psychology exam

how many human chromosomes are common to both males and females

23

The two-word stage of language development typically begins at the age of _____ months

24

an individual is considered obese if his or her body mass index (BMI) is

30 or higher

when does the babbling stage generally begin

4 months of age

about _______ percent of americans agree that "an increasing number of people of many different races, ethnic groups, and nationalities in our country makes it a better place to live."

60

a child's realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of

a theory of mind

Elaina is in the fourth month of her pregnancy. At this point, her developing baby would be referred to as a(n)

fetus

airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 75,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a _______ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they first learned of he death of a close friend of family member . This best illustrates ______ memory.

flashbulb

the cochlea is a

fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

the ability to think logically about hypothetical situations is indicative of the ________ stage of development

formal operational

Two individuals are most likely to differ in personality if hey are

fraternal twins who were raised apart

new information and memories are processed in the

frontal lobes

biological characteristics that define someone as male or female are to _____ as socially ifluenced characteristics that define someone a male or female are to ________

sex; gender

when you have to make a long-distance call, dialing an unfamiliar area code plus a seven-digit number, you are likely to have trouble retaining the just-looked-up number. This best illustrates the limited capacity of ______ memory.

short-term

the effect of rewards and punishments on gender typing is most clearly emphasized by

social learning theory

the marriage rituals of different ethnic groups are of most relevance to the ______ perspective.

social-cultural

the resting pause of a neuron is called the

refractory period

Alpha waves are associated with

relaxed but awake state

mentally visualizing yourself sitting at the same desk in the same room in which you initially learned course material can be an effective way to recall what you previously learned because this mental visualization activates

retrieval cues

philip zimbardo's research essentially was designed to study the effects of

role playing

concepts that help us make sense of the world are called

schemas

which of the following can help us sift reality from illusion?

scientific inquiry

a teenager who is focused on texting while crossing the street is not liley to notice a car rounding the corner and about to cross her path. This best illustrates the impact of

selective attention

the ______ is the point at which your "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When your body falls below this weight, increased humger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore the lost weight

set point

blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a

UR

which of the following is a self-fulfilling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

an integrated understanding of successful aging in terms of appropriate nutrition, family support, and an optimist outlook is most clearly provided by

a biopsychosocial approach

who described the priorities in human motivation in a hierarchy of needs?

Abraham Maslow

which of the following theorists did NOT propose a developmental stage theory?

B.F. Skinner

to monitor the electrical activity in the brain that is triggered by hearing one's own name, researchers would make use of a(n)

EEG

the experience of vivid geometric images and dreamlike scenes is most likely to be triggered by

LSD

which neural center in the limbic system plays an important role in emotions such as fear and rage?

amygdala

aaron is motivated to engage in risky activities simply for the sake of the thrill they give him. His motivation is best explained by

arousal theory

through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp

associative learning

"I don't care whetehr you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style.

authoritarian

when you hear familiar words in your native language, it is virtually impossible not to register the meaning of the words. This best illustrates the importance of

automatic processing

According to Erik Erikson, a sense of _____ is formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

basic trust

carol learned in her psychology class that when she feels down she should take a brisk walk with a smile and look straight ahead. carol has learned about

behavior feedback effect

the psychologist who identified 10 basic emotions

carroll izard

physical exercise can enhance all of the following except

cartilage

the importance of inherited behavioral traits was most clearly highlighted by

charles darwin

the endocrine system's hormones are ______ messengers that travel through the ______.

chemical; bloodstream

Dr. Stevens provides psychotherapy to people who suffer from excessive anxiety. Dr. Stevens is most likely a ______ psychologist.

clinical

the interdisciplinary study of the linkages between brain activity and mental processes is known as

cognitive neuroscience

two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are judged by a child to hold differnet amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a

concept of conservation

Damage to the eardrum and middle ear bones can cause

conduction hearing loss

eyewitnesses to a crime often recall the details of the crime most accurately when they return to the scene of the crime. This best illustrates

context-dependent memory

the pineal gland will _____ production of melatonin in the morning and_______ production of melatonin in the evening.

decrease; increase

activation of the sympathetic nervous system

decreases salivation and increases blood pressure

when it first emerged as a field of study, psychology was first defined as the

description and explanation of states of consciousness

a substance use disorder is best characterized by continued use of a substance

despite significant life disruption and physical health risk

this theory of motivation claims that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension cause by unmet biological needs

drive-reduction theory

the ability to consciously recognize and name the color of an object while we simultaneously and unconsciously monitor the object's shape and movement illustrates

dual processing

physical exercise in late adulthood has been found to

enhance muscle strength, helps prevent heart attacks, stimulate brain cell development

damage to the hippocampus would be most likely to interfere with a person's ability to develop

episodic memories

which of the follwoing best explains the relationship between genetic and cultural influences on sex, gender, and sexuality?

genetics and hormones predispose us to certain characteristics that then can be enhanced by cultural influences

evolutionary psychology most clearly suggests that human behavioral and biological similarities arise from our shared

genome

janet tends to associate with others whose opinions are similar to her own. While this is common, this also demonstrates how ______ could lead to misinformation

group identity

which of the following is NOT a form of gender expression

height

The genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to their children is known as

heredity

having read a story once, ceratin people with severe memory problems will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having seen the story before. they have most likely suffered damage to the

hippocampus

The historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential was known as

humanistic psychology

learning to delay gratification promotes

impulse control

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere is called

inattentional blindness

jonathan, who attends cloverdale high school, believes that all students at his school are friendlier than those who attend nearby smith valley high school. His belief best illustrates

ingroup bias

according to Erikson, older adults can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of

integrity

older adults who feel satisfied when reflecting on their lives demonstrate what Erikson called a sense of

integrity

following massive damage to his frontal lobes, Phineas Gage was most strikingly debilitated by

irritability

stacey has started a new job and has certain social prescriptions that she must follow. Her new job

is considered a role

we find it especially difficult to detect from other people's facial expressions whether they are

lying

compared with those who view nonviolent entertainment, those who view violent media are

more likely to behave cruelly when provoked

mark can't go to his baseball practice this week because he lied to his parents about something that he did with his friends. removing baseball practice is an example of

negative punishment

parents who are often uninvolved are referred to as

negligent

brain scans reveal that different ________ are activated when we process verbs rather than nouns.

neural networks

the rapid development _______ helps explain why infant brain size increases rapidly in the early days after birth.

neural networks

if one chimpansee watches a secnd chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. this best illsutrates

observational learning

which lobe is located at the back of your head?

occipital

when touched on the cheek, infants reflexively

open their mouths

which of the following is a hunger-arousing hormone ssecreted by the hypothalamus

orexin

Jamie and Lynn were sure that they had answered most of the multiple-choice questions correctly because the questions required only common sense." However, they each scored less than 60% on the exam. This best illustrates

overconfidence

after some practice, carol was able to read books while holding them upside down. This best illustrates

perceptual adaptation

the polygraph measures the changes in ______ that accompany emotion

perspiration

Native German speakers who pronounce the English word "this" as "dis" are demonstrating their difficulty with an English

phoneme

Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) ______ morality.

preconventional

men and women can achieve orgasm. Yet most people experience a greater surge in ________, the hormone associated with sexual satiety, after intercourse and orgasm with their loved one

prolactin

we more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles our _______ of a bird.

prototype

the selective loss of unused connections among brain cells is called

pruning

daydreaming, drowsiness, and dreaming are all examples of

states of consciousness

SQ3R is an acronym for an effective

study method

Which of the following is the best way to minimize retroactive interference of course material that will be on a upcoming exam?

studying before going to sleep

chronic sleep deprivation is most likely to contribute to

suppression of the immune system

taking certain drugs during pregnancy is likely to expose unborn children to harmful

teratogens

the easier it is for people to remember an instance in which they were betrayed by a friend, the more they expect such an event to recur. This best illustrates the impact of

the availability heuristic

when shopping for a new cell phone, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have familiar brand names. this preference best illustrates the importance of

the mere exposure effect

many studies, including those conducted in college classrooms, confirm that frequent quizzing and self-testing boost students' retention. This provides support for

the testing effect

critical thinking

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates

top-down processing

during prenatal development, the placenta

transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to embryo

Researchers now recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory and refer to it as _______ memory.

working