Psychology FINAL EXAM
Regression toward the mean
A third grader's intelligence was tested and had an IQ of 140. One year later, even though she had been in gifted education classes, when her IQ was tested it was 115. This tendancy for extreme scores to become less extreme over time is called what?
People who meet criteria for this experience all same symptoms as PTSD, however, symptoms must persist for at least 3 days and no more than one month
Criteria for Acute Anxiety Disorder
Rhesus monkeys separated from mothers at birth were raised by artificial "mothers" (wire vs. cloth). They were fed by artificial wire monkey, but comforted by cloth mother. Primarily the monkeys chose the cloth monkey for comfort. The results supported the attachment theory.
Explain the attachment study.
It reduced cognitive dissonance
Explain why when ordered by a mean officer, the participants said the grasshopper wasn't that bad.
Object permanence
First part of the object concept to develop, all infants under 8 months fail if tested correctly
Obedience
Following demands of social hierarchy
Attribute a person's behavior to internal states not situation. Ex: Calling a someone a jerk for having a bad day
Fundamental Attribution Error
Zone of proximal development
Gap between your current abilities and your maximum potential
Individuals with larger social networks were less likely to develop a cold
In lecture, we discussed research by Sheldon Cohen, who investigated the role of social supports on immune system function. Cohen infected participants with the virus for the common cold and found that:
Normative Social Influence
In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of:
Assimilation
Perceiving or thinking about new objects in terms of existing knowledge
A disorder caused by exposure to a tragic event, whether directly experienced or was a witness to it, where someone or they were threatened to death, serious injury or sexual violence.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
-infrequent (statistically rare) -deviant (violates social norms) - maladaptive (harmful) - unjustifiable (no explanation)
Psychologist's criteria for abnormality
Eustress
"good" stressor that motivates the individual to make necessary changes and helps to achieve homeostasis
Sensorimotor Stage
0-2 yrs; infant's thoughts and actions are nearly identical
Formal Operational Stage
11+ yrs; ability to think abstractly, scientific reasoning
Preoperational Stage
2-7yrs; emergence of symbolic thought, development of language
Hedonic motive (pleasure>pain) Approval motive (acceptance>rejection) Accuracy motive (right>wrong)
3 motives that make us susceptible to social influence
Change a behavior Justify behavior by changing cognition (rationalization) Justify behavior by adding new cognitions Deny any conflicting information
4 ways people try to remove dissonance
Concrete Operational Stage
7-11yrs; increase in symbolic thought, kids can perform mental manipulations, but only on physical objects, kids can pass conservational tasks, but lack formal reasoning
The foot-in-the-door-technique
A person on campus walks up to you and asks if you would be willing to wear a ribbon to show support for her cause. Although the ribbon is a bit unattractive, it is small so you agree to wear it. After agreeing to this request, the solicitor then asks you if you would be willing to make a donation of $15. This example best demonstrates the persuasion technique called:
Exposure therapy
A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in the family's backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. The therapist's approach to helping Rebecca best illustrates:
Innate Linguistic Ability View- We don't need exposure to the language to pick it up and we've evolved specialized centers for acquiring and processing language General Cognitive Ability View-Need exposure in order to understand it, powerful thinkers, we have developed this tool because of our brains and thorough exposure.
Two contrasting views of language and their descriptions
Concept of Conservation
Two identical lumps of clay initially judged to be identical by a child are later judged to be different after one of the lumps is rolled into a large pancake shape. The child apparently lacks a:
Conservation
Understanding that objects stay the same when superficial aspects change
Social Roles
We conform to expected behavior for a given role
Persistent and irrational fears of an object, activity, or situation that is excessive given reality of the threat
What are Phobias?
Wild children
What are feral children?
Biological: genetic and physiology Psychological: cognition, emotion, motivation Social: Society, community, family
What are some biological, psychological, and social factors that play into a person's health psychology?
Trepidation (hole through skull) Asylums (treat people like animals/criminals) Pathology model (remove underlying cause of symptoms)
What are some different examples and descriptions of treatments used to treat psychological disorders?
Behavioral therapies work best Abnormal behaviors learned like normal behaviors through conditioning. The treatment involves un-learning abnormal behaviors and learning normal behaviors.
What are some treatments for phobias?
Categories for PTSD You need one thing from each category in order to be diagnosed.
What are symptom clusters?
Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
What are the "Big Five" personality traits?
Sensorimotor 0-2: Object permanence Preoperational 2-7: Conservation Concrete Operational 7-11: Logic puzzles Formal 11+
What are the four stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Depressed mood and loss of inters/pleasure ('anhedonia')
What are the major symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder?
Pros: diagnosis accurate and consistent and can determine type of therapy that is needed Cons:Unrealistic to 'pigeon hole' (lose individuality and comorbidity which is co-occurrence eg: anxiety and depression) and categorization carries the price of labeling
What are the pros and cons of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
Hedonic (pleasure>pain) Approval (acceptance>rejection) Accuracy (right>wrong)
What are the three motives for conformity?
Assimilation and Accommodation
What are the two processes for change in learning?
Positive Emotionality-Extraversion Negative Emtionality-Neuroticism Self-Regulation-Conscientiousness
What are three types of Temperament and which of the Big Five clusters do the correlate with?
Secure Insecure ambivalent Insecure avoidant
What are three types of attachment?
Social roles can play a large part in the way that we conform.
What conclusions can be drawn from the Stanford Prison Study?
She helped a 3 year old unlearn his fear of rabbits through exposure therapy.
What did Mary Cover Jones do?
Writing about emotions/traumatic events can boost your immune system
What did Pennebaker say?
Conscientiousness-awareness Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness Extroversion
What does CANOE or OCEAN stand for?
It releases a stress hormone. It is deregulated in individuals experiencing chronic stress and is able to suppress the immune system
What does the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis (HPA) do?
Measuring behavior overtime and the numbers continue to get close to average. Ex: A spontaneous recovery or high test score
What is "regression to the mean"?
It is an empirically validated therapy and benefits the thoughts in the way that they are restructured and benefits the behavior to become more positive (learning/conditioning)
What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and how does it benefit thoughts and behavior?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; a diagnostic tool for mental disorders
What is DSM and what does it stand for?
Therapy has some evidence to suggest that it works better than another therapy or better than nothing
What is Empirical Validation?
Simple learning aka. classical conditioning can explain many phobias easily
What is a cause of some phobias?
Pattern of physiological, cognitive, and behavioral reactions to demands that exceed a person's resources. This is usually through a person's sympathetic nervous system: increased heart rate and blood pressure
What is a stress response?
A physiological shift that can cause disease and disability (ie. high blood pressure)
What is allostasis?
Exposes patients to the fear in a neutral setting so the fear is unlearned
What is exposure therapy?
Becoming accustomed to a stimuli
What is habituation?
Feral Children
What is some support/rebuttals for the two language acquisition and views?
Apply the biopsychosocial model
What is something you can do for coronary heart disease?
The process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges
What is stress?
How biological, psychological, and social factors affect physical health
What is the Biopsycosocial model?
Explains when you have a prolonged amount of stress 1)Alarm reaction (mobilize resource) 2)Resistance (cope with stressor) 3)Exhaustion (reserves depleted)
What is the General Adaptation Syndrome and what are its different phases?
Medical intervention- antipsychotics: to reduce dopamine levels -abnormal behavior is then alleviated **Patient must stay on meds and need social support
What is the basic treatment for a patient who has schizophrenia?
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
What is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
Approval motive is really strong Same area of brain as physical pain
What is the cyberball experiment and its conclusion?
Distant: a traumatic experience that occurred in the past, but continues to affect the person emotionally Chronic: Does not have an end in sight Acute: A stressor that does have and end in sight and can range in severity
What is the difference between distant, chronic, and acute distress?
Temperament- born with it, baseline Personality-grow into it, can be morphed
What is the difference between temperament and personality?
General-environment nurture Innate-born with, nature
What is the general cognitive view of language and what is the innate ability?
An act of instance of perforating the skull with surgical instruments
What is trephining or trepidation?
Dopamine
What type of chemical in the brain is high within a patient who has schizophrenia?
When it is important to be accurate
When do most people conform?
3-7 years old
When is the sensitive period for language?
65%
When presented with Stanley Milgram's experimental design, a group of experts and lay people estimated that approximately 1% of the participants would be completely obedient, but the results from his study indicated that ____ of his original participants obeyed the experimenter until the conclusion of the experiment.
Internalization
When social factors become part of the individual Example: Using a pencil
Generalizability
When something applies to all people
Conformity increased as group size increased from 1 to about 4, but further increases in group size did not increase conformity
When studying conformity, Solomon Asch had participants rate line lengths after confederates gave incorrect answers. In regards to the number of confederates who gave incorrect answers, Asch found that:
Somatogenic: Biological/organic Psychogenic: Psychological
When treating a patient, one of the goals is to remove a patient's underlying causes. What are two types of underlying causes in symptoms?
Social approval
When you don't want to go against the group
Jean Piaget and Vygotsky
Which two people came up with theories of cognitive development?
To reduce cognitive dissonance and regression to the mean, placebo effect
Why have people performed trepidation or trephining?
Post traumatic stress disorder
Years after he barely survived a terrorist attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event that render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most clearly showing signs of:
Object concept
common sense beliefs about objects and how objects work
Motherese
An interdirected speech otherwise known as a "baby voice"
Distress
An uncontrollable or inescapable exposure to stressors and can lead to allostasis.
Ambiguity
Another reason we go along with the group: you will conform when a situation is ____ and you don't know how to behave
Neuroticism
Anxious, insecure, self pitying Example of negative emotionality
Cupboard Theory
Attachment to mother driven by biological needs (mostly food)
Personality Psychology
Biologically and environmentally determined characteristics within the person that account for distinctive and relatively enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting AND studies individual differences and how they can help us predict and understand behavior
Nature
Biologically determined maturation produces development change
undesirable answers produce physical and psychological punishment. It is important to give the answer that someone wants to hear. This also puts you at risk for behavior change.
Brainwashing within a cult is usually when...
It was focused on the social construction of thought. Emphasized the cupboard and attachment theories as well as internalization.
Briefly explain Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development and/or what it all entailed.
Conformity
Changes behavior to match majority of others
Accomadation
Changing knowledge based on new objects/events Ex: Call something a dog when it isn't, so you need to change
Obedience
Compliance with a request due to the perception that the 'requestor; has a legitimate right to make the request *Different from Conformity**
Informational Influence
Conformity because we want to be correct (relates to accuracy motive)
Normative Influence
Conformity because we want to be liked and accepted (relates to approval motive)
Genetic predisposition (diathesis) and environmental factors (stress)
Diathesis-Stress Model
The rich rat- more toys and outside interactions
Did the rich rat or the poor rat have more neuronal connection and why?
Biological (SSRIs-Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for depression) Psychological (cognitive-behavioral theory) Protective factors from mental illnesses- social support, education, and excercise
Different treatments for anxiety disorders
Internalization of group's beliefs
Even when 'playing along' it can lead to internalization and belief change
Nurture
Experience with environment produces developmental change
Put children within a strange situation with a stranger while their mother was gone to see how the child would react.
Explain Ainsworth's "Strange Situation" Experiment
Participants checked in to mental hospitals "hearing voices" They were admitted for "observation" The participants then behaved as they normally would
Explain Rosenhan's "Being sane in insane places" experiment
If you agree to a small request (reading propaganda) you'll be more likely to agree to a larger request later.
Explain the "foot in the door" effect.
Dental students were given a puncture wound in their mouth and then they measured how long it would take to heal in accordance to the amount of stress that the student was under. They found that the wounds took longer to heal when the students were under a larger amount of stress.
Explain the Marveha experiment and its findings
The Milgram experiment's purpose was to see how far people would go when probed by an authoritative figure. There was a teacher and learned and whenever the learner got a question wrong, a teacher would deliver electric bolts of energy as punishment. When the teacher would resist, an experimenter would prod them to continue. The majority of participants went all the way to the maximum jolt if not into a dangerous range.
Explain the Milgram Experiment
A depressive disorder
Gertrude feels that her life is empty, has lost all interest in her career and hobbies, and wonders if she would be better off dead She is most likely suffering from:
Traffic laws or within a classroom setting
Give an example of when conformity is NOT a bad thing.
Cognitive Dissonance
Holding conflicting cognitions produces discomfort (dissonance)
Social Psychology
How ones thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are affected by others (society) Ex: Attraction, group setting, authority, and cultural norms
Lexical Hypothesis
If there are traits to describe human behavior, then we must have a word for them
Openness
Imaginative, preference for variety, independent
Temperament
Individual differences in positive emotionality, negative emotionality, self regulation
Attachment Theory Provided by: Bowby
Infants are not forming relationships with caregivers for necessity, but comfort. Who provided this theory?
46%; Some psychopathologies were more frequent that others
Kessler and colleagues (2005) reported the lifetime prevalence rates of various psychopathologies. They found that the lifetime prevalence rate for any disorder was approximately____. Another interesting finding was that ______
WW2, There was lots of propaganda from the government, many Nazis declared "obedience" or just simply following orders
Large example of Social Psychology and why it was considered this. Hint: war
Charles Manson (Helter Skelter), Patty Hearst, Jim Jones, David Koresh, Marshall Apple White
List 5 examples of times when social psychology was used to manipulate other people to do something.....(basically names)
Intrusions-Traumatic event persistently re-experienced Avoidance- Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma Negative alterations in cognitions/mood- inability to remember the event, negative beliefs, and detachment Arousal-Persistent symptoms of increased arousal *Symptoms must persist for more than a month
List and Describe the 4 PTSD Clusters
Manic Episode- Have at least once in a lifetime ~Distinct period of elevated or irritable mood Hypomanic Episode-Not required for diagnosis ~same as manic, but less than one week Major Depressive Episode-Not required for diagnosis ~Same criteria as Major Depressive Disorder
List and describe the three types of episodes within Bipolar 1 Disorder
Panic disorders Generalized anxiety disorders Specific phobias Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder
List some different types of Anxiety Disorders
Secure attachment-worried when mom leaves, and happy when she comes back Insecure attachment (ambivalent)- sad when she leaves, doesn't care when she comes back Insecure attachment (avoidant)- Fine when she leaves and doesn't care when she comes back
List the 3 different attachment styles and what they entail.
Done with adults Can't replicate
List two problems with the Mozart effect.
Behavioral Paradigm
Locking a child's favorite toy within a boy can be an example to measure ______
Conscientiousness
Organized, careful, disciplined Example of self-regulation
The fundamental attribution error
Marilyn judges her professor's strict class attendance policy to be an indication of his over controlling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once a week. Her judgment best illustrates:
Behavioral Paradigms
Measures a child's frustration tolerance
Loss of responsibility for participants Situational obligation Used science as a legitimate institution
Milgram's explanation for the obedience
Delusions
Mr. James believes that people are constantly laughing at him and his bank is trying to steal his life savings. Mr. James is most clearly suffering from:
Frontal Lobe
Object concept and object permanence relate to the ______ lobe
The theory of cognitive dissonance
Rhonda drives about 200 miles in a week and never wears her seat belt. She has seen numerous television advertisements and has even read some scientific studies that present the importance of wearing a seat belt. However, Rhonda doesn't believe that the scientific research presented is truthful and continues not wearing her seat belt. Rhonda has therefore attempted to align her beliefs with her behaviors. This is best explained by...
The most serious psychopathological states, rare 1% of Americans, term= Bleuler split-blind Characteristics: disorders of cognition (can't inhibit irrelevant thoughts), social isolation, hallucinations (false beliefs), disturbance of affect (emotion)-flat affect or inappropriate affect Some of these characteristics are present and others are not Causes: Biological-Psychological Account and/or Biological predisposition
Schizophrenia
They did the same experiment as Milgram only they did it to puppies instead of actual humans. 100% of women went all the way with it.
Sheridan and King's experiment
Extraversion
Sociable, fun-loving, affectionate Example of positive emotionality
Agreeableness
Soft-hearted, trusting, helpful
Prestep-Crying 1-Cooing 2-Babbling 3-One word utterances 4-Two word Adult language
Steps in Language Acquisition
A biologically basis of personality
Temperament is best described as..
Fundamental attribution error
Tends to attribute behavior to an internal state, not to social influence
Object Concept
The A not B task is a demonstration of a child's... The A not B task is where you hide something in one spot repeatedly and then change spots
Conscientiousness Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness Extraversion
The Big Five Clusters (CANOE)
Reduced freedom of choice for participants Distress of the participants Deception Self-knowledge
The Ethical issues with Milgram's Experiment
You can get lost in a social role and conform to the expectations of the role
The Zymbardo Stanford Prison Study showed implications that..
Close to; far from
The level of obedience in the Milgram experiments was highest when the "teacher" was _____ the experimenter and ______ the "learner"
Sensitive Period
The time window where a child's 'best' development occurs