Psychology FInal

As a part of medical research study, a researcher exposes two groups of participants to either an actual painkiller or a sugar pill. The participants feel their pain being eliminated even with the sugar pill. In this case, the sugar pill was known as the:

Placebo

If a person goes to med. school and specializes in psychological disorders, he or she will most likely practice:

Psychiatry

The __________ approach to psychology emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences.

Psychodynamic

Behaviors differ from mental processes in that behaviors:

Can be observed directly

In the context of descriptive research methods in psychology, __________ are performed mainly by clinical psychologists when, for either practical or ethical reasons, the unique aspects of an individual's life cannot be duplicated and tested with other individuals.

Case Study

Which of the following statements best defines conformity? (A) Unselfish interest in helping another person (B) The ability of a person to overcome a social influence (C) Behavior that resists the explicit demands of an individual in authority (D) Change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely to a group standard

Change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely to a group standard

Which of the following statements correctly differentiates between structualism and functionalism in early psychology?

Functionalism was about the "why" of the mind; Structuralism was about the "what" of the mind

One explanation for the effects of deindividualization in groups is that groups

Give people anonymity

Dr. McCall found that student performance was poor when students worked in groups compared to when each student worked on an individual project. In the context of group influence, this difference in performance can be best explained with the concept of:

Group Polarization

__________ refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony

Groupthink

__________ is a multidimensional approach to human well-being that emphasizes psychological factors and lifestyle.

Health Psychology

Which of the following is true about health psychology?

Health psychologists study the roles of stress and coping in people' s lives

According to research, ________ in the brain pathways are linked with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD):

High levels of Dopamine

According to the __________ to psychology, a person is in control of his or her life and has the capacity for positive growth.

Humanistic

In the context of psychology's scientific method, a(n) __________ is an educated guess that derives logically from a theory.

Hypothesis

Which of the following statements is true of individuals diagnosed with OCD?

Individuals with OCD show a cognitive bias associated with overestimating threats, especially when such threats are personally relevant

In descriptive statistics, the __________ is determined by adding up the participants' scores and dividing by the number of scores

Mean

__________ are the thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly

Mental Processes

Who among the following is most likely to be diagnosed with excoriation disorder?

Natalie, who has a habit of picking her skin

Which of the following statements is true of the role of psychological factors in depression?

The tendancy to ruminate on negative experiences is associated with the development of depression

Dr. Jimand poses as a student for his research on foreign students who are adjusting to college life in the US. Dr. Jimand lives in the dorm with the students and attends classes with them. The students do not know that he is a researcher. Which of the following research methods is Dr. Jimand using?

Naturalistic Observation

Saundra says that whenever she drinks coffee in the evenings it interferes with her ability to sleep. The more coffee she drinks before sleeping, the less sleep she gets. In the context of correlational research, Saundra is describing a __________ between caffeine intake and sleep

Negative Coorelation

Sean has a compulsion to do everything in a sequence. In this case, he is most likely to be diagnosed with:

OCD

__________ refers to a psychological disorder in which an individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation:

OCD

In a recent softball game, Cindy misplayed a ground ball, which was scored as an error, causing her team to lose the game. According to self-serving bias, Cindy is likely to reason that she misplayed because:

Of a bad bounce

The first step of the scientific method in psychology involves:

observing some phenomenon in the world.

Which of the following is NOT true of the principle of natural selection proposed by Darwin? (A) A species that produces many offspring will survive (B) Some members of a species are born with specific genetic mutations that help them adapt to a particular change in the environment (C) A characteristic can be passed from one generation to the next without being recorded in the genes (D) When there is a change in the environment, the species with a characteristic that helps it to adapt to the change will survive

A characteristic can be passed from one generation to the next without being recorded in the genes

Which of the following scenarios correctly illustrates the work of a social psychologist? (A) Derek studies how groups of people start to think alike when they spend time with each other (B) Tiara examines the physiological changes that a person experiences when he or she is anxious (C) Jemima examines the areas of the human brain involved in emotional hyperactivity. (D) Christian studies the differences in reproductive rates among animals

A.

A(n) __________ consists of participants in a study who are exposed to the change that the independent variable represents:

Experimental Group

For a person to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), he or she must have experienced a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least:

Two weeks

In a class set, Keith, Ethan, and Hannah score 6,4, and 8 respectively. The mean of these scores is 6. Therefore the standard dev. of their scores is:

2.00

In the context of careers in psychology, research has shown that more psychologists work in __________ than any other setting.

Acedemic Environments

Anna and Diane are psychologists. Anna follows a psychodynamic perspective, while Diane embraces a humanistic perspective. Although they disagree in a number of ways, their approaches are similar in that they both:

Acknowledge the importance of internal mental processes

According to science of psychology, a behavior is a(n)

Action that can be directly observed

Several of Sheldon's friends suggest that the new girl in their class is very pretty. Sheldon does not think that she is pretty. If Sheldon is exhibiting conformity, he is probably going to:

Agree with his friends and say that she is very prettty

David is a successful, but immoral, businessman. He feels no remorse in exploiting other people for his own personal gain. He would do whatever it takes to get to the top, even if it involves cheating, lying, and hurting others. In the context of personality disorders, David shows symptoms of:

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A psychologist who is more interested in what a person does than how a person feels, has most likely adopted the __________ approach to psychology.

Behavioral

Individuals who believe that rewards and punishments determine our actions are following the __________ approach to psychology

Behavioral

SImon, a psychologist, is interested in studying the regions of the brain that are stimulated when a person feels anxious. Simon's study fits best into the area of specialization known as:

Behavioral Neuroscience

Jake, a researcher, measures the levels of testosterone in adult males when they perform aggressive acts. He is of the opinion that hormone levels are the single-most prominent cause of male aggression. In this scenario, Jake is most likely using the __________ approach in his study.

Biological

Courtney, a young woman with an anxiety disorder, volunteers to participate in a psychological study so that she can earn 100 dollars. She knows that the study will require her to reflect upon her childhood but she does not know that this experiment is unsuitable for individuals with anxiety. Courtney's symptoms act up during the experiment and she restarts her therapy. In Courtney's case, the APA ethics guideline that has most likely been violated is:

Choice

Dr. Jackson has spent a lifetime studying how adults solve problems. It is likely that Dr. Jackson specializes in the __________ approach to psychology.

Cognitive

Norman, a psychologist, is conducting a study about why memory decreases with age and how the skills of problem solving and decision making change as a person grows older. In this scenario, Norman's study fits best into the area or specialization known as __________ psychology.

Cognitive

An individual's psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts is known as:

Cognitive Dissonance

Chelsea is a chain-smoker. She plans to stop smoking because she knows that smoking will harm her health. In this scenario, Chelsea is trying to change her behavior to fit her attitude, which will most likely reduce her:

Cognitive Dissonance

Dr. Vance, a psychologist, performs a test that requires its participants to solve a puzzle. If Dr. Vance's study is to find out how the human mind solves puzzles, he is most likely a __________.

Cognitive Psychologist

Noelle, a psychologist, conducts a study to establish whether caffeine increases the ability to run. She has two groups of participants run on a treadmill for 15 minutes. One group drinks regular coffee before running, while the other group drinks decaffinated coffee before running. The group that drinks decaffinated coffee is the:

Control Group

Aaron wants to study the association between sleep deprivation and the number of hours spent on computer every day. He is not keen to establish causation, but would like to determine whether and how the increase or decrease in one variable is associated with the increase or decrease in the other variable. Which of the following research methods is likely to be most effective for Aaron's study?

Correlational Research

__________is the process of reflecting deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence.

Critical Thinking

A __________ design is a type of correlational study in which variables are measured at a single point in time and then observations from this single measurement are compared

Cross-Sectional

Hilda was physically abused as a child by her father. To cope with the trauma, she developed an alternate personality called Max. During her adolescent years, she created another personality named Emma. The personalities of Max and Emma take control of Helda's behavior often. Helda's case is an example of:

Dissociative Identity Disorder

The advertising committee for a politician is going door to door and asking people to place a big, unattractive election sign on their lawns. Assuming that most people will refuse at first, the advertising committee is prepared to ask them to place a small sign on their lawns instead, which is the actual plan. Which strategy for successful persuasion is the advertising committee using in this scenario?

Door-in-the-face technique

Teresa, a 15-year-old, has problems with adjustment. She is distracted and restless in class and very resistant to authority. A consultant psychologist administers an intelligence test to Teresa and discovers that Teresa's adjustment problems are because she has an extremely high IQ. In this scenario, Teresa has been most likely tested by a(n) __________ psychologist.

Educational

In the context of social behavior, __________ is a person's feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another.

Empathy

Clinotech Inc. hires Matt a psychologist to improve the productivity of its workers. He analyzes the company's layout and recommends changes to the office layout as well as additional changes, such as adding plants to the office and changing the wall paint. In this scenario, Matt is most accurately classified as a(n) __________.

Environmental Psychologist

A psychologist who studies the psychological processes that allow a person to listen to a musical tune is most likely specializing in the area of:

Environmental Psychology

__________ psychologists believe that their approach provides an umbrella that unifies the diverse fields of psychology.

Evolutionary

Bianco Inc. is struggling with the low productivity and high turnover of its employees. Management at Bianco consults Edward, a psychologist, who suggests that the lack of recreational opportunities at Bianco is a probable reason for the dissatisfaction among its employees. In this scenario, Edward's idea of specialization most likely is __________ psychology.

Industrial

Before agreeing to participate in a psychological research study, all participants must know what their participation will involve and what risks it may develop. According to the APA guidelines, which of the following addresses this issue?

Informed Consent

The method of study by Wilhelm Wundt and his collaborators to discover the basic elements, or "structures" of mental processes was:

Introspection

Which of the following is a criticism of positive psychology?

It neglects certain sides of human experience

Which of the following statements is true of functionalism?

It probes the purposes of the mind and behavior in an individual's adaptation to the environment

A __________ design is a special kind of systematic obeservation, used by correlational researchers, that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time:

Longitudinal

Professor Wong measured the intelligence and temperament of a group of preschoolers. He plans to follow the same group of participants over time and collect similar data when the children are in the 3rd grade, 6th grade, and 9th grade. Which type of research design does this scenario exemplify?

Longitudinal Design

Ever since Kerry lost her job, she has been feeling worthless. It has been more than two weeks since she slept well. She has lost a ton of weight and keeps thinking about committing suicide. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Kerry may be suffering from:

Major Depressive Disorder

After a few months of therapy, Michelle's therapist, Allen, reveals to her that her symptoms of anxiety are most likely a result of her troubled childhood, which was spent in fear of a very strict father. Which of the following approaches to psychology is Allen most likely using to understand and explain Michelle's symptoms?

Psychodynamic Approach

Dissociative disorders are:

Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the seperation of an individual's conscious awareness from previous memories

In psychology, being skeptical means:

Questioning what everybody knows

What kind of thinking involves ascribing personal meaning to completely random events?

Referential Thinking

Sally is very intelligent and has a great personality. However, she has always seen herself as very unattractive and, as a result, is often depressed. Sally's depression is most likely facilitated by feelings of:

Self-Objectification

In the context of attitudes, __________ theory contends that behaviors can influence attitudes.

Self-Perception

Dr. Ames is a scientist whose focus of research is on the way groups influence the decisions that individuals make. In the context of areas of specialization in psychology, Dr. Ames is most likely a __________ psychologist.

Social

The __________ of close relationships asserts that the partners in a relationship keep a mental balance sheet, tallying the pluses and minuses associated with each other.

Social Exchange Theory

If a psychologist studies about the behavioral differences between people from two religions, he or she is most likely following the __________ approach to psychology.

Sociocultural

Which of the following psychologists is an athlete and most likely to consult if he or she was suddenly unable to perform in a game and wanted to understand why?

Sport Psychologist

The historical perspective known as __________ focused on identifying the structures of the human mind using introspection as the method of study.

Structuralism

__________ is an anxiety disorder in which an individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of death

Thanatophobia

Dr. Stanley, a psychologist, conducts a study on the effect of the color red on babies. Although there is no visible change in the babies when they see the color, he studies their neural patterns and notes that specific sections of their brains are being stimulated by the color. In this scenario, which of the following approaches has Dr. Stanley used for his research?

The Biological Approach

Which of the following is most likely to be the focus of study for a behavioral psychologist?

The effect of rewards and punishments on a child's behavior

In drug studies, using a double-blind experiment design ensures that:

The experimenter cannot make subtle gestures signaling who is recieving the drug and who is not

In psychological research, a correlational study is used to determine:

The link between variables

Which of the following statements is true of the psychological factors involved in suicide?

The most common disorders among individuals who commit suicide are depression and anxiety

Which of the following accurately describes what evolutionary psychologists believe?

The traits of the living members of a species are a result of the survival of the fittest, some behaviors are ingrained into a species as they assist in maintaining the reproductive ability of the species, and the traits that one looks for in a potential spouse are based on characteristics that have allowed humans to survive

Which of the following statements is true of mental processes?

They cannot be observed directly

Which of the following statements is true of developmentalists?

They study aging in humans

Which of the following is true of autism spectrum disorder?

Those suffering from this disorder are a diverse group, and their level of disability can be relatively mild to quite severe

Each time Henry feels anxious, he compulsively pulls hair from his head or eyebrows. This compulsive urge to pull his hair has made him partially bald. Harry is most likely to be diagnosed with what OCD-related symptom?

Trichotillomania