Psychology Exam 3

Biological mechanism that motivate eating?

-hypothalmus, blood, stomach, pancereas, fat cells,

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

5. Self actualization (full potential personal dreams, aspirations) 4. Esteem ( Good self-opinion, accomplishments, reputation) 3. Belonging and love (acceptance, freindship) 2. Safety (securty, protection, freedom) 1. Physiological needs (Food, water, warmth)

What is the capacity and duration of SHort-term memory?

7 chunks, 20 seconds

What is the magical number for short-term memory?

7 plus, minus 2. Group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit

What is the pleasure principle?

According to Freud, the pleasure principle motivates people to seek pleasure and avoid pain

to work at burger shack, megahn must memorize all the menu items. To do this, she thinks about what eahc firend would want to order each item. Meghan is likel yot retain all the info in long term storage bc she used ?

Elaborative rehearsal

What information is more likely to be remembered?

Information of personal relevance

Short term memory

LImited duration - about 20 seconds without rehersal

What is the capacity and duration of Sensory memory?

Large but not unlimited, 1 second

Storage

Maintaing information for some time.

According to Freud needs are satisifed based on the ________

Pleasure principle

Factors that motivate behavior?

Satisfaction of needs, drive reduction, optimal level of arousal, pleasure principle, incentives

________ memory storage has a huge capacity, but a very brief duration. ________ memory storage may have unlimited capacity and duration. Sensory; Short-term Long-term; Short-term Short-term; Long-term Sensory; Long-term

Sensory; Long-term

Troy finds it very hard to lose weight, and his doctor suggests this may be due to a deficiency of the hormone leptin. Which of the following symptoms might lead Troy's doctor to this conclusion? Troy continues to feel hungry even after eating a big meal. Troy has a high level of glucose in his blood. Troy has no appetite but is still having trouble losing weight. Food tastes unusually sweet to Troy.

Troy continues to feel hungry even after eating a big meal.

After you finish a big meal, the level of glucose in your bloodstream increases. What happens next in order for your body to process the glucose? When glucose reaches a certain level, your hypothalamus stops producing it. Your pancreas produces insulin to manage the glucose. Your stomach releases ghrelin to counteract the glucose. Your fat cells release leptin, which tells your hypothalamus to stop producing glucose.

Your pancreas produces insulin to manage the glucose.

What is intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity, rather than for an apparent external goal or purpose

what is extrensic motivation

a desire to perform an activity to achieve an external goal that activity is directed toward

Travis is taking a new medicine that has a side effect of disrupting his short-term storage. Based on this fact, you know that Travis will have difficulty recalling a photograph he saw less than a second ago. a phone number he heard 15 seconds ago. the multiplication tables he learned in third grade. how to ride his bicycle.

a phone number he heard 15 seconds ago.

Drive

a psychological state of discomfort that, by creating arousal, motivates an organism to engage in a behavior to satisfy a need

Need

a state of biological or social deficiency (ie water or food)

Retrival

accessing the information for use

What is equilibrium?

balance

Memory is an imperfect record of everything we see and experience primarily because our sensory storage does not last long enough. long-term storage is limited. capacity to pay attention is limited. sensory storage has limited capacity.

capacity to pay attention is limited.

Encoding

changing information into a neural code the brain can use.

fatima is a new student on campus. Everywhere she goes she is asked for her 12 digit student number. To memorize her new student number she thinnks of it as 3 differint years. Fatima is using ______ to aid her memory. chunking

chunking

A string of 16 digits (1776149217872014) is difficult to remember. However, if you break them up into four groups of four digits (1776, 1492, 1787, and 2014), these numbers are easier to remember due to the effect of elaborative rehearsal. chunking. dual coding. maintenance rehearsal.

chunking.

You have been away attending college for three months. When you return home for the winter break, your family dog, Gus, recognizes you as soon as you walk in the door. Even though Gus has not seen you in a long time, he recognizes you now because a. his brain is storing information about your appearance when he sees you. b. his brain is creating a mental video of you as you walk through the door. c. his brain is maintaining information about you at all times. d. his brain is retrieving information about your appearance that was encoded the last time he saw you.

d. his brain is retrieving information about your appearance that was encoded the last time he saw you.

What is motivation?

desire to elicit response or engage in an activity. Varioos directive states that guide and direct behavior

implicit memory

does not require conscious effort and often cannot be verbally described

When he misses lunch, Augustus knows he is experiencing a state of deficiency. Pretty soon, he starts to feel hungry and he goes to a deli to eat. Augustus was motivated to eat because he experienced the psychological state called a(n) ________, which will reduce his state of deficiency. goal incentive need drive

drive

Semantic encoding

emphasizes the meaning of verbal input (Deep processing) ex: putting a word in a sentence

Phonemic encoding

emphasizes what a word sounds like. Intermediate processing. ex: what the word rhymes with

When you read your textbook, your brain changes the words you are reading into a meaningful neural code that it can use. In memory, this process is called? storage encoding retrieval attention

encoding

What do the brain and a computer have in common?

encoding, storage, and retrieval

what are the 3 key processes of memory?

encoding, storage, retrieval

What are the two types of long-term memory?

explicit and implicit

Incentives

external objects or external goals, rather than internal drives, that motivate behavior

Maya finds her customer service job to be frustrating and stressful. She tells her friend Jeff about her negative experience at work, and he tells her to force herself to smile while she is at work, an idea he learned in his psychology class. When Maya tries smiling at work, she finds her job less frustrating and even begins to enjoy it some days. The idea that Jeff shared with Maya is most likely the:

facial-feedback hypothesis

At a potluck, everyone brings his or her favorite dish to share. Gavin decides to avoid the foods he has never heard of before and instead eats only the macaroni and cheese he brought to the party. In this example, Gavin eating food he prepared himself suggests that he is most influenced by satiety cues. conditioning. the limbic system. familiarity.

familiarity.

Arousal

physiological activation such as increased brain activity) or increased autonomic responses such as increased heart rate, sweating or muscle tension

What influences our desire to eat?

highly motivating behavior that can become an addiciton. Culture and conditiong can determine what and when we eat

insulin

hormone that controls blood glucose

From an evolutionary perspective, pleasure ________ the likelihood of survival and reproduction because it ________. increases; promotes adaptive behaviors decreases; interferes with adaptive learning decreases; promotes negative behaviors increases; interferes with responses to pain

increases; promotes adaptive behaviors

primary effect

initial itrams are stored in long-term memory more efficiently

What hormones regulate hunger?

insulin, ghrelin, leptin

When explaining the purpose of homeostasis, Dr. Murphy would most likely suggest that it generates a drive to satisfy a need. is a tendency for the state of the body to remain stable. creates a state of arousal. uses incentives to reduce drives.

is a tendency for the state of the body to remain stable.

Recency effect

last few iteams are still in working memory and are readily avaiable

When you are hungry, the level of glucose in your bloodstream is ________. After you finish a big meal, the level of glucose in your bloodstream is ________. low; high high; low low; low high; high

low; high

reveille just got a new bank account passed : ih736/. She repeats the code over and over keeping the info maintained in long term storage by using

maintanence rehearsal

Which of the following is as an example of an incentive that can motivate behavior? water sleep achievement money

money

Evolutionarily, children were more likely to remain with adults who would protect them. In addition, humans were most successful at survival when they shared food and resources. To increase the odds of survival, groups of people cooperated with each other. A fundamental motive that has evolved from these behaviors is our need to belong. need to achieve long-term goals. extrinsic motivation. familiarity principle.

need to belong.

Antoinette is a real risk taker. She loves to skydive, and she can party all night. Benita dislikes risk taking and prefers quieter activities, such as reading and yoga. These contrasting preferences in the rate of physiological activation they experience suggest that Antoinette and Benita differ in their:

optimal levels of arousal.

Joffrey's wife asked him to go to the store and buy milk, bacon, apples, juice, butter, and cereal. Joffrey did not write down the items and ended up only remembering to buy milk and bacon at the store. This demonstrates the ________ effect. recency primacy interference decay

primacy

recency effect

refers to the level of correct recall on the final iteams of the list

What is working memory?

repititively verbailizing of thinking about the information or keeping it in use. Active processing system that allows manipulation of different types of information to keep it available for current use.

explicity memory

requires conscious effort and often can be verbally described

leptin

secreted by fat cells to decrease appetite when insulin is high. Imapired signalisn can cause overeatting

Ghrelin

secreted by the empty stomach. to increase appetite when insulin is low, too much can cause overeating

Ruth has weighed 130 pounds all her adult life. During her pregnancy, she gained 25 pounds. After having her baby, Ruth's weight returned naturally to 130 pounds. For Ruth, 130 pounds is a(n) ________, and her body went back to it through the process of ________.

set point; homeostasis

Structural encoding

shallow processing, emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus ex: The color or style of font used to memorize somtheing

If someone says the word doctor, it may trigger a memory of your last trip to the doctor or bring to mind other concepts related to doctors, such as an examination room or a stethoscope. The ________ model of memory best explains this fact. levels of processing state-dependent context-dependent spreading activation

spreading activation

As you read your textbook, you can help your brain retain the information you are learning by taking notes. Note taking aids your memory by enhancing the process of retrieval. attention. encoding. storage.

storage.

How can you increase your chances of encoding information?

take notes in class, repeating information to keep it relevant and in working memory, Dual-coding with imagery

Homeostatis

tendency for bodily function to remain in equilibrium

Thatcher thinks that anxiety can impair test performance, so he makes every effort to get as relaxed as possible before his exam. Thatcher is extremely relaxed during the exam and does poorly. Thatcher did not take into account the complete relationship between physiological activation and performance as described by the self-determination theory. Cannon's theory of homeostasis. the Yerkes-Dodson law. Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

the Yerkes-Dodson law.

What is primary effect

the accuracy of recall for the early list positions

Need to belong theory

the need for interpersonal attachments is a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes

What is the capacity and duration of long-term memory

unlimited capacity and duration

Long-term storage stores information for a limited amount of time. involves primarily acoustic encoding. uses dual coding for better encoding. uses working memory to help maintain information.

uses dual coding for better encoding.

What is elaborate rehersal?

uses working-memory processes to think about how new information relates to ourselves or our prior konwledge (semantic information) provides deeper encoding og information for more successful long-term storage

What is maintenance rehersal?

using working-memory processes to repeat information based on how it sounds (auditory information) provides only shallow encoding of information.

At a café, a cup of coffee costs $2.82. To use exact change, you must hold the number 2.82 in your head while sorting through your wallet and calculating what coins you have. To be successful in actively processing this information, you must keep the information maintained in short-term storage by using your ________ memory. working episodic semantic procedural

working