Psychology Final Exam REAL QUESTIONS
Which of the following is a way that anorexia nervosa is different from bulimia nervosa?
Anorexia is associated with starvation, and bulimia is associated with binge eating.
Which of the following is an example of the overjustification effect?
Children enjoy playing with toys until they are told they will get paid to play with toys. They may still play with toys to get paid, but they view it differently because they are getting paid.
Which of the following makes it more likely that a child will be bullied?
Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied.
Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is incorrect?
Different aspects of love are hierarchical. For example, companionate love is much better and longer lasting than consummate love.
Which of the following explains why most psychiatric hospitals emphasize short-term care?
Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized.
How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?
Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?
Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.
Which principle underlies cognitive therapy?
How you think determines how you feel.
What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?
If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.
How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis?
In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious.
What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?
Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.
Which of the following is an example of homeostasis?
Ingesting too much alcohol leads to vomiting.
What does set point theory suggest about the probable results of bariatric surgery?
It will not result in long term weight loss because the body will resist change and seek its initial set point.
Which of the following is a way that the Kinsey research differed from the Masters and Johnson research?
Kinsey collected data with personal interviews; Masters and Johnson recorded measurements of physiological variables.
Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?
Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school.
What does research suggest about the comparative effectiveness of psychotherapeutic techniques?
No studies have found one psychotherapeutic approach more effective than another.
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of histrionic personality disorder?
Phoebe feels uncomfortable when she is not the center of attention, and she has alienated friends by demanding excessive amounts of their attention.
Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?
Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.
Which of the following is not a reason that ADHD may be overdiagnosed?
The amount of ADHD in the population has increased tenfold since it was first identified.
What is the main idea of the Stroop effect?
The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.
Which of the following describes how the cognitive-mediational theory is different from the facial feedback hypothesis?
The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus while the facial feedback hypothesis does not.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Carl Rogers believed most of our psychological problems are the result of repressed impulses and trauma experienced in childhood, and he believed psychoanalysis would help uncover long-buried feelings.
The name "Carl Rogers" should be changed to the name "Sigmund Freud."
Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is most accurate?
There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment.
How can we use conversion therapy to change someone's sexual orientation?
We cannot change someone's sexual orientation because it is a relatively stable characteristic of a person that cannot be changed.
Which of the following is something an advocate for arousal theory might observe?
When we are bored we look for excitement; when we are overexcited we wish for more peace.
Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?
Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification
According to research, the need for ________ encourages Mr. Blutarski to complete a second PhD., so he can add another accomplishment to his already long list.
achievement
According to research, the need for ________ encourages Adam to engage politely with his coworkers.
affiliation
Svetlana admires her boss, Helga. One day Helga forgets her briefcase and Svetlana loses all admiration for Helga. Svetlana thinks that a boss is either always perfect or not worthy of admiration. What kind of cognitive distortion is this?
all-or-nothing thinking
If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?
amygdala
________ is an eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise.
anorexia nervosa
What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?
another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ____ learning.
associational
Which of the following exemplifies intrinsically motivated behavior?
attending a mosque because you believe it is the right thing to do
Which childhood disorder is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests?
autism spectrum disorder
In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.
classical
Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
cognitive therapy
In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
cognitive-behavioral therapy
Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel physical attraction. Their love is called ________.
companionate
Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?
operant conditioning
Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "everyone makes mistakes sometimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this?
overgeneralization
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.
recognition
Which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm?
refractory period
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.
retrieval
When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.
retrograde; anterograde
Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?
rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions and are physically attracted to each other, but their love does not contain any expectations beyond that. Their love is called ________.
romantic
Which of the following are good examples of the security level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
safety and employment
Veena's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is unable to function normally in life. She experiences significant difficulties in many day-to-day activities, such as holding a job, paying bills, grooming, maintaining personal hygiene, and sustaining relationships. Which of the following disorders is Veena living with?
schizophrenia
________ is a subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year.
seasonal pattern
Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?
seeking outside opinions on group decisions
Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of ________.
self-serving bias
Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.
semantic
Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________.
severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy
Dale thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ________.
sexist
Which term best describes rewarding successive aproximations of a target behavior?
shaping
Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in ________.
social loafing
What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?
social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior
What is a social role?
socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group.
stereotypes
Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.
stimulus generalization
On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using? On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using?
systematic desensitization
Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non-judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this?
unconditional positive regard
Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?
using the acronym "OCEAN" to remember the names of the Big 5 Theory of Personality (Openness, Consciousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism)
Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio
Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.
visual
A psychological disorder is a ________.
condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.
diffusion of responsibility
Mona works at a bank. When Luis, a Colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. She does this whenever a non-White person wants assistance. This is an example of ________.
discrimination
Fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing a(n) ________.
dissociative fugue
Benigno wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?
distortion
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
extinction
Luis works part-time after school to earn money so he can afford a secondhand motorcycle. Luis is working because of ________ motivation.
extrinsic
Roger and Joan have passion in their relationship, and they agree they will support each other. But when it comes to sharing their thoughts, they lack intimacy. Their love is called ________.
fatuous
Which of the following is not an example of suicidal ideation?
fearing you will die
The facial ________ hypothesis states that facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions.
feedback
Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed ratio
For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.
flashbulb memory
Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?
foot-in-the-door
Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________.
fundamental attribution error
________ dysphoria is a diagnostic category in DSM-5 for individuals who do not identify with the cultural expectations associated with their biological sex.
gender
Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________.
generalized anxiety disorder
Which statement about group think is correct?
group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus
________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.
group polarization
Based on the discussion in your text, which of the following strategies would effectively reduce prejudice between groups?
having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task
Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?
hippocampus
Drive theory states that deviations from ________ create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need.
homeostasis
Dr. Banner wants his clients to learn to articulate thoughts that keep them from achieving their goals. Therefore, Dr. Banner increases their self-awareness by focusing on their conscious thoughts. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation is he using?
humanistic therapy
When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.
implicit
Which of the following is an example of instinct?
infant rooting for a nipple
Which of the following best defines the Asch effect?
influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment
During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs.
intake
Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation.
intrinsic
Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?
intrusion
People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.
it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories
Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart playing the slot machine
Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder?
lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ____ learning.
latent
Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.
latent learning
People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.
obsessive-compulsive
Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal. What is the motivation in the following sentence? Giorgio works part-time at a diner so he can afford to attend culinary school because he wants to become a chef, even though he is in debt.
wanting to become a chef
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
Kaz wants to stop biting his nails, so he rubs a strong bitter paste under his nails to make his nails taste bad. What technique is Kaz using to stop biting his nails?
aversive conditioning
Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior?
babysitting your younger brother in order to receive your parents' approval
Renzo's therapist helps him learn to overcome his fear of dogs through several stages of relaxation techniques. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
behavior therapy
Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. Which of the following is an example of a situation that might influence behavior?
being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting
Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________.
being outside the home alone
Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.
bias
Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ________ disorder.
body dysmorphic
Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?
borderline personality disorder
Anasophia binges on chocolates, then induces vomiting, and then swallows laxatives. Anasophia probably suffers from ________ nervosa.
bulimia
The belief that you ________ is an example of a delusion.
can perform miracles
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of two factors: physiological and social.
change the word "social" to the word "cognitive"
Which of the following is the best example of a habit?
chewing on your hair to relieve stress
Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a ________.
confirmation bias
Jerry allows others to take over and run his life. He is submissive and clings to those around him. He cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others, probably because he lacks self-confidence. He finds it impossible to do things on his own, and he feels uncomfortable and helpless when he is alone. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jerry's personality?
dependent personality disorder
Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?
determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting
The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.
diathesis-stress
Thalia suffers from insomnia. She tries everything, and she finally develops the habit of counting backward when she wants to sleep but cannot. Thalia finds that she falls asleep much easier once she starts counting backward, so she continues to do so. ________ theory suggests that she continues this habit because it results in homeostasis.
drive
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
emotion can be a conditioned response
Mark and Rosa commit to support each other, but they have no real physical passion and do not share their thoughts and feelings. Their love is called ________.
empty
Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.
encoding failure
Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
esteem
Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________.
mania
When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.
misinformation effect paradigm
Research shows that ________; performance tends to suffer ________.
moderate arousal is generally best; when arousal is very high or very low
What is groupthink?
modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus
Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nathan's personality?
narcissistic personality disorder
Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.
perceptive deception
When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ________.
person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________.
phobia
Which of the following is not a risk factor for suicide?
popular music that promotes suicide
Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder.
posttraumatic stress
Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
psychodynamic psychotherapy
Schizophrenia is considered a ________ disorder.
psychotic
In operant conditioning what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
punishment
Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________.
race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment
Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has ________.
reciprocity
Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.
taste aversion
Which of the following strategies would effectively reduce racism?
teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism
Peripartum onset depression is a kind of depression ________.
that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth
What is comorbidity?
the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual
Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to stimulus in the environment?
the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light
Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding?
thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind
Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory.
transience