Psychology Final

Emotion is a response that includes physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience. Which of the following describes these three components? pounding heart, increased pace, trembling hands heavy breathing, pounding heart, dilated pupils sense of fear, trembling hands, experience of joy pounding heart, increased pace, sense of fear

d

Fast, automatic, and unreasoned feeling and thought is known as: framing. insight. overconfidence. intuition.

d

Mental practice has been used to try to improve academic performance. In Taylor's study, students who were asked to visualize themselves studying effectively (e.g., reading chapters, going over notes, etc.. had scores that were ______________ students who were asked to visualize themselves seeing their A on the grade list. equal to points much lower than points lower than points higher than

d

One rule of English _____ says that adjectives usually come before nouns; Spanish adjectives and nouns usually reverse this order. semantics phoneme insight syntax

d

People have a tendency to search for information that supports their preconceptions. This is known as: belief perseverance. the availability heuristic. representation bias. confirmation bias.

d

Robert Zajonc's theory of emotion suggests that we experience emotion: simultaneously with our physical response. after we experience a physical response. when we appraise an event as harmful or harmless. instantly, before cognitive appraisal.

d

Framing effect

how an issue is presented, or framed, can significantly affect thought process, judgment and decisions

The tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past, is known as a(n) _____.

mental set

Cognition

method of studying how we process, store and use information.

A woman, alone in a house, ignores the creaking sounds she hears and experiences no stress. Another woman might hear the same sounds, suspect an intruder, and thus become alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of: the general adaptation syndrome. biofeedback. spontaneous remission. stress appraisal.

d

Alone in the woods, you hear a noise. You think you see a bear coming towards you. Your heart starts pounding and, at the same time, you realize you are afraid. This sequence of events is best explained by which theory of emotion? the Schachter-Singer theory the James-Lange theory the two-factor theory the Cannon-Bard theory

d

An impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or to Wernicke's area, is known as: confirmation bias. a concept. algorithm. aphasia.

d

Availability heuristics (news)

relying on info thats more prominent ore easily recalled and overlooked

A person who is prone to depression often has increased activity in his _____frontal lobe.

right

Problem solving

searching for a some rule or plan that results in reaching a certain goal

Confirmation bias

searching for information that supports our preconception and to ignore contradictory information

Sytax

set of rules on how we combine words

semantics

specifies the meaning of words when they appear in various contexts. (read a book vs i read a book yesterday)

Verbal Communications

speech, word choice, tone

The arousal that lingers after an intense argument may intensify sexual passion. This best illustrates the _____ effect.

spillover

Heuristic

strategy that involves a meant shortcut to reduce the number of solutions

Algorithm

strategy that involves following a specific procedure

Mental set

tendency to approach a problem with a mind-set that has worked in the past

Phonology

the meaningful sounds we use in a particular language

You look down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. You immediately feel your heart start to pound. You are confused by this response until you remember your last experience on a Ferris wheel. During that experience, the wind started to blow, the seats began to rock, and you thought you were going to die. You realize your heart is pounding because you are afraid. This best describes the _____ theory.

two-factor

We more quickly recognize that a dog is a mammal than that a whale is a mammal because a dog more closely resembles our _____ of a mammal. prototype phoneme aphasia algorithm

a

Divergent Thinking

giving most correct answer out of lot of many possible answers

Convergent Thinking

giving the right answer and only one answer

When we group similar objects, events, ideas, or people in our mind, we have formed a(n) _____.

concept

Dr. Williams is designing a new intelligence test and is thinking about all of the mental groupings or _____ that a person could answer for "table," such as: surgical table, dining table, work table, etc.

concepts

Nonverbal Communication

Writing, gestures, expressions, language

_____ and Joseph LeDoux have demonstrated that some emotional responses involve no conscious thinking.

Zajonc

_____ is/are the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

_____ is/are the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Ahote is a 25-year-old Hopi. The Hopi have no past tense for their verbs, and it is very difficult for Ahote to readily think about the past. Whorf would suggest that this is due to: linguistic determinism. functional fixedness. telegraphic speech. confirmation bias.

a

A train is rapidly approaching, and Antonio's car stalls in the middle of the railroad tracks. His emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by: contraction of the arteries. dilation of his pupils. a decreased respiration rate. a decreased blood sugar level.

b

A(n) _____ is a mental image of all the features we associate with a category. algorithm prototype concept heuristic

b

Emotions consist of which of the following components? conscious experience and feelings Emotions consist of all of these things. expressive behaviors and feelings bodily arousal and expressive behaviors

b

Impaired use of language is called: intuition. aphasia. heuristic. prototype.

b

Native German speakers pronounce the English word "that" as "dat." This demonstrates their difficulty pronouncing our English: prototype. phoneme. heuristic. morpheme.

b

The Lazarus theory of emotion suggests that we experience emotion: simultaneously with our physical response. when we appraise an event as harmful or harmless. after we experience a physical response. instantly, before cognitive appraisal.

b

The smallest, distinctive sounds of any language are: syntax . phonemes. morphemes. semantics .

b

The way an issue is posed or how an issue is presented can significantly affect decisions and judgments; this is known as: intuition. framing. insight. a prototype.

b

To experience an emotion, a person must be physically aroused and cognitively label that arousal. This theory of emotion was suggested by: William James and Carl Lange. Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer. John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard.

b

Phonemes

basic sound of a constants and vowels

Exemplars

making a mental list of the essential characteristics of a particular thing

As she was riding her bicycle down a hill, Wendy hit a large rock and lost her balance. She managed to come to a stop without falling. Once she was stopped, she noticed her heart was racing and she was shaking. After that, she realized she was frightened. Which theory of emotion best explains this sequence of events? the James-Lange theory the two-factor theory the Cannon-Bard theory the Schachter-Singer theory

a

At the beginning of the semester, you ask your students what grade they think they will get at the end of the semester. When you ask if they think they'll get an 'A,' the majority raise their hand. This best illustrates: overconfidence. functional fixedness. framing. belief bias.

a

Robert Zajonc's theory of emotion suggests that we experience emotion: instantly, before cognitive appraisal. after we experience a physical response. when we appraise an event as harmful or harmless. simultaneously with our physical response.

a

Concepts

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

A response of the whole organism to a stimulus that includes a mixture of physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience is called: stress catharsis emotion coping

...

_____ refers to the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. Insight Heuristics Semantics Syntax

...

Prototypes

Best example of a particular concept

Example of Functional Fixedness

Deer Crossing Lady

Prototype theory

Form a concept by creating a meant image based on average characteristics of an object

Intuition

Gut feeling

The Lazarus theory of emotion suggests that we experience emotion: when we appraise an event as harmful or harmless. after we experience a physical response. simultaneously with our physical response. instantly, before cognitive appraisal.

a

Cons of Heuristic

May not always be right but the best strategy

Cons of Instinct

More than likely will be wrong

Pros of Prototype theory

No need for mental image of every feature, allows for quick recognition

Does stress create cancer cells?

No.

Instinct

Not a strategy at all, making decisions on the fly

Word

Paring between sound/ symbol and a meaning

To solve a problem, we often make use of a simple thinking strategy. This strategy will allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently by following a(n): heuristic. algorithm. prototype. confirmation bias.

a

Grammar

Rules to form meaningful sentences

Morphology

Structure of words

T or F phonology can be morphology and vice versa?

T

Belief perservance

When we hold on to beliefs for to long

Cons of exemplar model

To many features, to many exceptions

Cons of Algorithm

Very time consuming, breaking down each component

The sympathetic nervous system is to _____ as the parasympathetic nervous system is to calming.

arousal

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following is the correct sequence of events when a car drives directly toward us and we experience emotion? see an oncoming car; heart pounds and, at the same time, fear is experienced see an oncoming car; heart pounds and, at the same time, the arousal is cognitively labeled; experience fear see an oncoming car; heart pounds; experience fear see an oncoming car; experience fear

c

John has a harder time remembering that tomatoes are considered a fruit than are apples. This is because apples more closely resemble his _____ of fruit. algorithm phoneme prototype heuristic

c

Prefixes such as "un," "pre," and "re" are examples of: semantics. syntax. morphemes. phonemes.

c

Scott is a young engineer who just started work at a company that has several seasoned engineers on staff. During a regular meeting several, of these seasoned engineers are discussing how to solve a problem. After about 15 minutes of listening to this, Scott jumps up and yells "Eureka, I've got it." This is an example of: a heuristic. an algorithm. insight. intuition.

c

Sharon's car accident was both emotionally and physically traumatic. She developed aphasia, which left her struggling to speak words while still being able to sing familiar songs and comprehend speech, due to damage to her: right frontal lobe. right temporal lobe. left frontal lobe. left temporal lobe.

c

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion suggests that we experience emotion: after we experience a physical response. instantly, before cognitive appraisal. simultaneously with our physical response. when we appraise an event as harmful or harmless.

c

The _____ is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning. phoneme syntax morpheme prototype

c

The garage where Jack works has specific step-by-step procedures, or _____ ,for repairing car engines. phonemes heuristics algorithms concepts

c

The sentence, "The treth ef thes stetement shed be evedent" shows that consonant _____ usually carry more information than do those that represent vowels syntax semantics phonemes algorithms

c

The sympathetic nervous system is to _____ as the parasympathetic nervous system is to _____. pupil enlargement; pupil dilation calming; arousal arousal; calming secretion of stress hormones; increase in epinephrine

c

Tyler is vacationing in a new city. He isn't quite sure where his hotel is. He knows it's near the beach. Tyler also realizes that the streets generally go from north to south, while avenues generally go east to west. Instead of driving around randomly, he is able to use this information to quickly find his hotel. This is an example of using: cognition. intuition. a heuristic. an algorithm.

c

Which theory of emotion emphasizes the simultaneous experience of body response and emotional feeling? two-factor theory James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory Lazarus theory

c

Psychologists refer to the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating as _____.

cognition

The mental process of forming concepts is an example of _____.

cognition

The Brazilian Piraha tribespeople have words for the numbers "1" and "2." Any numbers greater than "1" or "2" are referred to as "many." Shown seven nuts in a row, they will find it difficult to lay out the same number from their own pile. This suggests that their words influence the way they think. This is evidence for: hindsight bias. statistical learning . belief perseverance. linguistic determinism.

d

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that we experience emotion: instantly, before cognitive appraisal. when we appraise an event as harmful or harmless. simultaneously with our physical response. after we experience a physical response.

d

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that we experience emotion: when we appraise an event as harmful or harmless. instantly, before cognitive appraisal. simultaneously with our physical response. after we experience a physical response.

d

To solve a problem, sometimes we resort to trial and error. If we want a guaranteed solution, we may follow a(n) ____________, which is a step-by-step procedure. prototype confirmation bias heuristic algorithm

d

To solve a problem, we often make use of a simple thinking strategy. This strategy will allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently by following a(n): confirmation bias. algorithm. prototype. heuristic.

d

When people are stimulated by an exciting soccer match, their excitement can fuel and intensify anger. This effect is known as: optimal arousal. the James-Lange theory. emotional determinism. the spillover effect.

d

When you add "ed" to the word "work," you are referring to the past tense. This illustrates an English language rule of: syntax. phonemes. morphemes. semantics.

d

Whether people feel angry or depressed in response to a low exam grade often depends on whether they attribute the poor grade to an unfair test or to their own lack of academic ability. This best illustrates that emotions are influenced by: relative deprivation. physical arousal. genetic predispositions. cognitive appraisals.

d

_____ is identification with others and the ability to imagine walking in their shoes. Apathy Sympathy Rationality Empathy

d

Fixation

inability to see a problem from another perspective

Scott is a young engineer who just started work at a company that has several seasoned engineers on staff. During a regular meeting several of these seasoned engineers are discussing how to solve a problem. After about 15 minutes of listening to this, Scott jumps up and yells "Eureka, I've got it." This is an example of _____.

inisight

3 states of problem solving

initial, operational, goal

Jennifer experienced a traumatic head injury after she ran into a tree while downhill skiing. During recovery, her doctors noticed that she has a difficult time understanding what other are saying to her. Jennifer probably experienced damage to _____ area.

wernicke's