Psychology Final

Which story most accurately demonstrates what social psychologists know about the roles of competition and cooperation in prejudice? a. Tyler and Venk have been friends since middle school. Now they go to different high schools, but although their schools are rivals, Tyler and Venk have grown closer because they have more to talk about. b. Max and Gabe were close friends in middle school, but then they played on two different soccer teams. The boys stopped hanging out as much, and there was even a bit of hostility. Eventually, they were assigned to do a class project together, but they were unable to cooperate, so they got a bad grade on the project. c. Rupert and Sean had always been rivals in school. It did not help that they played on different club hockey teams. However, after being paired together for a science project, they realized they had a lot in common and became friends. d. Lyle and Randall have not gotten along since they had to work together on a science project. Although they earned an A, they probably spent too much time together, and their friendship never really recovered.

Rupert and Sean had always been rivals in school. It did not help that they played on different club hockey teams. However, after being paired together for a science project, they realized they had a lot in common and became friends.

The more specific an attitude is, the more predictive of a behavior it is. Which scenario best exemplifies this? a. Sean's attitude toward spanking is more predictive of whether he will spank his kids than his attitude toward parenthood in general. b. Sean's attitude toward parenthood in general predicts whether he will spank his children more accurately than any specific attitude. c. Sean's attitude toward spanking is not very meaningful until Sean has his own children. d. Sean's past experience with being spanked as a child is more predictive of whether he will spank his own children than his attitudes toward spanking.

Sean's attitude toward spanking is more predictive of whether he will spank his kids than his attitude toward parenthood

Which of the following accurately summarizes the biochemical basis of aggression? a. MAO produced in the prefrontal cortex hinders the amygdala's ability to calm the individual. b. Aggression results both from excessive testosterone and from excessive serotonin. c. The amygdala's ability to calm the individual is reduced in individuals with the MAOA gene. d. High serotonin levels facilitate and low serotonin levels hinder the prefrontal cortex's ability to regulate aggressive behavior.

High serotonin levels facilitate and low serotonin levels hinder the prefrontal cortex's ability to regulate aggressive behavior

Austin and Hallie just witnessed a serious accident where a cyclist crashed while riding through the park. The couple was shocked that none of the nearby people in the crowded park rushed over to help. According to the psychologists who first described the phenomenon of bystander apathy, which factor should increase the chances of the victim receiving help from others? a. If the victim is female, she is more likely to receive help from bystanders. b. If there are fewer bystanders, someone is more likely to help the victim. c. If the members of the crowd are able to remain anonymous, they are more likely to try to help the victim. d. If the victim is a priest or a nun, he or she is more likely to receive help from bystanders.

If there are fewer bystanders, someone is more likely to help the victim

During her first week in college, Francesca wondered which people in her hall she would befriend. Who of the following is most likely to become Francesca's friend? a. Nancy, who is a bit older and much more attractive than Francesca b. Carly, who is the same age and race as Francesca c. Devon, who is older and appears to be from a much wealthier family d. Tina, whose admirable personality characteristics are apparent

Nancy, who is a bit older and much more attractive than Francesa

Which of these scenarios is an example of normative influence on behavior? a. Emily noticed a number of cars slowing down and pulling over to the side of the road, so she pulled over too, in case an emergency vehicle needed to pass. b. Outside her window, people walking on the street were all wearing coats and hats, so Emily made sure to dress warmly too. c. Nobody at Emily's new office wore sandals or denim, so she decided not to either. d. Emily pulled up to the mall parking lot late in the evening and saw a lot of people headed out of the doors. She assumed the mall was already closed, so she headed home.

Nobody at Emily's new office wore sandals or denim, so she decided not to either

Kaitlyn's friends were planning to go to a movie around 11 that night - past Kaitlyn's curfew. To get permission to stay out late, Kaitlyn plans to use the foot-in-the-door strategy. What might she do? a. First, she will ask her mother if she can borrow the car to go out. Then, after her mother agrees, she will request to stay out past curfew. b. First, she will ask for permission to take the car and sleep over at a friend's house. Then, after her mother says no, she will ask if she can just stay out past curfew instead. c. First, she will ask permission to go out. Then, she will stay out late without permission and ask for forgiveness later. d. First, she will butter up her mother by making her breakfast and coffee. Then, she will ask to stay out past curfew.

First, she will ask her mother if she can borrow the car to go out. Then, after her mother agrees, she will request to stay out past curfew

Which of these scenarios explains how mere exposure has shaped Jess's attitude toward edamame? a. Jess never really liked the tiny green beans, but her friends love them so much that she now orders them when she is out with a group. b. Jess's crush loves edamame and always orders it, so now Jess has a positive association with the tiny green beans and has started eating them herself. c. Jess didn't initially like the tiny green beans, but they keep showing up at mealtime, and Jess no longer minds. d. Jess was forced to eat edamame as a child, and so as an adult, she really cannot stand the tiny green beans.

Jess didn't initially like the tiny green beans, but they keep showing up at mealtime, and Jess no longer minds

Lynn was not sure which job candidate to hire, since they all had a handful of strengths and weaknesses. After choosing Dennis, however, she experienced postdecisional dissonance. In other words, what might have happened? a. Lynn had immediate regrets. She focused on Dennis's weaknesses and kept thinking about the strengths of the candidates she had rejected. b. Lynn was happy with Dennis, but she also realized that all the candidates would probably have performed equivalently in the job - there was no point in worrying about her choice. c. Lynn became glad she had chosen Dennis, who had some notable strengths. When she thought about the other candidates, their weaknesses were at the front of her mind. d. Lynn was not unhappy with Dennis, but having to make the decision left her unsatisfied somehow. She probably would have been happier if she had had fewer options.

Lynn became glad when she had chosen Dennis, who had some notable strengths. When she thought about the other candidates, their weaknesses were at the front of her mind

Which scenario is an example of the type of attribution Sheila would make if she and John were in an unhappy marriage? a. When John brings Sheila a box of her favorite chocolates, Sheila marvels at how thoughtful and generous John is. b. When John forgets their anniversary, Sheila attributes his forgetfulness to a stressful project John is currently working on. c. Sheila hates that John works late so often, but she is glad he is a responsible, hardworking person. d. When John cooks Sheila a romantic dinner, Sheila immediately wonders whether John is making up for a bad deed

When John cooks Sheila a romantic dinner, Sheila immediately wonders whether John is making up for a bad deed

The Sandersons have been married for over 40 years. They are a happy couple, and they tend to overlook each other's bad behavior or respond constructively. What is this process called? a. attribution b. persuasion c. altruism d. accommodation

accomodation

Human beings typically engage in prosocial, altruistic behavior. According to your text, why do we engage in this behavior? a. to manage our public image b. to relieve negative mood c. to help individuals in our gene pool d. all of these

all of these

Although several people were nearby when the old man collapsed in the park, nobody immediately stepped forward to help. What term describes this failure of the observers to offer help? a. altruism b. prosocial behavior c. reciprocal helping d. bystander apathy

bystander apathy

Jacob needs a few extra bucks to fill his gas tank. His dad does not like giving him money, so although Jacob only needs about $20, he asks his dad for $50. The plan works perfectly. While his dad scoffs at the request for $50, he hands over $20 without his usual balking. Which technique has Jacob used? a. foot in the door b. door in the face c. lowballing d. buttering up

door in the face

Sylvia is home alone with nothing to do except watch television. She finds herself paying close attention to an infomercial, which outlines five good reasons she should purchase her own food dehydrator. Sylvia is persuaded and decides to place an order. According to the elaboration likelihood model, this infomercial's persuasion took which route? a. strong b. weak c. central d. peripheral

central

Dr. Barker is an experienced medical professional, but he is also a smoker. In order to reduce inevitable __________, he probably needs to change his behavior and quit smoking, because it will be very difficult for him to change his attitude and stop believing that smoking is bad for his health. a. social exposure b. justification of effort c. postdecisional dissonance d. cognitive dissonance

cognitive dissonance

Doug and Danni have been a couple for several years. They are very devoted to helping and taking care of each other. Marcy and Martin have only been dating for a month but feel a very strong desire to be together. Doug and Danni are experiencing __________ love, while Marcy and Martin are experiencing __________ love. a. companionate; passionate b. passionate; companionate c. accommodating; companionate d. passionate; accommodating

companionate; passionate

Patti is fairly reserved and tends to be a wallflower. But last night, at a rock concert, she felt her inhibitions disappear, and she danced right along with the rest of the crowd. What process affected Patti? a. deindividuation b. social facilitation c. groupthink d. risky-shift effect

deindividuation

As discussed in your textbook, a psychology study conducted in the 1970s compared men raised in the northern part of the United States to men raised in the South. When a confederate in the study was verbally aggressive, southern men responded by a. exhibiting increases in cortisol and testosterone. b. exhibiting increases in dopamine and oxytocin. c. refusing to participate in the study. d. challenging the confederate's bad behavior.

exhibiting increases cortisol and testosterone

Sharon's daughter just got engaged to her longtime boyfriend, Ted, but Sharon is not happy about this news. Ted does not have a stable job, and he is also a bit overweight, both of which lead Sharon to believe that Ted is lazy. Sharon struggles with her weight too, but she blames this on her thyroid problem. Sharon's assessment of Ted is an example of which of the following biases? a. actor/observer discrepancy b. stereotyping c. fundamental attribution error d. prejudice

fundamental attribution error

The Jingle Belles a cappella group is considering new members cautiously. Each new member has a big effect on the rest of the group, so tryouts are lengthy, and personality plays a role too. When considering whether to admit Destiny to the group, the current members are initially somewhat skeptical. After discussing Destiny's vocal skills and other social factors, the group becomes even more skeptical and decides not to risk adding Destiny to their roster. What is this phenomenon called? a. social loafing b. social facilitation c. deindividuation d. group polarization

group polarization

How do groupthink and group polarization differ? a. Groupthink is the name for the process of a group developing more extreme views about someone or something. Group polarization describes how peer pressure within groups leads to poor decision making. b. Group polarization is the name for the process of a group developing more extreme views about someone or something. Groupthink describes how peer pressure within groups leads to poor decision making. c. Groupthink facilitates greater effort, such as people jogging longer when jogging in groups. Group polarization refers to how some group members slack while a few do the bulk of the work (e.g., on group projects or in study groups). d. Group polarization facilitates greater effort, such as people jogging longer when jogging in groups. Groupthink refers to how some group members slack while a few do the bulk of the work (e.g., on group projects or in study groups).

group polarization is the name for the process of a group developing more extreme views about someone or something. groupthink describes how peer pressure within groups leads to poor decision making

According to research, which of the following is a behavior demonstrated by happy couples? a. happy couples attribute good outcomes to situations b. happy couples express concern for each other when disagreeing c. happy couples are able to mentally withdraw from their relationship d. happy couples are realistic, not idealistic

happy couples express concern for each other when disagreeing

Which phenomenon may explain why some people want to join a fraternity or sorority badly enough that they will endure weeks of humiliation and physical discomfort to gain membership? a. cognitive dissonance b. insufficient justification c. conditioning d. justification of effort

justification effort

Carl's first job was as a camp counselor. The hours were grueling, and the pay was practically nothing. Carl spent most of the summer broke, miserable, and wondering why he had accepted the job. However, ten years later, his outlook was different. He remembered this job fondly and considered it a worthwhile life experience. Which effect describes his shift in thinking? a. insufficient justification b. postdecisional dissonance c. justification of effort d. central route

justification of effort

The first time she had bubble tea, Maria thought it was weird and gross, but all of her friends loved the strange tapioca in the bottom of their drinks and often drank it in front of her, so Maria decided to give it another try. What shaped her attitude toward bubble tea? a. mere exposure effect b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. attitude accessibility

more exposure effect

Researcher Stanley Milgram wanted to understand why normal citizens would follow orders to injure or kill innocent people during World War II. He wanted to know what factors influence people to follow orders given by an authority figure. In other words, he wanted to understand which phenomenon? a. discrimination b. prejudice c. obedience d. situational attributions

obedience

Neil and Gretchen recently started dating, and they feel an overwhelming urge to be together all of the time and to have sex as often as possible. Armando and Jenny have been married for several years, and they each feel lucky to be married to their best friend. Neil and Gretchen are experiencing __________ love, while Armando and Jenny's relationship has evolved into __________ love. a. companionate; passionate b. passionate; companionate c. egotistic; altruistic d. altruistic; egotistic

passionate; companionate

Which of the following statements is the best example of the fundamental attribution error? a. People live in poor neighborhoods because they lack the motivation to make anything of themselves." b. "Prison guards are not mean people; they are just victims of a very difficult situation." c. "The written test for getting a driver's license is a random selection of 25 questions from a set of 100 possible questions. I failed because I got the hardest questions. My friends passed because they got easy questions." d. "The cool kids never play with anyone else."

people live in poor neighborhoods because they lack the motivation to make anything of themselves

Tonya knows that people seeing her billboard will be busy driving or talking or otherwise distracted. Instead of outlining thoughtful reasons for why people should call her real estate firm, she decides to limit the billboard to a picture of a beautiful house with an attractive, happy family standing out front. According to researchers Petty and Cacioppo, which route will the information on the billboard target? a. strong b. weak c. peripheral d. central

peripheral

According to the text, how do perspective giving and perspective taking differ? a. Perspective giving involves sharing experiences of discrimination. Perspective taking involves imagining oneself in another's position. b. Perspective taking involves sharing experiences of discrimination. Perspective giving involves imagining oneself in another's position. c. Perspective giving is more effective at reducing prejudice than perspective taking. d. Perspective taking is more effective at reducing prejudice than perspective giving.

perspective giving involves sharing experiences of discrimination. perspective taking involves imaging oneself in another's position

Maya and her family moved into a new house over the summer, and she dreaded having to start at a new school, where she would have to interact with girls whom her old friends had despised. However, after a few weeks in the new school, Maya realized that both groups of girls were pretty similar. Maya's experience dispelled her a. discrimination. b. fundamental attribution error. c. deindividuation. d. prejudice

prejudice

When Cody arrived at the gym, it was relatively empty. She started riding a stationary bike at a leisurely pace. Once a few other people sat down at nearby bikes, she began to speed up her pace and push herself a bit more. What is this phenomenon called? a. social facilitation b. social loafing c. deindividuation d. group decision making

social facilitation

According to John Gottman, which of the following behaviors (if repeated regularly) poses a serious threat to a relationship? a. having extensive time where both partners are in the same room but doing independent tasks, such as reading b. establishing a breadwinner-homemaker relationship in which one person earns all of the household income and the other takes care of all home-related work c. jovially using sarcasm in a relationship d. stating a complaint about one's partner after the partner states a complaint

state a complaint about one's partner after the partner states a complaint

Tina attributes her poor performance on the quiz to her teacher's inability to teach the material. However, she believes that other students who did not do well on the quiz failed because they did not study hard enough. Tina's reasoning illustrates a. the fundamental attribution error b. ingroup favoritism c. the actor/observer discrepancy d. stereotyping

the actor/observer discrepancy

Dominic just saw a red truck rear-end a little white sedan at a stoplight. When the teenage driver of the truck stepped out, Dominic felt sure that the teen was careless, texting while driving, or both. Dominic's bias can be explained by which of the following? a. cognitive dissonance b. the fundamental attribution error c. situational attributions d. subtyping

the fundamental attribution error

Which of the following statements about relationships is least accurate? a. High school students tend to be friends with those of the same sex, race, and year in school. b. College roommates who are most similar at the beginning of the year are most likely to become good friends. c. The most successful romantic couples are couples with opposite traits. d. People with similar levels of attractiveness tend to like each other more than people who are dissimilar.

the most successful romantic couples are couples with opposite traits

according to years of research, people witnessing someone in need are less likely to help when which of these is true a. there are many by-standards b. the need for help is clear c. there is little personal cost in helping d. there is lack of anonymity

there are many by-standards

Jamie wants to persuade her parents to let her go to Europe with her school choir. Which approach is most likely to convince them to say yes? a. By listing the benefits of the trip objectively, Jamie will increase her odds. Jamie should not list any cons, such as price. b. Addressing her parents when they are busy so they agree without thinking much about it. c. Using descriptive, compelling reasons that will stick in her parents' minds while they mull over their decision. d. Since Jamie will be more successful if she prevents her parents from thinking too deeply about her arguments, she should rush them into a decision.

using descriptive, compelling reasons that will stick in her parents' minds while they mull over their decision

Casey is jealous of his sister Yvette, who seems to get special treatment because she is very physically attractive. Yvette always breezes through airport security, and whenever she gets pulled over for speeding, she is able to talk her way out of getting a ticket. From which stereotype does Yvette benefit? a. birds of a feather b. reciprocal helping c. what is beautiful is good d. modern sexism

what is beautiful is good