Psychology Exam 3

An unpleasant emotional state that involves feelings of worry, dread, apprehension, and tension, along with heightened physical arousal, is called:

anxiety

Because the anxiety can be attached to virtually any object or to none at all, generalized anxiety is sometimes referred to as:

free-floating anxiety

Psychological research has consistently shown that having a sense of control over a stressful situation _____ the impact of stressors and _____ feelings of anxiety and depression.

reduces; decreases

Charlie is suffering from major depressive disorder. Compared with people who are not depressed, Charlie may experience which one of the following symptoms of major depressive disorder?

a preoccupation with death or suicidal thoughts

Which of the following is NOT a typical correlate of chronic stress?

cessation of corticosteroid release

A therapy approach that is based on the idea that cognitions, behaviors, and emotional responses are interrelated, with each affecting the other, is called:

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Which of the following is NOT part of the fight-or-flight response?

decreased blood flow to the muscles

Solomon Asch set up an experimental situation in which participants were asked to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to answer a straightforward question, namely:

Would people still conform to the group if the group opinion was clearly wrong?

Patrick has been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder. Patrick is likely to experience:

a paralyzing fear of performing even routine behaviors in public situations or in front of other people.

Conformity is defined as:

adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that it matches the opinions, judgments or behavior of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation.

During the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome, catecholamines are released by the adrenal medulla. Intense arousal occurs, and the body mobilizes internal physical resources to meet the demands of the stress-producing event.

alarm

Kitty Genovese was murdered outside her New York City apartment. This tragic event led to intense psychological research on:

altruism and prosocial behavior

Compared to physically inactive people, physically fit people:

are less physiologically reactive to stressors and produce lower levels of stress hormones

Obsessive-compulsive disorder has been linked to dysfunctions in which of the following brain areas?

areas of the brain involved in the flight-or-fight responses, the frontal lobes, and the caudate nucleus

An individual's false belief that outside forces such as aliens, the government, or random people have power over him and can influence and manipulate his actions or thoughts is called a delusion of:

being controlled

The best known antianxiety medications are the _____, which includes the trade name drug _____.

benzodiazepines; Valium

The different forms of biomedical therapy are based on the assumption that _____ play a significant role in causing the symptoms of psychological disorders.

biological factors

Of the following factors, which is NOT one that will make you more likely to conform to the group's norms?

You have already expressed commitment to a different idea or opinion.

Electroconvulsive therapy, abbreviated ECT, involves:

a brief burst of electricity to the brain that induces a seizure.

Freud's theory of personality stressed the idea that:

early childhood experiences provide the foundation for later personality development.

During the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the body's energy reserves become depleted, leading to physical disorders and, potentially, death.

exhaustion

The _____ response refers to the rapidly occurring chain of internal physical reactions that prepare people to react to an immediate threat.

fight-or-flight

According to Freud, dream images, memory lapses, inadvertent slips of the tongue, and accidents:

provide glimpses of unconscious conflicts.

All forms of psychotherapy share the assumption that _____ play(s) a significant role in problematic emotions, behaviors, and thoughts.

psychological factors

The most common form of biomedical therapy used to treat the symptoms of psychological disorders is:

psychotropic medications

According to the textbook, the DSM-5 has been criticized for:

possible bias resulting from the financial ties of many DSM-5 authors to the pharmaceutical Industry.

Which one of the following people is MOST likely to be classified as exhibiting a Type A behavior pattern?

Bill, a very ambitious, competitive, hostile, time-conscious real estate developer

Which of the following is an example of the development of a phobia through observational learning?

Matilda develops a fear of spiders after years of seeing her mother and older sister react with extreme fear whenever they see a spider.

The development of phobias can be partly explained by:

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.

The first step in rational-emotive therapy is to:

identify the core irrational beliefs that are causing distress.

Which of the following statements about the DSM-5 is FALSE?

DSM-5 is of little practical value to clinical psychologists and other mental health workers because it merely describes the symptoms of mental illnesses and does not explain what causes them.

The acronym "DSM-5" stands for:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition.

_____ refers to the phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers.

Diffusion of responsibility

What has research shown about the relationship between hostility and heart disease?

Hostility levels are positively correlated to heart disease: the higher the level of hostility, the greater the likelihood of developing heart disease.

Antidepressant medications most commonly affect levels of which neurotransmitter(s) in the brain?

serotonin and norepinephrine

In client-centered therapy, the therapist

strives to be nondirective, genuine, and accepting

In the 1920s, the famous case of Little Albert demonstrated that:

strong negative emotional reactions, such as fear of a lab rat, could be classically conditioned.

The phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called:

the bystander effect

While eating at a restaurant, you see a waiter's serving tray tilt and an avalanche of food and beverages splatters on four people. "What a careless, clumsy idiot," you mumble to yourself as you resume eating. You have just committed an attributional bias called:

the fundamental attribution error

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that increases the likelihood of bystanders helping?

the presence of other bystanders in the situation

The onset of schizophrenia:

typically occurs during early adulthood

In psychoanalysis, transference refers to the:

patient unconsciously responding to the therapist as though the therapist were a significant person in the patient's life.

_____ are every day, minor events that annoy and upset people.

Daily hassles

_____ is any verbal or physical behavior intended to cause harm to other people.

Aggression

Albert Bandura's classic Bobo Doll experiments demonstrated which of the following ideas?

Aggression is at least partly a learned phenomenon.

_____ are hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that cause rapid physiological arousal and include adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Catecholamines

_____ is a disorder that involves intrusive thoughts of a traumatic event, emotional numbness, and symptoms of anxiety, such as nervousness, sleep disturbances, and irritability.

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Lithium regulates the availability of the excitatory neurotransmitter _____ and helps prevent the excesses that may cause mania and the deficits that may cause depression in bipolar disorder.

glutamate

The body system that produces specialized white blood cells that defend the body from viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells is called the _____ system.

immune

Tammy loved the movie Enchanted and thought that the wicked stepmother was ugly and evil and that the lovely princess was innocent and virtuous. Because of cultural conditioning it is likely that Tammy is using a(n) _____ called _____.

implicit personality theory; "what is beautiful is good"

The Stanford Prison Experiment:

involved Stanford University students playing roles of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison.