4. Cognitive restructuring 5. Holistic wellness

What is Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development?

1. Sensorimotor- infancy (0- 2 yrs) 2. Preoperational- early childhood (2-7 yrs) 3. Concrete Operation- middle childhood (7-11 yrs) 4. Formal Operation- adolescence (12 yrs- adult)

Piaget's stages of development process

1. all thinking begins at balanced mental state of equilibrium 2. child receives new info 3. child adapts new info assimilation/ accommodation4. new thought (schema) is formed

slower, conscious, effortful decision making is system ________ decision making.

2

Every time he hears the name of his favorite restaurant, Jacob begins to salivate. In classical conditioning terms, the restaurant's name is serving as:

A conditioned stimulus

If you first see a T-shirt that costs $1,200 - then see a second one that costs $100 - you're prone to see the second shirt as cheap. This is a example of

Anchoring

The "law of effect" states:

Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated.

Standardized

Assessments that are given in the exact same manner to all people . With regards to intelligence tests standardized scores are individual scores that are computed to be referenced against normative scores for a population (see "norm").

Behaviors vs. habits

Behaviors- any activity of an organism that can be observed or somehow measured Habits- A behaviour that has become automatic through repetition.

Biopsychosocial vs. biomedical

Biopsychosocial- An approach to studying health and human function that posits the importance of biological, psychological, and social (or environmental) processes. Biomedical- A reductionist model that posits that ill health is a result of a deviation from normal function, which is explained by the presence of pathogens, injury, or genetic abnormality.

when ordering at a restaurant, customers will make suboptimal decisions because they feel rushed by the waiter. This is example of

Bounded rationality

Bounded rationality

Cognitive limitations that constrain one's ability to interpret, process, and act on information.

What type of people from around the world sharing memories of WW11?

Collective

norm

Control variable It's the average out of the test Example: if teacher give a test and the majored of the class got 80% on the test that's the norm.

Habituation vs. Dishabituation

D- Out of the norm/ Example your washer is starting to make noise and will start to hear it. H- you do it without thinking it a habit/ Example your wash humming and you don't hear it because it a habit.

Norms

Data on average

rational decision making

Define the problem Identify criteria necessary to judge Weigh the criteria Generate alternatives Rate each alternative Compute optimal decision

rest intervals are interspersed among the learning trial

Distributed-Practice

Effect of stereotypes on performance

Emotional and cognitive factors - evaluation apprehension, anxiety, self efficacy, self handicapping, reduced cognitive resources. Stress arousal - impairs processing of prefrontal cortex - could affect performance. Being stressed impacts your ability to perform.

Flashbulb memories

Emotional, deteriorate over, and experienced with great intensity and confidence

how we retrieve information depends on how it was encoded in the first place

Encoding Specificity Principle

Correct order of stages of memory?

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

What type of memory is thinking back to your last big birthday party?

Episodic

Your memories of your first day of school, your first kiss, attending a friend's birthday party, and your brother's graduation are all

Episodic memories

believing you started the washing machine before you left for work, only to come home and find you didn't. These is example of

False memory

memories that are unusually clear and vivid

Flash bulb

the memory of 9/11 attacks, a school shooting, college graduation, or even the birth of one's child.These are examples of

Flashbulb memory

"g"

General intelligence

Habituation vs. Dishabituation

H= decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus D= recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation

Adherence

In health, it is the ability of a patient to maintain a health behavior prescribed by a physician. This might include taking medication as prescribed, exercising more, or eating less high-fat food.

false memory

Large memory errors in which events are recalled that never took place

An eyewitness being asked: "Did you see the broken light" rather than "Did you see a broken light" these is a example of

Misinformation effect

crystallized vs fluid

Neurological patients report having either lost knowledge and skills they once had. but can still perform new OR report they cannot perform new problem-solving tests but can still do all the things they have learnt in the past

A child stops throwing pencils after watching a teacher scold another child for throwing a pencil across the room. This is an example of:

Observational learning

Testimonial Evidence is

Oral or written statement given to police or in court

Effect of the innocence project

Overturn wrongful convictions.

What type of memory is knowing how to golf?

Procedural

What type of memory is knowing how to ride a bike?

Procedural

if a person weighs themselves during the course of a day they would expect to see a similar reading. This is a example of

Reliable

What type of memory the earth has one moon?

Semantic

What affects whether we seek treatment?

Some of these factors include your level of subjective distress, your functioning at home and work, and your symptoms.

Stress and health

Stress increases likelihood of contracting illnesses

System 1 vs. System 2

System 1: automatic evaluation based on pre-set assumptions System 2: Slower, more effortful, deliberate processing

Recoding

Taking the information in the form it was delivered to us in and changing it to where we can better understand it

Working memory

The ability to maintain information over a short period of time, such as 30 seconds or less.

Episodic

The ability to remember the episode of yourself

Overconfidence

The bias to have greater confidence in you judgment than is warranted based on a rational assessment.

Distinctiveness

The principle that unusual events (in a context of similar events) will be recalled and recognized better than uniform (nondistinctive) events.

Retrieval

The process of accessing stored information

storage

The stage in the learning/memory process that bridges encoding and retrieval; the persistence of memory over time.

Which is factor in the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?

Time of day Attractiveness of suspect Trauma/shock

example of fluid

To think on your feet

information received after an event can contaminate our memory of that event.

True

Keeping a person's address in mind while being given directions. example of

Working memory

Semantic

Your storehouse of more or less permanent knowledge

conditioned response

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

operant conditioning

a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior

conditioned stimulus

a previously neutral stimulus that, because of pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, now causes a conditioned response.

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit an unconditioned response when that neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that normally causes an unconditioned response

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

formal operational stage

abstract thought and problem solving

Coping strategies

actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

analytical, creative, practical

cocrete operational

applied to objects that are real or can be seen

Chunking

break info into smaller units to aid in memory

The Chinese remember the century of humiliation, while Americans remember 9/11 and subsequent events, and the people of many nations remember the era of World War I these are examples of

collective

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

conditioned response

Simon's rabbit gets a treat every night. The treats come in a plastic bag that makes a crinkling sound. When the rabbit hears the bag he runs to the door of his cage to await the treat. One night when Simon is eating chips the rabbit hears the sound of the bag and runs to his cage door. The sound of the bag is the:

conditioned stimulus

Watson and Raynor offered a rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. In this study, the white rat served as the

conditioned stimulus

Fixing decision making

deal with system 1 and system 2 system 1 is think with you heart and system 2 think with your brain. Fixing your decision you have take a step back and think what system your going to use like are you going to use your brain or your heart. Example are you going to use system 1 or system 2 on what you want to do for the rest of your life should use system 2 and have more thought need to go into in it.

Positive punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

decreases; increases

A hungry rat in an operant chamber is reinforced with food after pressing a bar only if a light on the chamber wall is on. If the rat learns to press the bar only when the light is on, this would indicate that the light is a(n)

discriminative stimulus

putting information into memory

encoding

Correlates of intelligence

genetics, positive attitude, gender, stereotype threat, and bias

Health psychologists and the future

health psychologists will be able to serve the population better, learn more about health and health behavior, and develop excellent health-improving strategies that could be specifically targeted to certain populations or individuals. These leaps in equipment development, partnered with growing health psychology knowledge and exciting advances in neuroscience and genetic research, will lead health researchers and practitioners into an exciting new time where, hopefully, we will understand more and more about how to keep people healthy.

unconditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits an unlearned, naturally occurring response

unconditioned response

in classical conditioning, an unlearned response

discrimination

in classical conditioning, the ability to distinguish the conditioned stimulus from the other stimuli that are similar.

Extinction

in classical conditioning, the disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus no longer follows a conditioned stimulus.

Biases

mistakes that influence judgement

If Jack confiscates his son Joshua's video game console to stop him from misbehaving, what technique is Jack using to modify Joshua's behavior?

negative punishment.

Which would you prefer?positive punishment-negative reinforcement

negative reinforcement

sensorimotor stage

object permanence

A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in:

observational learning

Blocking

occurs when a previous association prevents another association from being formed

Misinformation effect

occurs when incorrect information obtained after an event contaminates our memory of that event

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

our abilities are best classified into eight independent intelligences, which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

pavlov

Giving five dollars to a person to do her chores, in the hope that this consequence will increase the likelihood of the behaviour is a

positive reinforcement

Effects that increase behaviors are __________; effects that decrease them are ____________.

reinforcers; punishers

Social support

relationships with people and groups that can provide us with emotional comfort and personal and financial resources

Reliable vs. Valid

reliable = consistent valid = accurate

Recalling that Washington, D.C., is the U.S. capital and Washington is a state. Recalling that April 1564 is the date on which Shakespeare was born. Recalling the type of food people in ancient Egypt used to eat. are all examples of

semantic memories

Ronaldo's dog, Mickey, used to be classically conditioned to bark every time he heard the doorbell because he knew people would be arriving and he wanted to say hello. While Mickey's owner did a good job of extinguishing Mickey's association of these stimuli, a doorbell can still sometimes evoke some responding again of Mickey barking. It is likely that Mikey is showing what aspect of conditioning?

spontaneous recovery

preoperational stage

symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration

Eyewitness testimony

testimony by eyewitnesses to a crime about what they saw during commission of the crime

emotional intelligence

the ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning

IQ

the average is 100; there are many definitions of this attribute, including multiple and crystallized

collective memory

the kind of memory that people in a group share

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after some time has passed.

generalization

the tendency to respond in the same way to stimuli that have similar characteristics

Anchoring

the tendency, in making judgments, to rely on the first piece of information encountered or information that comes most quickly to mind

Continuous vs. Discontinuous development

there is evidence to support that development occurs gradually, like social skill building; but there is also stage-oriented development like leaps of cognitive development.

Example Crystal

to use your experience to form a plan

During classical conditioning it is important that the neutral stimulus precede the

unconditioned stimulus

Watson and Raynor offered a rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. In this study, the loud noise served as the

unconditioned stimulus

a test of intelligence should measure intelligence and not something else (such as memory). This example of

valid