Psychology Final Exam Review

What stage of sleep are you most likely experiencing if an EEG of your brain activity showed sleep spindles and K-complexes?

2

An intelligence score that falls below ________ indicates significant cognitive delays, and may be indicative of an intellectual disability.

70

What is an advanced directive?

A legal document that provides specific interventions that a person wants.

Which choice is an accurate definition of a hypothesis?

A tentative explanation

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments

_________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives, and is a distance cue that allows us to perceive the depth of a given visual stimulus.

Binocular

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a..

Biopsychologist

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

Clinical psychology

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ____ trait.

Conscientiousness

Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in _____ psychology.

Developmental

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

In the study of personality, the ___ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual's basic tendencies.

Five Factor

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

Forensic

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a fae will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of...

Gestalt psychology

Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

Humanism

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ____ psychology.

Industrial-organizational

From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important?

It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear?

It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

_________ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.

Jane Goodall

Which pair of individuals is most likely to have the highest similarity in their IQ scores?

Marcus and Maria are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different families.

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?

Populations of developed nations are living longer

For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known?

Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing _________ sleep.

REM

Psychology refers to the..

Scientific study of the mind and behavior

Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development?

Sigmund Freud

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area....

Social psychology

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by...

Studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892.

The American Psychological Association

What is the Flynn effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and..

The operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying____.

Thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

The theorist who discussed our ability to perceive a change in a stimulus as being relative to the amount of change versus the intensity of the original stimulus was ______________.

Weber

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between two contexts. This is an example of _________.

Weber's Law

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology?

Whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

Which individual wrote Principles of Psysiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig?

Wilhelm Wundt

When you watch the teacher at the front of the room, you're easily able to distinguish her from the whiteboard behind her. This demonstrates the Gestalt principle of _________.

a figure-ground relationship

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity?

accuracy

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking a violent action against another character

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

afterimage

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ___________.

an individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

__________ amnesia is a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones.

anterograde

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associative

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a women named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.

attention

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

Which of the following is an example of instinct?

baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

Victoria has learned that she has metastatic breast cancer and has only a few months to live. She immediately goes to church and prays that she will "change her ways" and will become a model Christian if God will just heal her illness. Victoria is at the _______ stage of grieving.

bargaining

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

can sometimes be tested with animal studies

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, and problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

cognition

________development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

cognitive

_______ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

concepts

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

Carmela believes her assistance, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies _________ bias.

confirmation

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of _________.

confirmation bias

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of the nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

Light waves are first transmitted through the _________ at the front of the eye and enter an opening called the __________before shining onto the retina.

cornea

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the _________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

creative

What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks six groups of participants, each group a different age, over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months?

cross-sectional

Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by _________.

darkness;light

Alcohol is considered a _________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

disorganized

_________ theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware and the other half turned in to the hypnotist

dissociative

Amarah has an exam in a week, so she schedules 30 to 60 minutes each night to review her course material. She does this rather than waiting until the night before the exam so that she can avoid a "cram session." Amarah's approach to studying is called _________ practice.

distributed

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

double-blind

Rudy is amazing in all of his school classes, except math. He struggles to understand basic arithmetic concepts, confuses mathematical symbols like "+" and "=", and gets very frustrated and upset at the thought of doing math homework. Rudy has a normal level of cognitive functioning in other areas, and reads and writes with ease. Rudy's parents may want to have him evaluated to see if he suffers from _______.

dyscalculia

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

evolutionary

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. Because I am actively and consciously remembering and recalling this information, it is considered _________ memory.

explicit

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greets her when she enters the house is an example of ___________.

extinction

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

fine

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes?

formal operational

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what is was designed for?

functional fixedness

What does nature refer to in the nature vs nurture debate?

genes and biology

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

gross

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of _________ bias.

hindsight

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system?

homeostasis

Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is probably something that you don't actively think about while you're riding. You just sort of "do it" without thinking of how you do it. This is an example of a(n) ___________ memory.

implicit

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

in laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness

Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed the screen, about one-third of the subjects did not notice it. This research protocol demonstrates which concept?

inattentional blindness

In an experiment, the variable that is controlled or manipulated by the researcher is called the _______ variable.

independent

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the _________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent; dependent

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

_________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

inter-rater reliability

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

interpersonal

Mona lives on the east coast of the USA. She takes an overnight flight to the west coast to visit with family for a month; when she arrives, she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably experiencing from

jet lag

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while sleeping

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student.

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

In Freud's model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content.

latent

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called _________ learning.

latent

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word _________.

learned

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

In a person whose eyes work in the usual fashion, the _________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the __________.

lens;fovea

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies _________ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory.

logical-mathematical

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design

longitudinal

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.

meditation

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his key chain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a _________.

mental set

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

mild

Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________.

milestones

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stitches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

A __________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

morpheme

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory.

musical

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Smaek may have _________.

narcolepsy

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a(n) __________ concept.

natural

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using _________.

negative reinforcement

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has trouble seeing in dim light. This is called ________ blindness.

night

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

A negative correlation means _________.

one variable decreases as the other decreases

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior is associated with consequences. Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

optic

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

partial

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

A(n) ___________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

____development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness

physical

The ________ effect occurs when a person's expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation.

placebo

Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the ________ level of Kohlberg's theory of morality.

post-conventional

__________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

Ross has learned that he has Parkinson's disease, and that in time he will lose some of his cognitive faculties. He and his wife have a lawyer draw up a document that names her a health care ________ who will be able to make medical decisions for Ross when he is unable to do so for himself.

proxy

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don't have anything to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you fell like you won't forget it. This process is called _________.

rehearsal

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ______.

reliability

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

replication

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as _________.

retrieval

Katya studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to French. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary, she can't; instead, she can only remember French vocabulary. This is an example of _________ interference.

retroactive

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.

revealed a genetic component to intelligence

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows -- the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

rod

_______ are the most common used species for animal research.

rodents

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her __________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies.

sensorimotor

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from all the other voices. This illustrates ____________.

signal detection

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?

sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD.

Cocaine is considered a _________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of _________.

stimulus discrimination

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of __________.

stimulus generalization

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.

surveys

_________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding...

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Psychological knowledge is advances through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.

the scientific method

A(n)_____ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same effect.

tolerance

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies?

top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of _________.

transduction

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The _________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.

vestibular