Psychology Final Exam Review
b. a European American male
Other factors being equal, which person is likely to identify more strongly with their personal identity than their social identity? a. a Hispanic American male b. a European American male c. a European American female d. an Asian American female
c. intimacy vs. isolation
Twenty-five-year-old Allison is predicted to be in which stage of psychosocial development? a. industry vs. inferiority b. identity vs. role diffusion c. intimacy vs. isolation d. identity vs. role diffusion
a. predicts
Rescorla applies a cognitive perspective in explaining classical conditioning. He focuses on the extent to which the CS __________ the US. a. predicts b. follows c. interferes with d. reduces
c. physical appearance.
Research evidence on romantic attraction suggests that the major determinant of initial attraction is a. internal characteristics. b. perceived similarities. c. physical appearance. d. novelty.
d. hypothalamus
Which part of the brain coordinates the endocrine's system response to stress? a. pineal gland b. medulla c. pituitary gland d. hypothalamus
c. G. Stanley Hall
Which pioneer of psychology characterized adolescence as a period of "storm and stress"? a. Sigmund Freud b. Lawrence Kohlberg c. G. Stanley Hall d. Jean Piaget
d. Where did I go on my first date?
Which question is most likely to be associated with episodic memory? a. Who was the first astronaut to walk on the moon? b. What time is my dentist's appointment next week? c. Who wrote A Catcher in the Rye? d. Where did I go on my first date?
d. Tolman
Which researcher conducted investigations of latent learning with rats in mazes? a. Skinner b. Thorndike c. Garcia d. Tolman
c. Hans Selye
Which researcher is nicknamed "Dr. Stress"? a. Suzanne Kobasa b. Martin Seligman c. Hans Selye d. Erik Erikson
a. stimulus motives.
"Curiosity killed the cat." The cat's curiosity probably reflects its a. stimulus motives. b. need for drive reduction. c. secondary drives. d. need for homeostasis.
d. conservation
All but which of the following are characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development? a. irreversibility b. egocentrism c. centration d. conservation
d. practical
Anna has the ability to apply what she knows to her everyday life. Her friends say that Anna is "street smart." The triarchic theory of intelligence would label Anna as having ____ intelligence. a. creative b. emotional c. analytic d. practical
b. adaptation.
Another name for the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome is a. alarm. b. adaptation. c. mobilization. d. exhaustion.
d. enhance learning and memory ability.
By manipulating a particular gene in flies, scientists have been able to a. breed a super fly that never forgets. b. erase specific memories from the brain. c. implant memories from other flies. d. enhance learning and memory ability.
a. aphasia.
Damage to Broca's area can lead to a. aphasia. b. paralysis. c. schizophrenia. d. Alzheimer's disease.
b. availability heuristic
Dolores, a college freshman, has moved to a big city for the first time in her life. She is excited by the opportunity to explore the city, but is also anxious about what she read recently about street crime in one of the city's neighborhoods. In reality, she is more at risk of harm from reckless drivers. What heuristic is she applying is this situation? a. representativeness heuristic b. availability heuristic c. affect heuristic d. recognition heuristic
a. circadian rhythms
Dr. Buckbee is studying biological clocks. He is interested in a. circadian rhythms b. lunar rhythms c. suprachiasmatic rhythms d. daily rhythms
b. more vivid and about the same level of accuracy as
Flashbulb memories are __________ other long-term memories. a. less vivid and less accurate than b. more vivid and about the same level of accuracy as c. more vivid and less accurate than d. less vivid and about the same level of accuracy as
c. temporal lobe
Following brain trauma, Takami has difficulty processing auditory stimuli. Based on this description, Takami probably suffered damage to which portion of her brain? a. frontal lobe b. occipital lobe c. temporal lobe d. parietal lobe
b. Social deviance
George was committed to a psychiatric hospital after he was caught happily shopping at the local supermarket without any clothes on. By what criterion is George's behavior considered abnormal? a. Maladaptive behavior b. Social deviance c. Dangerousness d. Emotional distress
c. money
Happiness is LEAST likely to be found in which of the following? a. investment in family life b. development of strong spiritual or personal values c. money d. involvement in community life
b. psychological factors and physical health
Health psychology is the study of the interrelationships between ____. a. mental illness and drugs b. psychological factors and physical health c. physical health and mental illness d. drugs and health
d. drive theory
Homeostasis is the basis for which theory of motivation? a. arousal theory b. instinct theory c. need theory d. drive theory
b. pituitary
Hormones released from the ____ gland control the production and release of sex hormones by the ovaries and testes, initiating puberty and maintaining fertility. a. pineal b. pituitary c. thyroid d. adrenal
d. Unlike cones, rods cannot detect color.
How do rods differ from cones in the retina? a. In contrast to cones, rods are optimally activated by light entering the center of the eye. b. Rods are less sensitive to light than cones. c. Rods provide the ability to see sharper images than cones. d. Unlike cones, rods cannot detect color.
d. 12 to 13
If Paige is like the average American girl, she will have her first period at about what age? a. 10 to 11 b. 9 to 10 c. 11 to 12 d. 12 to 13
d. drug dependence.
Impaired control over the use of a drug is called a. drug abuse. b. physiological dependence. c. chemical dependence. d. drug dependence.
b. erogenous zones.
In Freudian theory, different parts of the body associated with sexual pleasure are referred to as a. fixations. b. erogenous zones. c. defense mechanisms. d. archetypes.
a. internal; external
In attribution theory, dispositional attributions are ______ and situational attributions are _____. a. internal; external b. efficient; inefficient c. accurate; inaccurate d. inefficient; efficient
c. in vivo exposure.
In behavioral therapy, another term for gradual exposure is a. countertransference. b. transference. c. in vivo exposure. d. token economy.
d. visual; semantic
In memory encoding, mental picture is to ____ as meaning is to ____. a. semantic; visual b. acoustic; semantic c. visual; acoustic d. visual; semantic
d. thalamus
In the dual-pathway model of fear, where is stimulus information first processed? a. amygdala b. cerebral cortex c. hypothalamus d. thalamus
d. insight learning.
Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not revealed in performance when it occurs is referred to as a. classical conditioning. b. latent learning. c. spontaneous recovery. d. insight learning.
d. 5
Maslow's hierarchy of needs has how many levels? a. 3 b. 2 c. 7 d. 5
d. tendency to rely on problem-solving strategies that worked in the past.
Mental set is a a. type of subgoal setting. b. form of the backwards-thinking heuristic. c. type of means-end heuristic. d. tendency to rely on problem-solving strategies that worked in the past.
a. escape learning.
Paul has turned to alcohol in order to flee from the problems in his marriage. We can explain his behavior as a form of a. escape learning. b. latent learning. c. insight learning. d. superstitious behavior.
c. classical conditioning
Phobias develop through associations of aversive stimuli with previously neutral stimuli. This expresses the ______ explanation of phobia development. a. operant conditioning b. cognitive c. classical conditioning d. psychodynamic
a. Gustav Fechner
Psychophysics began with the work of which 19th-century German scientist(s)? a. Gustav Fechner b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Hermann von Helmholtz and Ewald Hering d. David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel
b. inkblots
Rorschach developed a famous personality test that uses __________ as stimuli. a. ambiguous photographs b. inkblots c. geometric patterns d. stick figures
d. circulatory problems
The most common biological cause of erectile disorder is _____. a. recreational drug abuse b. low sexual interest c. diabetes d. circulatory problems
c. a piano
The place theory of perception is analogous to tones produced by ____. a. a jet producing a sonic boom b. a raindrop hitting a puddle c. a piano d. sonar technology
c. Babinski
When the sole of her foot is stroked, three-week-old Pam curls and fans her toes. Pam is demonstrating which reflex? a. rooting b. palmar grasp c. Babinski d. Moro
d. fixed-interval schedule.
A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response performed after a specific amount of time has passed is reinforced is called a a. fixed-ratio schedule. b. variable-interval schedule. c. variable-ratio schedule. d. fixed-interval schedule.
c. groupthink
A social psychological explanation of the poor decisions of President Kennedy's administration in the Bay of Pigs incident is best described by which principle? a. social facilitation b. social loafing c. groupthink d. obedience
a. there is no relationship between the variables.
A correlation coefficient of 0.00 means a. there is no relationship between the variables. b. as one variable increases, the other variable increases. c. as one variable decreases, the other variable decreases. d. as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.
d. dampens the activity of the central nervous system
A depressant drug ____. a. induces a feeling of anxiety b. increases heart rate and respiration c. causes depression d. dampens the activity of the central nervous system
c. mnemonic.
A device for improving memory is a(n) a. engram. b. retrograde recaller. c. mnemonic. d. consolidato
b. validity
A quality of a measure that leads to valid conclusions (i.e., the measure measures the concept it was designed to measure) is called ____. a. statistical significance b. validity c. reliability d. variability
d. is learned in much the same way that normal behavior is learned.
As described in the text, behavioral models of abnormality assume that abnormal behavior a. is best explained by a different set of learning principles than those governing normal behavior. b. is largely unlearned, but can be brought under the influence of the environment. c. is the result of a blockage of a person's natural potential. d. is learned in much the same way that normal behavior is learned.
b. phobias.
As described in the text, psychological models of abnormal behavior based on classical conditioning were useful in developing explanations of a. personality disorders. b. phobias. c. depression. d. schizophrenia.
d. aversive conditioning
Associating objects that elicit an undesirable response with unpleasant or negative stimuli describes the key principle of ____. a. in vivo exposure b. systematic desensitization c. gradual exposure therapy d. aversive conditioning
b. the contact hypothesis.
Attempting to reduce prejudice by transporting students from the majority group to minority schools is suggested by a. the fundamental attribution error. b. the contact hypothesis. c. the matching hypothesis. d. cognitive dissonance.
c. Being raised in an abusive family environment
In the diathesis-stress model of explaining schizophrenia, which of the following factors would represent a psychosocial influence? a. Childhood brain damage b. Failure in school c. Being raised in an abusive family environment d. Prenatal brain trauma
a. cerebral cortex; amygdala
In the dual-pathway model of fear, the "high road" leads to the ______ and the "low road" leads to the ______. a. cerebral cortex; amygdala b. hypothalamus; cerebral cortex c. cerebral cortex; hypothalamus d. amygdala; cerebral cortex
d. Present the CS first and have it remain present during presentation of US.
In the past three psychology labs, Liliya has been attempting to classically condition a lab rat. Her strategy has been to present the US and CS simultaneously. Which of the following should she do to strengthen the conditioned response of the rat? a. Make less frequent pairings of CS and US. b. Present the CS first and withdraw it before introducing the US. c. Present the US prior to CS. d. Present the CS first and have it remain present during presentation of US.
c. hysteria
In the past, conversion disorder was known as ____. a. the vapors b. humor imbalance c. hysteria d. eclampsia
d. Children and teens with a strong need for peer acceptance are less likely to engage in deviant activities.
Regarding peer relationships in childhood, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Peer relationships give children the opportunity to develop skills in relating to others. b. The acceptance of peer group members can help shape a child's self-esteem. c. Peer relationships can have negative consequences on a child's development. d. Children and teens with a strong need for peer acceptance are less likely to engage in deviant activities.
d. vision
Of the five senses, which is the slowest to develop? a. touch b. hearing c. taste d. vision
d. size 10 foot looking for a size 10 shoe
Once a neurotransmitter is released into the synapse, it is MOST like a(n) ____. a. lock waiting for a key b. rolling stone c. accident waiting to happen d. size 10 foot looking for a size 10 shoe
c. Type B
People who take a slower, more relaxed approach to life fit the profile of which personality type? a. Introverted b. Type A c. Type B d. Bipolar
d. involving extremely rigid patterns of behavior.
Personality disorders are a cluster of psychological disorders a. in which mood disturbances are the primary symptom. b. involving extreme anxiety. c. that all include psychotic symptoms. d. involving extremely rigid patterns of behavior.
d. aggression, dominance, territorial marking, and mate attraction
Pheromones play a role in which of the following animal behaviors? a. mate attraction only b. aggression only c. dominance and territorial marking only d. aggression, dominance, territorial marking, and mate attraction
c. prefrontal cortex.
Phineas Gage showed severe personality changes following an accident that damaged his a. temporal cortex. b. hypothalamus. c. prefrontal cortex. d. hippocampus.
d. basic units of sound; around 40
Phonemes are the ______ in a language, and the English language has ______ phonemes. a. basic units of sound; exactly 26 b. rules governing word order; approximately c. basic units of meaning; thousands of d. basic units of sound; around 40
b. careful observation.
Piaget's primary research technique involved a. rigorous experimental methodology. b. careful observation. c. long questionnaires. d. extensive surveys.
d. tracing the amount of glucose used in different parts of the brain.
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans work by a. measuring the reflection of a narrow X-ray beam as it passes through the brain. b. measuring the signals emitted by the brain when placed in a strong magnetic field. c. destroying parts of the brain to observe the effects on behavior. d. tracing the amount of glucose used in different parts of the brain.
b. characteristics that can be inferred from observable behavior
Raymond Cattell thought that surface traits are _____. a. general traits that are composed of, or give rise to, surface traits b. characteristics that can be inferred from observable behavior c. pervasive characteristics that influence a person's behavior in most situations d. characteristics that influence behavior in some situations, but not others
d. confrontation
Regarding client-centered therapy, which of the following DOES NOT belong? a. nondirective b. reflection c. genuineness d. confrontation
a. missing extremities.
Shawn was born with fetal alcohol syndrome. Shawn's symptoms may include all of the following EXCEPT a. missing extremities. b. flattened nose. c. widely spaced eyes. d. underdeveloped upper jaw.
c. formal operations
The ability to solve abstract problems best describes someone at which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? a. preoperational b. abstract operations c. formal operations d. concrete operations
a. sensory adaptation.
When sensory systems become less sensitive to unchanging stimuli, it is called a. sensory adaptation. b. precognition. c. threshold degradation. d. accommodation.
b. There is a vaccine against some types of HPV.
Which of the following statements is true regarding prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases? a. HPV vaccine offers protection against viral STDs other than HPV. b. There is a vaccine against some types of HPV. c. Antiviral drugs are used to eliminate the viruses from the body. d. Natural condoms offer more reliable protection against HIV than latex condoms.
c. radical behaviorism
Which view holds that behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences? a. the Law of Effect b. behavior modification c. radical behaviorism d. programmed instruction
c. Normal adolescent development includes serious conflicts with parents.
Regarding adolescent-parent relationships, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Adolescents and their parents typically express agreement on many of the principal issues in life. b. Most adolescents report that they love and respect their parents. c. Normal adolescent development includes serious conflicts with parents. d. It is normal for teens to have arguments with parents over issues like autonomy and decision making.
c. Creativity is strongly related to intelligence.
Regarding creativity, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Most people have the potential to be creative. b. Creativity is a type of cognitive ability. c. Creativity is strongly related to intelligence. d. Creativity makes more use of divergent thinking than convergent thinking.
d. How do children's eating habits change as they progress from childhood through adolescence?
A developmental psychologist is MOST likely to study which of the following research questions? a. What personality characteristics do obese teens have in common? b. How can we get teenagers to eat more nutritious meals? c. What effect do fast-food restaurants have on teens' eating habits? d. How do children's eating habits change as they progress from childhood through adolescence?
b. study the psychological crises people experience at different ages.
A developmental psychologist would most likely a. design a program to help people avoid risky sexual behaviors. b. study the psychological crises people experience at different ages. c. conduct research to determine if a high school graduation test predicts success in college. d. study how prejudice develops.
d. variable.
A factor that varies in an experiment is called a a. statistic. b. constant. c. theory. d. variable.
c. the extent to which the same disorders or traits are shared among family members.
A familial association study is used to determine a. the extent to which adopted children share the same characteristics as their adoptive parents. b. the degree of environmental similarity between twins raised apart. c. the extent to which the same disorders or traits are shared among family members. d. the extent to which family members have different traits or characteristics.
c. engram.
A physical trace of memory in the brain is termed a(n) a. flashbulb memory. b. mnemonic. c. engram. d. schema.
d. dissociative amnesia.
A woman walks into a police station. She has no identification and reports that she was walking down the street with no sense of who she is or how she got there. She is referred to a neurologist who finds no physical explanation for her condition. This description sounds like a case of a. multiple personality disorder. b. anterograde amnesia. c. dissociative identity disorder. d. dissociative amnesia.
a. 50 years of age
About when does menopause occur in most women? a. 50 years of age b. 40 years of age c. 55 years of age d. 45 years of age
d. reflect superficial differences between people.
According to Allport, secondary traits a. compete with primary traits for dominance. b. are the basic building blocks of personality. c. are the most pervasive components of personality. d. reflect superficial differences between people.
c. ego integrity vs. despair.
According to Erikson, psychosocial development in late adulthood centers on the crisis of a. identity vs. role diffusion. b. intimacy vs. isolation. c. ego integrity vs. despair. d. industry vs. inferiority.
b. the ability to form mental representations.
According to Piaget, the end of the sensorimotor period is marked by ____. a. mastery of conservation tasks. b. the ability to form mental representations. c. the appearance of logical thought. d. the disappearance of egocentrism
b. partners that have love triangles that are closely matched.
According to Sternberg, the strongest relationships can be described as those with a. high levels of all three components of love in at least one partner. b. partners that have love triangles that are closely matched. c. high levels of commitment and intimacy, regardless of levels of passion. d. high levels of commitment, regardless of levels of intimacy or passion.
a. The pitch of sounds
According to Weber's Law, a person would be most sensitive to changes in which sensation? a. The pitch of sounds b. The loudness of sounds c. The heaviness of weight d. The saltiness of food
a. about 50 percent
According to a study reported in the text, about what percentage of teenagers show evidence of hearing loss? a. about 50 percent b. less than 10 percent c. about 33 percent d. about 20 percent
b. acoustic
After receiving a cute boy's cell phone number, Tammie mentally repeats the number over and over in her head. This process converts auditory signals into strings of recognizable sounds, and it is called __________ encoding. a. vocal b. acoustic c. internal d. sub-auditory
c. regression.
After six-year-old Samantha's baby brother was born, she started to have temper tantrums the way she had when she was two. This may be a case of a. repression. b. displacement. c. regression. d. projection.
c. hormones
All but which of the following are antigens? a. viruses b. bacteria c. hormones d. foreign proteins
c. mescaline
All but which of the following are depressants? a. barbiturates b. alcohol c. mescaline d. tranquilizers
b. Today, most experts believe that repression does not occur.
All but which of the following are difficulties with the concept of repression, as presented by Freud? a. Many people who have been traumatized retain vivid, fragmented memories of their experiences. b. Today, most experts believe that repression does not occur. c. Freud's concept of repression does not account for ordinary forgetting. d. Many victims of trauma have difficulty putting the events out of their minds.
a. ed
All but which of the following are examples of phonemes? a. ed b. au c. g d. l
d. People who commit suicide are usually suffering from a psychological disorder, but are not insane.
All but which of the following are myths about suicide? a. People who threaten suicide are only trying to get attention. b. If someone threatens suicide, it is best to ignore it so as not to encourage repeated threats. c. Talking about suicide with a depressed person may prompt her/him to attempt suicide. d. People who commit suicide are usually suffering from a psychological disorder, but are not insane.
b. controls heartbeat
All but which of the following describe the reticular formation? a. contains nerve pathways that connect the hindbrain with the forebrain b. controls heartbeat c. regulates attention d. regulates arousal
d. psychological; anxiety
Although they have different symptoms and characteristics, dissociative disorders and somatic symptom disorders are often grouped together because they both involve _______ defenses against _____. a. psychological; mania b. physical; depression c. physical; anxiety d. psychological; anxiety
d. is a brain disease and the leading cause of dementia
Alzheimer's disease ____. a. is a reversible brain disease that is due to cell death throughout the brain b. is not actually a disease, but a decline in brain tissue that is the result of normal aging c. is a brain disease that affects only people over the age of 75 d. is a brain disease and the leading cause of dementia
a. Behaviorism
Animal trainer Bob Jeffers uses rewards to teach his animals to perform circus tricks. Jeffers's techniques are based on principles from which school of psychology? a. Behaviorism b. Psychodynamic c. Functionalism d. Structuralism
a. aversive conditioning.
Associating objects that elicit an undesirable response with unpleasant or negative stimuli describes the key principle of a. aversive conditioning. b. in vivo exposure. c. systematic desensitization. d. gradual exposure therapy.
d. norepinephrine and serotonin.
Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in a. serotonin and dopamine. b. serotonin and acetylcholine. c. dopamine and norepinephrine. d. norepinephrine and serotonin.
d. out-group homogeneity.
Barbara, an American, believes that all French people hate Americans, are rude, and love to drink wine. Barbara's beliefs are an example of a. in-group favoritism. b. out-group heterogeneity. c. discrimination. d. out-group homogeneity.
b. treating narcolepsy.
Barbiturates are used for all of the following EXCEPT a. blocking pain during surgery. b. treating narcolepsy. c. regulating high blood pressure. d. inducing euphoria and relaxation.
c. Social deviance
Behavior that violates established social norms or standards describes which of the following criteria for determining abnormal behavior? a. Dangerousness b. Unusualness c. Social deviance d. Maladaptive behavior
d. the Law of Effect.
Behaviors that result in satisfying effects are strengthened and behaviors that result in discomfort are weakened. This statement is explained by a. latent learning. b. classical conditioning. c. radical behaviorism. d. the Law of Effect.
b. better performance
Being intrinsically motivated usually results in ________. a. a higher set point b. better performance c. fewer achievements d. less personal wealth
a. electroencephalogram
Brain wave patterns during sleep are best monitored using a(n) ____. a. electroencephalogram b. x-ray c. laser doppler d. CAT scan
c. standing without support
By the end of the first year of life, Evana has mastered the most difficult balancing problem ever to be encountered in her life. What skill has she mastered? a. crawling b. creeping c. standing without support d. walking
b. women rely more on a care orientation and men rely more on a justice orientation.
Carol Gilligan suggested that, when making moral decisions, a. men rely more on a care orientation and women rely more on a justice orientation. b. women rely more on a care orientation and men rely more on a justice orientation. c. women and men both rely more on a care orientation than a justice orientation. d. women rely exclusively on a care orientation and men rely exclusively on a justice orientation.
b. classical conditioning.
Cassandra, who has been clean and sober for many years after struggling with alcoholism, no longer has a physical addiction to alcohol. However, whenever she sees her old "drinking buddies," she begins to have cravings for alcohol. Cassandra's experience is an example of a. operant conditioning. b. classical conditioning. c. insight learning. d. observational learning.
c. depression and anxiety
Chan experiences emotional distress. Which psychological disorders might Chan most likely be experiencing? a. schizophrenia and personality disorder b. anxiety and schizophrenia c. depression and anxiety d. personality disorder and depression
b. difficult
Children who react negatively to change and are generally irritable are classified as having what kind of temperament? a. resistant b. difficult c. avoidant d. insecure
c. Both produce a relatively long-lasting "high."
Cocaine and amphetamines are similar in all but which of the following ways? a. Both can lead to a type of psychosis. b. Both directly stimulate reward pathways to the brain. c. Both produce a relatively long-lasting "high." d. Both increase brain levels of dopamine.
c. one's attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent.
Cognitive dissonance results when a. attraction is high between two people. b. stereotypes are confirmed through experience. c. one's attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent. d. a person makes the fundamental attribution error.
d. perception
College roommates Michelle, Renee, and Kecia are curtain shopping for their new off-campus apartment. They find the perfect set of curtains, but disagree as to their actual color. Michelle states that they are jade; Renee is leaning towards teal; and Kecia insists that they are turquoise. What causes each roommate to have a different interpretation of the color of the curtains? a. transduction b. sensation c. sensory adaptation d. perception
a. easier to persuade.
Compared to people of higher intelligence, people of lower intelligence are generally a. easier to persuade. b. just as easy to persuade. c. incapable of processing persuasive messages. d. very difficult to persuade.
d. On average, African Americans have higher levels of self-esteem than White Americans.
Comparing self-esteem among young African Americans with that of young White Americans, which of the following has been found? a. On average, White American children and adolescents have higher self-esteem than African American children and adolescents, but African American adults have higher self-esteem than White American adults. b. On average, African American children and adolescents have higher self-esteem than White American children and adolescents, but White American adults have higher self-esteem than African-American adults. c. On average, White Americans have higher levels of self-esteem than African Americans. d. On average, African Americans have higher levels of self-esteem than White Americans.
d. logical concepts.
Concepts defined by specific rules are called a. intuitive concepts. b. heuristics. c. natural concepts. d. logical concepts.
a. there is a lack of access to them.
Concerns with intelligence tests include all of the following EXCEPT a. there is a lack of access to them. b. they may be overemphasized. c. they may be culturally biased. d. they may encourage self-fulfilling prophecies.
b. instinct
Contemporary theorists are least likely to choose which factor to explain human aggression? a. alcohol and other drugs b. instinct c. biological influences d. sociocultural influences
a. do not predict academic performance as well as standard tests.
Culture-fair IQ tests are not widely used because they a. do not predict academic performance as well as standard tests. b. are too expensive. c. are invalid. d. are generally unavailable.
d. Antisocial, hostile, and insensitive
Darius scores high on psychoticism. In which way is Darius likely to be perceived by others? a. Solitary, reserved, and unsociable b. Tense, anxious, and moody c. Warm and concerned about others d. Antisocial, hostile, and insensitive
a. Behavior
Discrimination represents which attitudinal component of prejudice? a. Behavior b. Feeling c. Cognition d. Emotion
c. confidentiality
Dr. Finnegan, a psychological researcher, ensures that he maintains the privacy of his research records. Which ethical principle does this example describe? a. informed consent b. random assignment c. confidentiality d. ethical review
b. cognitive
Dr. Gregor's research focuses on decision-making and problem solving. Gregor is probably a(n) ______ psychologist. a. environmental b. cognitive c. physiological d. social
a. Unconscious motives
Dr. Holder is a psychologist working from the sociocultural perspective. In her research, which variable is Dr. Holder LEAST likely to study? a. Unconscious motives b. Income level c. Disability status d. Gender
d. consciousness.
Dr. James Williams, a psychology professor, was speaking to his class about his current state of awareness. In all likelihood he was speaking about the process of a. multitasking. b. divided attention. c. perception. d. consciousness.
a. Help a mayor design a campaign to reduce teen smoking in his city.
Dr. Judah Levine is a health psychologist. Thus, he might do which of the following? a. Help a mayor design a campaign to reduce teen smoking in his city. b. Consult with a corporation about which desk chairs would be least likely to cause backaches. c. Research the effects of air pollution on people's lungs. d. Work in a school serving emotionally disturbed students.
c. communication difficulties
Dr. Lau is a couples therapist. What is the most typical problem she is likely to target in treatment? a. arguments about money b. sexual dysfunctions c. communication difficulties d. disagreements about parenting
d. social psychologist
Dr. Longstocking is a research psychologist who studies attitudes, cognitive dissonance, and first impressions. Which type of psychologist is Dr. Longstocking? a. health psychologist b. counseling psychologist c. educational psychologist d. social psychologist
a. Past experiences or events and previously acquired information
Dr. Ohno conducts research on retrospective memory. Which type of memory will Ohno's research participants be recalling? a. Past experiences or events and previously acquired information b. Past personal experiences only c. Things they plan to do in the future d. Repressed experiences
d. dissociative amnesia.
During the war in Iraq, Max saw his best friend killed during an enemy attack. Max felt that he was partially responsible for his friend's death, and he has a great deal of guilt. Subsequently, Max has perfect recall of his war experience, except for his friend's death. Max's psychologically caused amnesia is referred to as a. retrograde amnesia. b. reactive amnesia. c. anterograde amnesia. d. dissociative amnesia.
b. self-ideal.
Emma's sense of who or what she should be is her a. self. b. self-ideal. c. self-esteem. d. self-concept.
b. Recognizing emotions in others
Empathy is most likely to play a role in which aspect of emotional intelligence? a. Motivating yourself b. Recognizing emotions in others c. Knowing your emotions d. Managing your emotions
d. conditioned stimulus
Eric takes part in an experiment where the sound of a bell immediately precedes a puff of air to the eye that causes him to blink. After a few trials, Eric blinks as soon as he hears the bell. The sound of the bell is a(n) ____. a. conditioned response b. unconditioned stimulus c. unconditioned response d. conditioned stimulus
a. random assignment
Every participant in an experiment has an equal chance of receiving one of the treatments. This is called a ____. a. random assignment b. random selection c. control assignment d. placebo effect
b. dendrites and axons
Eycine operated the telephone switchboard at a large company, answering calls and directing them to the appropriate extensions. Remembering her introductory psychology class, she decided that her situation was much like that of the ____ of neurons, because numerous people could call her at one time, but she could send out only one call at a time. a. hormones and target organs b. dendrites and axons c. myelin and mitochondria d. synapses and neurotransmitters
c. a distorted self-image.
Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. When she talks about her frustrations with attempting to satisfy other people's demands, her therapist may suggest that Fannie's attempts could lead to a. unconscious aggressive desires. b. an inflated ego. c. a distorted self-image. d. an inability to learn from experience.
b. superego.
From a psychoanalytic perspective, someone with a very strong sense of morality might be described as having a very strong a. id. b. superego. c. preconscious. d. ego.
d. nodes of Ranvier.
Gaps in myelin that create non-insulated areas along an axon are called a. terminal buttons. b. receptors. c. synapses. d. nodes of Ranvier.
c. Prize their children regardless of their behavior at any particular time.
Generalizing from Rogers's ideas about positive regard, which tactic should parents take with their children? a. Accept all of their children's behavior. b. Bestow approval on their children only when they behave properly. c. Prize their children regardless of their behavior at any particular time. d. Teach their children to judge their behavior based on whether or not they meet other people's expectations.
c. produce neurotransmitters
Glial cells do all but which of the following? a. remove waste products from neurons b. form the myelin sheath c. produce neurotransmitters d. assist neurons in communicating with each other
b. glue
Glial cells function most like which of the following? a. tape b. glue c. paper clips d. staples
d. Social psychology
Graduate student Felicity Farraday has just completed her dissertation entitled, "The Role of Observational Learning in the Development of Prejudice." What is Farraday's likely major in college? a. Environmental psychology b. Developmental psychology c. Experimental psychology d. Social psychology
a. efficacy expectations
Herschel believes that he will be able to perform the behaviors necessary for him to succeed at college. Bandura used the term ______ to describe Herschel's beliefs. a. efficacy expectations b. reciprocal determinism c. outcome expectations d. locus of control
a. twenties.
If you are like the average person, you can expect to reach the peak of your physical performance in your a. twenties. b. early thirties. c. late teens. d. late thirties.
c. the degree to which test scores accurately forecast future behavior or performance
In IQ testing, what is predictive validity? a. the consistency of test scores over time b. the consistency of test scores across different forms of the test c. the degree to which test scores accurately forecast future behavior or performance d. the degree to which test scores measure what they purport to measur
c. self-regulatory systems and plans
In Mischel's theory, which person variable concerns the ability to plan courses of action to achieve goals and obtain rewards? a. competencies b. subjective values c. self-regulatory systems and plans d. expectancies
a. egocentrism.
In Piaget's theory, the tendency to view the world only from one's own perspective is a. egocentrism. b. authoritarianism. c. conservation. d. centration
c. inventing and designing
In Sternberg's model of intelligence, creative intelligence includes ____. a. analyzing and evaluating b. evaluating and doing c. inventing and designing d. using and doing
c. zone of proximal development.
In Vygotsky's terms, the range between a child's present level of skills and knowledge and their potential level of skills and knowledge with appropriate guidance is called the child's a. zone of equilibrium. b. region of growth. c. zone of proximal development. d. space of scaffolding.
a. projective personality measures
In _____, people are presented with a set of ambiguous stimuli that produce responses that must be interpreted by the examiner. a. projective personality measures b. multiphasic personality inventories c. self-report personality inventories d. humanistic personality measures
a. 75%
In a classic study on conformity (Asch, 1956), approximately what percentage of college students sided with the incorrect majority at least once? a. 75% b. 90% c. 50% d. 35%
b. experimental group.
In a drug study, group one receives an inactive pill and group two receives a pill that is believed to be effective in treating depression. Group two is the a. control group. b. experimental group. c. independent group. d. placebo group.
c. independent variable.
In a study of the effects of various brands of ice cream on weight gain, the type of ice cream consumed represents the a. dependent variable. b. placebo. c. independent variable. d. control variable.
a. hypothesis
In conducting an experiment, a precisely worded, educated guess is called a ____. a. hypothesis b. proposal c. randomization d. variable
b. middle ear; inner ear
In deafness, conduction deafness is to the _____ as nerve deafness is to the _____. a. inner ear; outer ear b. middle ear; inner ear c. outer ear; inner ear d. inner ear; middle ear
d. primary drives.
In drive theory, biological drives are also known as a. arousal drives. b. instinctual drives. c. essential drives. d. primary drives.
c. REM; Stage 4
In general, nightmare disorder occurs in ______ sleep, while sleep terror disorder occurs in ______ sleep. a. REM; Stage 2 b. Stage 1; Stage 2 c. REM; Stage 4 d. Stage 2; REM
c. recognition
In general, which type of memory task produces better retrieval? a. pair-associates recall b. free recall c. recognition d. serial recall
d. members with high levels of empathy
In order for intergroup contact to have a desirable effect on prejudice and intergroup tension, all but which of the following conditions are necessary? a. equal status for all group members b. opportunities for members to become acquainted c. social and institutional support d. members with high levels of empathy
d. Take vitamin supplements, especially B-12 supplements
In order to prevent STDs, the textbook mentions all of the following EXCEPT a. Abstain from sexual contact if you have doubts about potential harmful effects. b. Inspect your partner's sex organs before sexual contact. c. Use latex condoms since "natural" condoms provide less protection. d. Take vitamin supplements, especially B-12 supplements
b. Use "natural" condoms, such as those made from lamb skin.
In order to prevent STDs, the textbook mentions all of the following EXCEPT a. Avoid multiple partners. b. Use "natural" condoms, such as those made from lamb skin. c. Abstain from sexual contact if you have doubts about potential harmful effects. d. Inspect your partner's sex organs before sexual contact.
b. objective tests.
In personality testing, self-report personality inventories are also known as a. subjective tests. b. objective tests. c. intelligence tests. d. projective tests.
b. central
In persuasive messages, the careful evaluation of the content of a message is accomplished via which route of processing? a. peripheral b. central c. attributional d. dissonant
d. echoic; iconic
In sensory memory, auditory stimuli are to _____ memory as visual stimuli are to ______ memory. a. iconic; eidetic b. eidetic; iconic c. iconic; echoic d. echoic; iconic
b. Louis Thurstone.
Intelligence consisting of seven different primary mental abilities was proposed by a. Alfred Binet. b. Louis Thurstone. c. Charles Spearman. d. Howard Gardner.
c. digestive processes in dogs.
Ivan Pavlov's initial research work was in the study of a. observational learning with children. b. latent learning with rats. c. digestive processes in dogs. d. learning by association with rabbits.
b. His loss of personal information was due to some stressful event.
Jared suffered through dissociative amnesia. What does this mean? a. He has enlarged ventricles. b. His loss of personal information was due to some stressful event. c. He suddenly left town and adopted a new identity. d. He forgot some important personal information because of his drug addiction.
b. delirium.
Jason just took PCP and now appears to be mentally confused. He is disoriented and is having difficulty focusing his attention. Jason is likely experiencing a. withdrawal. b. delirium. c. tolerance. d. psychosis.
d. his ordering of words within sentences and phrases
Javan's English teacher tells him, "Watch your syntax!" To what is Javan's teacher referring? a. his pronunciation b. his vocabulary c. his spelling d. his ordering of words within sentences and phrases
a. paired-associates recall
Jessica is participating in an experiment on memory. She has been asked to memorize a long list of word pairs. Once she has mastered the list, she will be asked a series of questions about which words were paired with each other. This is an example of a _____ test of memory. a. paired-associates recall b. free recall c. recognition task d. serial recall task
c. logical concept.
Jorge is a biology student and learns that botanists have clear rules for determining what a bean is. The concept of "bean" he is learning in class is referred to as a a. applied concept. b. heuristic concept. c. logical concept. d. natural concept.
a. triggering fear in Joshua when he encounters a possibly threatening stimulus
Joshua's cerebral cortex is involved in all but which of the following emotional experiences? a. triggering fear in Joshua when he encounters a possibly threatening stimulus b. helping Joshua evaluate the meaning of emotionally arousing stimuli c. assisting Joshua in determining whether to approach or avoid particular stimuli d. processing Joshua's subjective experience of emotion
a. situational
Joylin assumes her husband smacked the dog because the dog had just bitten him. Joylin is making what sort of attribution? a. situational b. dispositional c. personal d. internal
c. an irrational or excessive fear of something.
Jurgen has been diagnosed as having a phobia. This means that Jurgen experiences a. sudden episodes of sheer terror with no apparent cause. b. nagging, intrusive thoughts. c. an irrational or excessive fear of something. d. persistent anxiety without a specific focus.
b. increased
Kandel found that the amount of neurotransmitters released into synapses involved in the gill withdrawal reflex _____ as the animal learned the conditioned response. a. decreased at first, and then increased b. increased c. increased at first, and then decreased d. decreased
a. insight.
Karen had been trying to solve a problem for several days when she experienced a sudden awareness of the correct solution to her problem. Karen's experience describes the concept of a. insight. b. conceptual expansion. c. functional fixedness. d. linguistic relativity.
c. syphilis
Katherine has just discovered a hard, round painless sore on her genitals. She should immediately see her doctor to be tested for _____. a. chlamydia b. genital herpes c. syphilis d. gonorrhea
d. the stages have only been found in people from Western cultures.
Kohlberg's model of moral development has been criticized as culturally biased because a. there is little evidence that people reach the level of postconventional reasoning. b. research has found that people from different cultures vary in how they proceed through the stages. c. it emphasizes moral standards that appeal to males rather than females. d. the stages have only been found in people from Western cultures.
b. social contract and universal ethical principle orientations
Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral development consists of which stages? a. good boy-nice girl and authority orientations b. social contract and universal ethical principle orientations c. law-and-order and social contract orientations d. ethical principle and instrumental purpose orientations
d. psychological hardiness
LeRoy is listening to a story about a great American hero. This hero overcame incredible odds and endured tremendous stress. Knowing what you do about stress, what personality trait did this hero undoubtedly possess that protected him from the harmful effects of stress? a. autonomy b. external locus of control c. extroversion d. psychological hardiness
d. paired-associates recall
Lionel takes an exam in his French class. He is presented a word in English and asked to list the French equivalent. What type of memory task is Lionel completing? a. recognition b. serial recall c. free recall d. paired-associates recall
b. diabetes.
Meditation is useful in treating each of the following EXCEPT a. chronic pain. b. diabetes. c. high blood pressure. d. insomnia.
b. the vestibular sense
Mei experienced terrible dizziness and nausea while on a deep sea fishing trip. Which sense caused her to experience seasickness? a. the auditory sense b. the vestibular sense c. the kinesthetic sense d. the olfactory sense
c. The neuron will not be able to transmit information to other cells.
Melanie, a graduate student working in a neuroscience lab, grows neurons in a petri dish to study the effects of environmental toxins on neuronal communication. During one of Melanie's experiments, she accidentally damages the axon of a neuron. What will be an immediate consequence of this mishap? a. The neuron will not be able to translate proteins. b. The neuron will not be able to receive inputs from other cells. c. The neuron will not be able to transmit information to other cells. d. The neuron's other axons will have to take over the function of the damaged axon.
c. go against the interests of the communicator.
Messages are more credible when they a. are irrelevant to the interests of the communicator. b. reflect the interests of the communicator. c. go against the interests of the communicator. d. are not accompanied by relevant counter-arguments.
b. his rewards are a direct consequence of his actions.
Michael has an internal locus of control, so he believes that a. he can accomplish whatever he attempts. b. his rewards are a direct consequence of his actions. c. he must control everything. d. his outcomes are controlled by fate.
a. reinforcement; punishment
Modern psychologists refer to the first part of the Law of Effect as _____ and the second part as _____. a. reinforcement; punishment b. classical conditioning; operant conditioning c. operant conditioning; classical conditioning d. punishment; reinforcement
a. why
Motives address the fundamental question of the _____ of behavior. a. why b. who c. where d. what
d. token economy
Mr. Bonoir gives students stars on their homework when it is done well. A student can exchange 10 stars for a treat. This is a form of a. shaping. b. biofeedback. c. insight learning. d. token economy
d. obsessions; compulsions
Nagging, intrusive thoughts are called ______, and repetitive or ritual behaviors are called ______. a. diatheses; conversions b. compulsions; obsessions c. diatheses; delusions d. obsessions; compulsions
c. atherosclerosis; arteriosclerosis
Narrowing of arteries due to a buildup of fatty deposits is called _____, while hardening of the arteries is called ______. a. myocardial infarction; heart attack b. coronary heart disease; myocardial infarction c. atherosclerosis; arteriosclerosis d. arteriosclerosis; atherosclerosis
d. developing hypotheses
Naturalistic observation is best suited for ____. a. testing hypotheses b. establishing a correlation between two concepts c. establishing whether the relationship between two concepts is positive or negative d. developing hypotheses
a. The release of neurotransmitters into the extracellular fluid
Neuronal communication is a two-step process. In the second step, which takes place between two neurons, what does the arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal of the first neuron signal? a. The release of neurotransmitters into the extracellular fluid b. The synthesis of neurotransmitters by specialized enzymes c. The enzymatic breakdown of residual neurotransmitters d. The uptake of neurotransmitters from the extracellular space
d. melatonin.
Nina's pineal gland has been damaged. She can expect a disturbance in the release of the hormone a. cortisol. b. oxytocin. c. serotonin. d. melatonin.
d. conservation.
Nine-year-old Dakoda realizes that the quantity of water in a glass remains the same, even when the water is poured into a different shaped glass and appears to look like more or less. In Piaget's terms, Dakoda has developed a. assimilation. b. object permanence. c. accommodation. d. conservation.
b. 2 months
Norm and Bertha's baby daughter has just begun making cooing sounds. If her development is average, what age is she predicted to be? a. 12 months b. 2 months c. 6 months d. 1 week
d. disgust
Of the following emotions Ken experiences, which is most likely to be processed in his right prefrontal cortex? a. excitement b. joy c. happiness d. disgust
b. being intelligent
Of the following factors, which is most likely to be linked to personal happiness? a. having good health b. being intelligent c. having wealth d. being a lottery winner
b. testosterone
Of the following hormones, which can we describe as most likely to be related to aggressive behavior? a. progesterone b. testosterone c. insulin d. estrogen
c. establishes a priority for taking care of various needs
One advantage of Maslow's hierarchy is that it ____. a. has a strong empirical database to support it b. explains differences among people c. establishes a priority for taking care of various needs d. is universally accepted
d. nonsense syllables
One of Ebbinghaus's innovations was using ______ as study material for testing memory. a. common words b. numbers c. foreign words d. nonsense syllables
b. regulate motivational and emotional behaviors
One of the functions of the limbic system is to ____. a. regulate blood pressure and heart rate b. regulate motivational and emotional behaviors c. pass information from one hemisphere of the brain to the other d. moderate pain signals from the muscles
a. more widely used than the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
One of the most famous projective tests is the Rorschach Inkblot Test, which is ____. a. more widely used than the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory b. highly valid and reliable c. hardly used today d. a subscale of the Psychopathic Deviate scale
d. serotonin
One possible biological explanation for aggression involves the neurotransmitter ______, which acts like a "behavioral seat belt." a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. GABA d. serotonin
c. An African-American female
Other factors being equal, a person from which group is least at risk for committing suicide? a. A Caucasian-American female b. A Caucasian-American male c. An African-American female d. An African-American male
d. irrational belief.
Paul was not given a promotion. He feels upset and disappointed because he thinks of himself as a failure who will never succeed. From the perspective of rational-emotive behavior therapy, Paul's view of himself is the a. consequence. b. self-defeating behavior. c. activating event. d. irrational belief.
d. coronary heart disease.
People with Type A behavior are at greater risk of developing a. diabetes. b. depression. c. generalized anxiety disorder. d. coronary heart disease.
a. alarm
Persephone experiences the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome. What term best characterizes this experience? a. alarm b. frustration c. anticipation d. conflict
b. chronic.
Persistent or continuing stress is best described as a. neurotic. b. chronic. c. depressing. d. anxiety-inducing.
d. older memories interfere with newer memories.
Proactive inference occurs when a. less frequently experienced events interfere with more frequently experienced events. b. newer memories interfere with older memories. c. more frequently experienced events interfere with less frequently experienced events. d. older memories interfere with newer memories.
d. older memories interfere with newer memories
Proactive interference occurs when ____. a. newer memories interfere with older memories b. more frequently experienced events interfere with less frequently experienced events c. less frequently experienced events interfere with more frequently experienced events d. older memories interfere with newer memories
a. release of excitatory neurotransmitters.
Prolonged neurotransmitter activity is prevented by all of the following functions EXCEPT a. release of excitatory neurotransmitters. b. breakdown of neurotransmitters by enzymes. c. regulation of sensitivity to neurotransmitters. d. reuptake.
a. It places too much emphasis on social influences.
Psychodynamic theory has been criticized on all but which of the following grounds? a. It places too much emphasis on social influences. b. It places too much emphasis on sexual and aggressive drives. c. The theory was based on evidence gathered from a small number of cases studies. d. There is a general lack of evidence supporting many of the principles on which the theory is based.
d. testing opinions and assumptions in the light of evidence.
Psychology is a scientific discipline in that it focuses on a. behavioral, as opposed to mental, processes. b. systematically building theories to explain phenomena. c. the pursuit of truth, not simply opinion. d. testing opinions and assumptions in the light of evidence.
b. depressants
Reduction of central nervous system activity is the defining feature of ____. a. stimulants b. depressants c. hallucinogens d. amphetamines
b. IQ scores have been rising steadily, at about 3 points per decade, for several generations.
Regarding general trends in IQ scores in the United States, which of the following is TRUE? a. IQ scores have been falling steadily, at about 3 points per decade, for several generations. b. IQ scores have been rising steadily, at about 3 points per decade, for several generations. c. IQ scores have been rising steadily, at about 15 points per decade, for several generations. d. IQ scores have remained about the same over the past several decades.
d. Investigators have identified a single gene that is responsible for creating a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia.
Regarding genetic factors in schizophrenia, which of the following statements is false? a. When one identical twin has schizophrenia, the other twin has a 45% to 50% chance of having the disorder. b. About 13% of people with a schizophrenic parent develop the disorder themselves. c. The closer the genetic relationship a person shares with a schizophrenic individual, the greater the likelihood that the person will have or develop schizophrenia. d. Investigators have identified a single gene that is responsible for creating a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia.
a. women are more likely than men to be diagnosed
Regarding major depressive disorder, ____. a. women are more likely than men to be diagnosed b. young women are more likely than young men to be diagnosed and the pattern reverses in middle age c. men are more likely than women to be diagnosed d. young men are more likely than young women to be diagnosed and the pattern reverses in middle age
c. It explains how environment shapes language development.
Regarding the concept of the language acquisition device, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. It is believed to be prewired into the human nervous system. b. It represents an innate mechanism in the brain for learning language. c. It explains how environment shapes language development. d. Critics consider it an abstract concept rather than a physical structure in the brain.
a. The Bachelor's degree is recognized as the entry-level degree for professional work in some specialty areas like school psychology and industrial/organizational psychology.
Regarding training to work in the field of psychology, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The Bachelor's degree is recognized as the entry-level degree for professional work in some specialty areas like school psychology and industrial/organizational psychology. b. Those who pursue doctorate-level work in schools of education typically earn a Doctorate in Education, or Ed.D. c. The primary difference between the Ph.D. and the Psy.D. is that the Psy.D. focuses more on practitioner skills than on research skills. d. A dissertation requires the completion of an original research project.
a. episodic
Remembering how you did on your last psych test involves ____ memory. a. episodic b. consequential c. procedural d. semantic
b. cancer
Research has associated distress with all but which of the following physical problems? a. fatigue b. cancer c. headaches d. upset stomach
d. the limits of the general trait approach
Research showing that situations can exert a stronger influence on people's behavior than any individual predispositions highlights ____. a. the accuracy of the general trait approach b. the human need for self-actualization c. the power of the id d. the limits of the general trait approach
c. clairvoyance.
Salvador is a stage magician. As part of his act, Salvador identifies the written contents of a sealed envelope. This aspect of Salvador's performance is called a. subliminal perception. b. telepathy. c. clairvoyance. d. psychokinesis.
d. lifelong course; in late adolescence or early adulthood
Schizophrenia follows a _______ and typically develops _______. a. chronic but not lifelong course; in late adolescence or early adulthood b. chronic but not lifelong course; in early adolescence c. lifelong course; in early adolescence d. lifelong course; in late adolescence or early adulthood
b. restricted affect
Schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and speech, disorders of movement, avolition/asociality, and ____. a. excessive emotionality and tears b. restricted affect c. weight fluctuation d. hypersexuality
b. anorexia nervosa
Shelly has been on a self-inflicted starvation diet for eight months and, as a result, weighs only 82 pounds. However, she still believes that she can stand to lose a couple of more pounds. It is likely that Shelly is suffering from ____. a. a hormonal imbalance b. anorexia nervosa c. bulimia d. depression
c. occipital lobe.
Simon "sees stars" after being hit on the head. Based on this description, Simon's experience is the result of actions in his a. temporal lobe. b. somatosensory lobe. c. occipital lobe. d. frontal lobe
d. need for more time in adjusting to new situations
Six-month-old Charlotte fits the characteristics of a slow-to-warm-up temperament. Charlotte would be expected to exhibit all but which of the following? a. low activity level b. interest in novel stimuli c. mild distress in new situations d. need for more time in adjusting to new situations
c. Consolidation of short-term memories into long-term memories
Sleep is important for which memory process? a. Perception of sensory information in the sensory register b. Maintenance rehearsal c. Consolidation of short-term memories into long-term memories d. Formation of flashbulb memories
c. traits.
Stable and enduring personal characteristics are called a. habits. b. tendencies. c. traits. d. types.
d. brainstorming
Stella uses a problem-solving technique in which she proposes as many solutions to a problem as possible, no matter how far-fetched or weird the ideas seem. Which technique is Stella using? a. mainstreaming b. convergent thinking c. conceptual expansion d. brainstorming
b. they belong to a particular group
Stereotypes are widely held beliefs that people have certain traits because ____. a. of their observable behavior b. they belong to a particular group c. of the fundamental attribution error d. they hold utilitarian attitudes
c. long-term potentiation.
Strengthening synaptic connections between neurons by repeated stimulation is known as a. electroshock therapy. b. neuronal networking. c. long-term potentiation. d. short-term potentiation.
a. corticosteroids.
Stress and physical illness are linked through the actions of a. corticosteroids. b. insulin. c. corticotrophin-releasing hormones. d. antigens.
a. cognitive; behavioral
Subjective, or conscious, experience of feelings is associated with the _____ component of emotion, whereas the tendency to approach or avoid objects or situations is associated with the ______component of emotion. a. cognitive; behavioral b. bodily arousal; cognitive c. behavioral; cognitive d. cognitive; bodily arousal
b. displacement
Susan was so angry at her boss that, when she got home from work, she yelled at her husband in response to his question "How was your day?". This is an example of ____. a. sublimation b. displacement c. denial d. projection
c. variable interval
Suzanne randomly checks up on her employees several times throughout the day to praise them if they are working hard. None of the employees know when Suzanne will be checking up on them. Suzanne is using a ____ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable interval d. variable ratio
d. semantic network model
The World Wide Web's structure, which is organized in terms of a network of associated concepts, is based on which of the following? a. constructionist theory b. levels-of-processing theory c. retrieval theory d. semantic network model
d. hippocampus
The ______ is located just behind the amygdala and can be described as playing an important role in the formation of memories. a. hypothalamus b. cerebellum c. thalamus d. hippocampus
b. epinephrine
The actions of which stress hormone help explain increased stickiness of blood clotting factors which, in turn, heightens the risk of heart attack and stroke? a. norepinephrine b. epinephrine c. melatonin d. serotonin
d. basilar membrane
The basis of the place theory of pitch detection is that pitch is determined by the place along the _______ that vibrates the most. a. ear drum b. oval window c. auditory nerve d. basilar membrane
b. approach; avoidance
The behavioral component of an emotion can take one of two forms: _____ and _____. a. flight; fight b. approach; avoidance c. approach; facial expression d. avoidance; freezing
c. Aristotle
The behaviorist emphasis on observable events as the focus of inquiry can be traced to which philosopher? a. Plato b. Rosseau c. Aristotle d. Socrates
b. phrenology.
The belief that people's character and mental abilities could be judged by the patterns of bumps on their skull is called a. psychometrics. b. phrenology. c. psychophysics. d. psychokinesis.
c. biological factors
The fact that antisocial behavioral patterns appear at such an early age and are so difficult to change lends support to the notion that an antisocial personality may be caused by ____. a. behavioral factors b. environmental factors c. biological factors d. cognitive factors
d. phenothiazines
The first class of antipsychotics were the a. tricyclics b. MAO inhibitors. c. SSRIs d. phenothiazines
c. oral stage
The first of Freud's stages of psychosexual development is called the ____. a. anal stage b. undifferentiated stage c. oral stage d. genital stage
c. neuron
The fundamental building block of the nervous system is the ____. a. soma b. axon c. neuron d. cell body
c. the extent to which variability among people on the trait is explained by genetic factors.
The heritability of a trait refers to a. the percentage of genes involved in its heredity. b. the percentage of people who show an inheritance for the trait. c. the extent to which variability among people on the trait is explained by genetic factors. d. how many genes are involved in its heredity.
b. inducing feelings of drowsiness.
The hormone melatonin helps synchronize the sleep-wake cycle by means of a. stimulating the hypothalamus to activate the sleep cycle. b. inducing feelings of drowsiness. c. traveling to the amygdala to activate the sleep cycle. d. triggering the SCN when the amount of light striking the retina declines.
d. self-concept; self-esteem
The impressions you have of yourself compose your _____, while the degree of liking you have for yourself is your _____. a. self-theory; self-esteem b. self-awareness; self-efficacy c. self-awareness; self-esteem d. self-concept; self-esteem
a. ganglion; fovea
The optic nerve consists of the axons of the _____ cells and exits the eye in the _____. a. ganglion; fovea b. bipolar; blind spot c. ganglion; blind spot d. bipolar; fovea
b. taste buds
The receptors for taste are called ____. a. flavor buds b. taste buds c. Pacinian buds d. capsaicin buds
a. high concentration of sodium ions outside the cell.
The resting potential of a neuron is a result of the a. high concentration of sodium ions outside the cell. b. high concentration of potassium ions inside the cell. c. low concentration of potassium ions outside the cell. d. high concentration of sodium ions inside the cell.
d. absolute threshold.
The smallest amount of a stimulus that a person can reliably detect is called a. just-noticeable difference. b. perceptual constancy. c. difference threshold. d. absolute threshold.
a. judging the length of lines.
The stated task in the Asch study of conformity involved a. judging the length of lines. b. arguing against one's own belief. c. administering electric shocks to people. d. rating pictures of people in terms of physical attractiveness.
d. identity crisis.
The stressful time of soul searching and self-examination that many adolescents experience is the a. industry struggle. b. initiative crisis. c. inferiority complex. d. identity crisis.
a. promote digestion.
The sympathetic nervous system does each of the following EXCEPT ________ a. promote digestion. b. increase respiration. c. release glucose. d. increase heart rate.
c. social loafing
The tendency for people to reduce their efforts when working as part of a group is called ____. a. social intervention b. social inhibition c. social loafing d. social facilitation
d. set point theory.
The theory that the brain regulates body weight around a genetically predetermined level is identified as a. metabolic constancy theory. b. genetic determination theory. c. self-regulatory theory. d. set point theory.
c. place theory
The theory which assumes that different frequencies of sound waves stimulate different areas along the basilar membrane is called ____. a. volley theory b. frequency theory c. place theory d. opponent-process theory
d. opiates
The three main effects of ____ are pain reduction, euphoria, and constipation. a. designer drugs b. hallucinogens c. stimulants d. opiates
d. trust.
The triangular model of love is described by each of the following components EXCEPT a. commitment. b. intimacy. c. passion. d. trust.
b. psychodynamic
The use of projective tests in measuring personality is most consistent with which perspective on personality? a. social-cognitive b. psychodynamic c. behaviorist d. humanist
d. He has impaired ability in reading.
Tom's parents have just been told that Tom has dyslexia. What does this mean? a. He has impaired ability in mathematics. b. He has an intellectual disability. c. Tom is hyperactive. d. He has impaired ability in reading.
c. conscious
Using an iceberg analogy, the tip of the iceberg is most like which level of consciousness in Freud's theory? a. ego b. unconscious c. conscious d. preconscious
b. the therapeutic alliance.
Vanessa feels an attachment toward her therapist and the therapy process. Vanessa's experience is referred to as a. a placebo effect. b. the therapeutic alliance. c. a specific factor. d. countertransference.
c. Ph.D.
What is the most common doctoral degree awarded in the field of psychology? a. Psy.D. b. M.A. c. Ph.D. d. Ed.D.
d. sensory adaptation.
When Harold first enters his swimming pool, the water feels uncomfortably cold. Five minutes later, it feels comfortable to Harold. This is an example of a. selective attention. b. accommodation. c. convergence. d. sensory adaptation.
a. reticular formation
Which of the following is NOT part of the hindbrain? a. reticular formation b. cerebellum c. pons d. medulla
c. Scientists can prevent Alzheimer's disease in some cases through genetic manipulation of particular genes.
Which of the following statements best describes the benefits of research on the genetic bases of memory? a. Scientists have identified specific proteins regulated by so-called memory genes that can be synthesized to improve human memory. b. Understanding the genetic bases of memory has led to development of drugs to boost memory in both Alzheimer's patients and normal individuals. c. Scientists can prevent Alzheimer's disease in some cases through genetic manipulation of particular genes. d. Presently available drugs show benefits in boosting human memory. Hide Feedback
b. Many areas of the brain appear to be responsible for producing language.
Which of the following statements regarding language development is MOST STRONGLY SUPPORTED by the evidence? a. Chomsky showed that the language acquisition device depends on formal training in the rules of grammar. b. Many areas of the brain appear to be responsible for producing language. c. Although genes are important in many aspects of behavior, scientists do not believe they play a role in language. d. Scientists recently discovered a language center in the brain that is largely responsible for the use of language.
c. Clinical
Which subspecialty represents the largest group of psychologists? a. Counseling b. Industrial/organizational c. Clinical d. School
b. clusters of glial cells.
White matter refers to a. myelinated axons. b. clusters of glial cells. c. clusters of synapses. d. nodes of Ranvier.
c. Input from most of our sensory systems travels first to the thalamus, which then funnels the information to the cerebral cortex.
Why is the thalamus referred to as the "gateway to the cortex"? a. Motor outputs generated in the thalamus are funneled first through the cerebral cortex, which then sends inputs to the motor neurons. b. Input from most of our sensory systems travels first to the cerebral cortex, which then funnels the information to the thalamus. c. Input from most of our sensory systems travels first to the thalamus, which then funnels the information to the cerebral cortex. d. Motor outputs generated in the cerebral cortex are funneled first through the thalamus, which then sends inputs to the motor neurons.
b. increase your expectations of others
Your text makes all but which of the following suggestions for dealing with anger? a. engage in competing responses b. increase your expectations of others c. learn to express positive feelings d. become aware of your emotional reactions in anger-provoking situations
d. Vicodin
_____ is an example of a synthetic opioid. a. Codeine b. Ecstasy c. Methaqualone d. Vicodin
b. The misinformation effect
______ occurs when eyewitnesses are given incorrect data during the retention interval of memory. a. The primacy effect b. The misinformation effect c. Proactive interference d. The serial position effect
d. "On average women are better at expressing emotions than men, so Tonia is likely to communicate her emotions more easily than Robert."
"Robert and Tonia are on a date. Tonia is smiling and expressing herself in ways that indicates that she likes Robert. On the other hand, Robert appears less expressive even though he likes Tonia too. How can differences in emotions between Robert and Tonia be BEST explained?" a. "On average, men take longer periods of time to attach to women emotionally, so Robert is refraining from expressing his emotions early." b. "On average, men inhibit overt displays of emotions more often than women, so Robert is unconsciously hiding his overt emotional responses." c. "On average, women are more likely to express more emotions in an effort to get men emotionally involved in interpersonal relationships." d. "On average women are better at expressing emotions than men, so Tonia is likely to communicate her emotions more easily than Robert."
c. What is the purpose of superstitions?
A functionalist is most likely to ask which of the following questions? a. Can you describe the taste of a peach? b. How does seeing a butterfly make you feel? c. What is the purpose of superstitions? d. What does the texture of chalk remind you of?
a. doing so satisfies their hunger
A proponent of drive theory of motivation would explain that people like to eat at fast-food places because ____. a. doing so satisfies their hunger b. many others are doing so and this gives them a feeling of belonging c. when they're hungry, they instinctively gravitate to the fastest source of food d. television commercials influence them to associate such places with psychological rewards
d. unhealthy eating habits are learned and can be unlearned.
A researcher adhering to the behavioral perspective would likely believe that a. depression is linked to social stresses like poverty. b. aggression results when people are blocked from pursuing their goals. c. depression is related to changes in brain chemistry. d. unhealthy eating habits are learned and can be unlearned.
a. neglect, abuse, and lack of warmth.
A stereotypical man with antisocial personality disorder is likely to have been raised in a home characterized by a. neglect, abuse, and lack of warmth. b. excessive stimulation and constant excitement. c. spoiling and excessive indulgence. d. permissiveness and a general lack of rules.
a. Behaviorist
A strong belief that the environment molds the behavior of humans and other animals is characteristic of which school of psychology? a. Behaviorist b. Gestalt c. Structuralist d. Psychodynamic
d. gives consistent results for any given person
A test is said to be reliable if it ____. a. does not show racial and ethnic differences in scores b. measures what it is supposed to measure c. tests many different abilities d. gives consistent results for any given person
a. unconscious; unconscious
According to Freud, most of the human mind resides in the ______, and primitive sexual and aggressive instincts lie in the ______. a. unconscious; unconscious b. unconscious; preconscious c. conscious; preconscious d. preconscious; unconscious
d. schema
According to Piaget, a(n) ______ is an organized system of mental representations used to understand the world. a. operation b. reflex c. instinct d. schema
c. predicts the ease of retrieval
According to the levels of processing theory, the depth (shallow to deep) of processing ____. a. exemplifies the power of maintenance rehearsal b. enhances long-term memory capacity c. predicts the ease of retrieval d. predicts the duration of information in long-term memory
a. Sophia, who is explaining chunking to her roommate using a phone number as an example
According to the levels of processing theory, who is most likely to retain the information he/she is trying to commit to memory? a. Sophia, who is explaining chunking to her roommate using a phone number as an example b. Alice, who is chunking sections of Pi to remember the number out to 15 decimal places c. Jamal, who is studying the definitions of his spelling words d. Chris, who is done studying for the night and has decided to "sleep on it"
a. reinforced
According to the principles of operant conditioning, an organism is more likely to perform a behavior in the future if the behavior is ____. a. reinforced b. spontaneous c. reflexive d. substituted
a. The creative self is a mostly unconscious part of the personality.
All but which of the following are premises of Adler's individual psychology? a. The creative self is a mostly unconscious part of the personality. b. All children have feelings of inferiority. c. Humans have a drive for superiority that can lead to positive or negative behaviors. d. There is a part of the personality that organizes goal-seeking behavior.
b. syphilis
All but which of the following are sexually transmitted diseases caused by viruses? a. hepatitis b. syphilis c. genital warts d. genital herpes
d. Mexico
All but which of the following countries would be classified as individualistic? a. Canada b. France c. England d. Mexico
b. Respect for elders
Amy is from a collectivistic culture. Compared to her cousin Andre, who is from an individualistic culture, Amy is MORE likely to value which of the following? a. Accrual of wealth b. Respect for elders c. Her career's potential for status d. Personal accomplishments
c. specialized protein molecules
Antibodies are ______ produced by the immune system. a. specialized red blood cells b. foreign agents in the body c. specialized protein molecules d. specialized white blood cells
c. bipolar disorder.
Anticonvulsant drugs used to treat epilepsy have also proved useful in the treatment of a. schizophrenia. b. phobias. c. bipolar disorder. d. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
b. About 1%
Approximately what percentage of young women in the United States develops anorexia nervosa? a. 5 to 10% b. About 1% c. About 5% d. 11 to 20%
c. vestibular and visual
Austin experiences motion sickness on his first cruise vacation. From which two senses has Austin received conflicting information? a. vestibular and olfactory b. kinesthesis and visual c. vestibular and visual d. kinesthesis and olfactory
a. Can a lack of purpose influence a person's depression?
As a humanist, Dr. Randall is most likely interested in which of the following questions? a. Can a lack of purpose influence a person's depression? b. Do negative role models play a part in eating disorders? c. Is shyness inherited? d. Is obesity associated with a malfunction in the hypothalamus?
d. Helen, who says, "I am Nolan's mother."
As an introductory exercise in their Social Influences course, college students are asked to share the answer they provided to the statement, "I am a...." Which student is most likely from a collectivistic culture? a. Leah, who says, "I am a woman." b. Justin, who says, "I am a creative person." c. Paul, who says, "I am a computer science major." d. Helen, who says, "I am Nolan's mother."
d. hostile people are frequently angry, and chronic anger increases the risk of hypertension and coronary heart disease
As discussed in the text, hostility is linked to increased risk of coronary heart disease because _____. a. hostile people frequently vent their anger and frustration, and yelling or arguing with others increases blood pressure and the stress placed on the circulatory system b. hostile people frequently over-exert themselves in an effort to come out on top or to prove that their ideas and efforts are superior to those of others c. hostile people sometimes bottle their emotions and stifle emotional expressions, thereby causing an increase in heart rate and blood pressure d. hostile people are frequently angry, and chronic anger increases the risk of hypertension and coronary heart disease
a. most; the least
Basal cell carcinoma is the ______ common type of skin cancer, and it is ______ dangerous. a. most; the least b. least; the most c. least; the least d. most; the most
b. Prefrontal cortex and limbic system
Based on available evidence, which of the following brain regions appears to be the most affected in cases of schizophrenia? a. Limbic system and hypothalamus b. Prefrontal cortex and limbic system c. Hypothalamus and medulla d. Medulla and prefrontal cortex
d. major depressive disorder
Bonnie has been feeling extremely sad for the last two months. She has difficulty getting out of bed to face the day and has lost interest in formerly pleasurable activities. Occasionally, she thinks about committing suicide. Of the following, Bonnie would most likely be suffering from ____. a. mania b. bipolar disorder c. antisocial personality disorder d. major depressive disorder
c. a repository of accumulated ideas and images that is shared among all humans
Carl Jung's analytical psychology emphasized the importance of the collective unconscious, which is _____. a. the part of the personality that is aware of itself and organizes goal-seeking behavior b. our feelings of "being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world" c. a repository of accumulated ideas and images that is shared among all humans d. a deep form of resentment toward their parents that is ultimately repressed
c. emotion
Christine does not like country music. This reflects which component of her attitude toward country music? a. cognition b. attribution c. emotion d. behavior
a. Constructionist theory
Cliff has vivid memories of burning his hand on a birthday candle at his seventh birthday party. But his mother corrects him, saying, "You never burned your hand. But I would tell you at every birthday to be careful of the candles." Which theoretical model best accounts for Cliff's misremembering? a. Constructionist theory b. Levels of processing theory c. Decay theory d. Interference theory
d. instincts
Cognitive psychologists would be interested in all of the following EXCEPT a. concept formation b. language processes c. problem solving d. instincts
d. Passion
Dana and Fox have a relationship in which they have intense sexual desires for each other. Their relationship can be described by which component of love in the triangular model? a. Intimacy b. Decision c. Romance d. Passion
b. less negative due to the influx of sodium ions.
Depolarization occurs when the neuron becomes a. more negative due to the influx of sodium ions. b. less negative due to the influx of sodium ions. c. more negative due to the influx of potassium. d. less negative due to the outflow of sodium ions.
a. three stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal.
Developmental psychologists describe prenatal development as occurring in a. three stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal. b. two stages: fertilization and pregnancy. c. nine stages corresponding to each month of pregnancy. d. three stages: first, second, and third trimesters.
a. Tendency toward mood swings and stormy relationships with others
Diana has borderline personality disorder. Which of the following best describes the major symptoms of her disorder? a. Tendency toward mood swings and stormy relationships with others b. Excessive need for orderliness and attention to detail c. Extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others d. Pattern of avoiding social relationships out of fear of rejection
d. different eye colors.
Different personalities in dissociative identity disorder may demonstrate all of the following except a. different ages. b. different traits and manners of speech. c. different genders. d. different eye colors.
d. multiple personality disorder.
Dissociative identity disorder is commonly referred to as a. neurosis. b. schizophrenia. c. generalized anxiety disorder. d. multiple personality disorder.
c. a sensation-seeker.
Donald has a higher need for arousal than the average person. In psychological terms, Donald would be described as a. having a high need for achievement. b. having an antisocial personality. c. a sensation-seeker. d. an obsessive-compulsive.
b. sport
Dr. Burlington works with Ivy University's basketball team, where he helps the athletes handle competitive pressures. He is also conducting a study to determine the most important factors influencing athletic performance anxiety. Burlington is probably a(n) ______ psychologist. a. clinical b. sport c. personality d. educational
b. distraction.
Dustin suffers from chronic back pain as the result of an old injury. Any time he is required to sit for long periods, he makes sure to bring a music player into the treatment room with him, because he has found that listening to his favorite music helps him cope with the pain. Dustin is using the pain control technique of a. biofeedback. b. distraction. c. creating a bottleneck at the "gate." d. obtaining accurate information.
c. willpower.
Each of the following is identified in the text as a factor in obesity EXCEPT a. set point theory. b. metabolic rate. c. willpower. d. genetics.
d. frustration.
Eduardo is stressed because he aspires to join the full-time faculty at a local university, but the university will only hire him as a temporary instructor because he does not have 5 years of teaching experience. In Eduardo's case, the source of stress is a. distress. b. conflict. c. stress. d. frustration.
a. dissociative identity disorder.
Eleanor is a quiet 41-year-old housewife. Occasionally, she seems to "become" a 14-year-old male juvenile delinquent. Other times she "becomes" a 52-year-old, foul-mouthed alcoholic. This sounds like a textbook case of a. dissociative identity disorder. b. schizophrenia. c. manic-depressive disorder. d. conversion disorder.
d. specific phobia.
Ella finds herself extremely frightened whenever she sees a snake. This describes a form of a. panic disorder. b. obsessive-compulsive disorder. c. agoraphobia. d. specific phobia.
c. anterograde amnesia.
Ella has suffered a head injury. She is no longer able to form new long-term memories. She is suffering from a. retroactive interference. b. retrograde amnesia. c. anterograde amnesia. d. proactive interference.
d. Catastrophizing
Exaggerating the importance of negative events or personal flaws describes which type of cognitive distortion? a. All-or-nothing thinking b. Dismissing the positives c. Misfortune telling d. Catastrophizing
b. attributions.
Explanations formed about causes of behavior or events are called a. stereotypes. b. attributions. c. social schemas. d. attitudes.
c. color constancy
Felicia is nearly hit by a car while crossing the street. Even though it is nearly dark and the colors of the cars appear faded, she tells the police officer it was definitely a blue car. Felicia's experience is an example of ______. a. size constancy b. retinal disparity c. color constancy d. brightness constancy
c. Faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality
Felicia reports that she is hearing voices that continually demean and belittle her. By what criterion is her behavior considered abnormal? a. Dangerousness b. Maladaptive behavior c. Faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality d. Social deviance
b. reconditioning.
Following extinction, a conditioned response can be learned again more quickly than it was learned originally. This process is called a. generalization. b. reconditioning. c. discrimination. d. spontaneous recovery.
c. serotonin
Fourteen-year-old Anton takes Prozac for his depression. Chemically speaking, Prozac works for Anton primarily by increasing the availability of ______ in his brain. a. dopamine b. glutamate c. serotonin d. gamma-amniobutyric acid (GABA)
b. poet.
Francesca has very high levels of linguistic intelligence. The model of multiple intelligences suggests that Francesca might be best suited to be a(n) a. musician. b. poet. c. painter. d. dancer.
d. have one or two drinks after dinner to aid relaxation and reduce the impact of daily hassles
Frankie is trying to maintain a tolerable level of stress. Your textbook states that he can do so by taking all of the following steps EXCEPT _____. a. take frequent breaks b. follow a reasonable schedule c. develop more effective time management skills d. have one or two drinks after dinner to aid relaxation and reduce the impact of daily hassles
a. To unroot unconscious conflicts that give rise to his anxiety
Garth goes to a psychodynamic therapist for treatment of his anxiety. What will be the goal of Garth's therapy? a. To unroot unconscious conflicts that give rise to his anxiety b. To determine the biological cause of his anxiety and find the right drug to treat it c. To identify and change the irrational thought patterns that have led to his anxiety d. To become aware of his true feelings, fix his self-image, and come to accept himself the way he is
b. Jordan, who just started a new job
Generalizing from the College Life Stress Inventory, which college student is predicted to be experiencing the highest amount of stress? a. Carrie, who just got married b. Jordan, who just started a new job c. Erin, who has just contracted genital herpes d. Elaine, who just flunked a class
d. through sexual contact
Genital herpes is spread _____. a. from mother to child during childbirth b. by needle sharing c. through infected blood (transfusions) d. through sexual contact
c. delusion.
Gina believes that she is the secret love child of the late Princess Diana and singer Elton John. Since she really is not their child, Gina's belief would be considered a(n) a. hallucination. b. diathesis. c. delusion. d. obsession.
d. biological differences that create variations in personality traits from person to person
Hans Eysenck thought that personality differences result from _____. a. pervasive characteristics that influence a person's behavior in most situations b. characteristics that influence behavior in some situations, but not others c. characteristics that can be inferred from observable behavior d. biological differences that create variations in personality traits from person to person
d. Homosexuality is not mostly about sex, but about patterns of sexual attraction.
Harrison has heard many myths from his friends concerning sexual orientation. One of his friends shared a tidbit that is true, however. What is this? a. Gay males wish they were females, and lesbians wish they were men. b. Rates of homosexuality have increased sharply in recent years. c. Children raised by gay or lesbian parents usually turn out to be homosexual, as well. d. Homosexuality is not mostly about sex, but about patterns of sexual attraction.
b. Xanax
Hugo has major depression. He might be treated with any of the following EXCEPT a. Elavil b. Xanax c. Tofranil d. Nardil
c. develops from encountering obstacles on the road to personal growth.
Humanistic theorists contend that abnormal behavior a. involves distorted cognitions as well as learning influences. b. is the result of unconscious processes. c. develops from encountering obstacles on the road to personal growth. d. is the result of conditioning.
c. 23 pairs of
Humans have _____ chromosomes. a. 30,000 to 40,000 b. 2 c. 23 pairs of d. 23
c. Sit without support
If 6-month-old Mikhail's development is normal, he can be expected to do all but which of the following? a. Catch a moving object b. Roll over c. Sit without support d. Grasp a stationary object
b. A count of the number of words each child knows at the beginning and end of the study
In Dr. Segal's study of the effects of television watching on the language development of children under the age of two, which of the following would you recommend to operationalize the dependent variable? a. The cumulative amount of time spent watching television during the study b. A count of the number of words each child knows at the beginning and end of the study c. A count of the number of words each child knows at the end of the study d. The amount of time per session spent watching television
d. denial.
In Freudian theory, the failure to acknowledge a threatening impulse or desire is called a. rationalization. b. projection. c. regression. d. denial.
c. is more positive and endorses the idea of personal freedom.
In comparison to psychodynamic and behaviorist explanations of human behavior and thought processes, humanistic theory a. is more positive, but discounts the idea of personal freedom.. b. is more negative and discounts the idea of personal freedom. c. is more positive and endorses the idea of personal freedom. d. is more negative, but endorses the idea of personal freedom.
a. the client begins acting toward the therapist in ways that mirror the client's conflict-ridden relationships with others.
In psychoanalysis, transference is when a. the client begins acting toward the therapist in ways that mirror the client's conflict-ridden relationships with others. b. the therapist directs some of his or her anxiety toward the client. c. the client talks freely about whatever comes to mind. d. the manifest content of dreams evolves into latent content.
c. positive symptoms; negative symptoms
In schizophrenia, behavioral excesses are to ____ as behavioral deficits are to ____. a. negative symptoms; positive symptoms b. disorganization; paranoia c. positive symptoms; negative symptoms d. psychotic disorder; thought disorder
b. are personally rewarding
Intrinsic motivation influences us to engage in behaviors that ____. a. obtain rewards or incentives important for survival b. are personally rewarding c. are instinctual fixed action patterns d. satisfy biological needs
a. insight
Kohler studied which aspect of problem solving? a. insight b. concept formation c. algorithms d. decay
b. week twelve
Louisa is pregnant with her first child. By which week of prenatal development are all of her offspring's major organ systems likely to have formed? a. week six b. week twelve c. week nine d. week twenty
d. 35 and 49
Marvin is a 25-year-old man with intellectual disability. He has very simple communication and manual skills, but has great difficulty in reading and math. Based on this description, Marvin's IQ score most likely falls between ____. a. 50 and 70 b. 20 and 34 c. 71 and 90 d. 35 and 49
a. acculturative stress.
Molly goes to live in Italy for three years. Molly feels a lot of pressure to adapt to the values, linguistic preferences, and customs of the Italian people. Molly may be described as at risk to experience a. acculturative stress. b. immigration stress. c. multiple approach-avoidance conflict. d. Type A behavior.
a. recognition tasks provide more retrieval cues than do recall tasks.
Most people consider recognition tasks to be easier than recall tasks, possibly because _____. a. recognition tasks provide more retrieval cues than do recall tasks. b. recognition tasks help us focus on appropriate areas of memory storage. c. recall tests require us to retrieve more information than do recognition tasks. d. serial recall tasks provide hints that can be used in recognition tasks.
d. repression.
Motivated forgetting is another name for a. retroactive interference. b. anterograde amnesia. c. regression. d. repression.
d. activate, direct, and sustain
Motivation includes factors that _______ goal-directed behavior. a. direct b. sustain c. activate d. activate, direct, and sustain
a. a boy raised by authoritarian parents
Other factors being equal, which child is at highest risk for negative outcomes in adolescence like poor school performance and low self-confidence? a. a boy raised by authoritarian parents b. a girl raised by authoritarian parents c. a boy raised by permissive parents d. a girl raised by permissive parents
b. Claire, who has a type A personality.
Other factors being equal, which person is MOST likely to suffer from the effects of stress? a. David, who has a strong social support network. b. Claire, who has a type A personality. c. Ruth, who experiences stress that is predictable. d. Vanessa, who experiences stress that is controllable.
b. Hugh, a 90-year-old male
Other factors being equal, which person is at highest risk for suicide? a. Betty, a 50-year-old female b. Hugh, a 90-year-old male c. Frank, a 50-year-old male d. DeeDee, a 70-year-old female
b. They receive no techniques at all, but they are measured.
Participants in an experiment on stress management are given stress reduction techniques and then measured for the effect. What is the role of the control group in this experiment? a. They receive a random technique. b. They receive no techniques at all, but they are measured. c. They receive the same techniques as the experimental group, and they are measured. d. They receive no techniques, and they are not measured.
c. below average.
Pascal has a mental age of 15 and a chronological age of 20. Using the IQ formula from the text, Pascal's IQ would be described as a. significantly above average. b. slightly above average. c. below average. d. average.
d. poorer; there is nothing they can do about it
People with an external locus of control are _______ at coping with stress because they believe _______. a. poorer; they have to control everything b. better; they can control stressors c. better; there is nothing they can do about it d. poorer; there is nothing they can do about it
a. supernatural forces or demonic spirits were at work.
Perhaps the earliest idea regarding abnormal behavior was that a. supernatural forces or demonic spirits were at work. b. it was the result of a moral weakness. c. it was the product of the inappropriate use of rewards and punishments. d. the brains of people displaying abnormal behavior were defective.
d. how people perceive low-frequency sounds
Place theory fails to fully explain how humans perceive pitch because it fails to explain ________. a. whether or not people can truly experience synesthesia b. why people lose the ability to perceive high-pitch sounds with age c. where sounds are processed in the brain d. how people perceive low-frequency sounds
d. programmed instruction
Rico attends technical college where he is using technology to study for the GED. His computer guides him through an inventory of increasingly more challenging questions. If he answers correctly, the questions increase in difficulty; if he answers incorrectly, the questions decrease in difficulty. Rico is using which application of operant conditioning? a. token economy b. behavior modification c. the Skinner box d. programmed instruction
d. fixed ratio
Robert is reinforced by his teacher every sixth time he turns in a homework assignment. Robert's teacher is using a ____ schedule of reinforcement. a. variable ratio b. variable interval c. fixed interval d. fixed ratio
d. cancers of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus
Roger is a heavy user of alcohol. Roger's alcohol consumption raises his risk for which type of cancer? a. cancer of the pharynx b. esophageal cancer c. cancer of the mouth d. cancers of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus
c. unconditional positive regard
Rogers used the term ______ to describe acceptance of a person's basic worth under any circumstance. a. self-actualization b. self-esteem c. unconditional positive regard d. subjective value
b. avoidance learning.
Rosa has learned to bring an umbrella with her on overcast days, explaining "I don't want to get wet if it rains." We can explain her behavior as a form of a. latent learning. b. avoidance learning. c. escape learning. d. superstitious behavior.
b. a condition whereby a person stops breathing while asleep for 10 or more seconds
Sleep apnea refers to ____. a. a disorder whereby a person falls asleep uncontrollably for 10 or more seconds b. a condition whereby a person stops breathing while asleep for 10 or more seconds c. insomnia caused by anxiety d. insomnia caused by the excessive use of sedatives during the day
a. stage 2; stage 3
Sleep spindles are to ______ sleep as delta waves are to ______ sleep. a. stage 2; stage 3 b. stage 2; REM c. stage 1; stage 3 d. stage 1; REM
a. maintenance rehearsal
Sean stops outside his professor's office to check on the answers to a quiz. As he begins to write the answers down, his pen runs out of ink. He repeats the last four answers to himself while he rushes to his dorm room to write them down. This is best explained by the concept of ____. a. maintenance rehearsal b. elaborative rehearsal c. whole rehearsal d. partial rehearsal
a. Cannon-Bard theory
Selena is reading a book when she feels a tear roll down her cheek. At the same time, a feeling of sadness overwhelms her. This scenario is most in line with which theory of emotion? a. Cannon-Bard theory b. LeDoux's dual-pathway c. Two-factor model d. Two-factor mode
d. arteriosclerosis
Seventy-five-year-old Louella tells her family she's been diagnosed with "hardening of the arteries." What is the scientific name for Luella's condition? a. diabetes b. artherosclerosis c. myocardial infarction d. arteriosclerosis
c. as sexual attraction to members of one's own sex, the other sex, or both.
Sexual orientation is best described a. as the sense we have of our maleness or femaleness. b. in terms of the gender of one's sexual partner. c. as sexual attraction to members of one's own sex, the other sex, or both. d. by the concept of gender roles
d. conflict
Shandra experiences tension because she has two competing goals that must both be resolved. Psychologists use the term _____ to describe Shandra's source of stress. a. aggression b. frustration c. anxiety d. conflict
c. the interaction of emotions and person variables.
Social-cognitive theorist Mischel's most recent work focuses on a. the influence of outcome expectancies on efficacy expectations. b. the role of locus of control in academic success. c. the interaction of emotions and person variables. d. the influence of childhood positive regard on adult development.
c. that do not have an underlying medical cause
Somatic symptom disorder is characterized by physical symptoms ____. a. that are based on false perceptions of hallucinations b. that are intermittent but progressive in nature c. that do not have an underlying medical cause d. that are induced in order to obtain sympathy and concern
a. used the American Sign Language sign for pain while pointing to her mouth, thus communicating that she had a decayed tooth.
Some scientists would say that Koko the gorilla learned human language because she a. used the American Sign Language sign for pain while pointing to her mouth, thus communicating that she had a decayed tooth. b. could use signs to form simple phrases and demonstrated a basic understanding of grammar. c. learned how to communicate on a keyboard by observing and imitating her mother. d. was able to make requests and other communications by putting together a sequence of communication chips.
c. stressors.
Sources of stress are called a. pressures. b. anxieties. c. stressors. d. distress.
a. a general factor he termed "g" and other specific abilities
Spearman proposed that intelligence is composed of ____. a. a general factor he termed "g" and other specific abilities b. a general factor he termed "g" c. seven primary mental abilities d. three aspects - analytic, reactive, and practical
c. conventional
Suzette drives the speed limit because it's the law. Suzette's reasoning best demonstrates which level of moral reasoning? a. unconventiona b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional
a. Acrostic
To learn the EGBDF musical scale, Rybeccah uses the saying "Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge." Which mnemonic technique is Rybeccah using? a. Acrostic b. Elaborative rehearsal c. Overlearning d. Acronym
d. humanistic psychology.
The "third force" in psychology is more formally known as a. evolutionary psychology. b. social-cognitive theory. c. the psychodynamic perspective. d. humanistic psychology.
b. Goddard.
The Binet-Simon test of intelligence was brought to the U.S. and translated into English by a. Spearman. b. Goddard. c. Stanford. d. Terman.
c. occurs quickly at first, and then slows down.
The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve suggests that forgetting a. occurs slowly at first, then speeds up. b. occurs uniformly over time. c. occurs quickly at first, and then slows down. d. does not occur until at least 24 hours have passed.
d. help clinicians diagnose mental disorders.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was designed to a. find appropriate placement for military personnel. b. measure intelligence. c. supplement the 16PF. d. help clinicians diagnose mental disorders.
a. superego
The ability to create feelings of guilt gives the ____ its power. a. superego b. id c. unconscious d. ego
b. Nate, who has developed a drug abuse problem that is affecting his health.
The criterion of maladaptive behavior used in determining whether behavior is abnormal would likely to be applied to which of the following cases? a. Jonathan, who is hearing voices b. Nate, who has developed a drug abuse problem that is affecting his health. c. Quincy, who is experiencing some symptoms of depression but is still functioning adequately. d. Tricia, who behaves in ways other people consider deviant.
d. drive theory.
The instinct theory of human motivation was replaced by the a. arousal theory. b. hierarchy of needs theory. c. incentive theory. d. drive theory.
b. hostility.
The key element in Type A behavior pattern that appears to account for the increased risk for health problems is a. impatience. b. hostility. c. aggression. d. competitiveness.
b. superiority of elaborative rehearsal over maintenance rehearsal.
The levels-of-processing theory explains the a. interaction among the components of working memory. b. superiority of elaborative rehearsal over maintenance rehearsal. c. organization of the semantic network model. d. direction of spreading activation.
a. Skinner
The major proponent of behaviorism for much of the 20th century was a. Skinner b. James c. Watson d. Wertheimer
c. auditory.
The most common form of hallucinations in schizophrenia is a. tactile. b. olfactory. c. auditory. d. visual.
d. auditory
The most common form of hallucinations, a symptom of schizophrenia, is ____. a. kinesthetic b. olfactory c. visual d. auditory
c. subliminal perception.
The perception of stimuli that are presented below the threshold of conscious awareness is called a. telepathy. b. clairvoyance. c. subliminal perception. d. extrasensory perception.
a. adolescence.
The period of life beginning at puberty and ending with early adulthood is called a. adolescence. b. the pubertal period. c. moratorium. d. the teenage years.
c. the sensory organs, glands, and muscles.
The peripheral nervous system connects the spinal cord and brain with the a. sensory organs and glands. b. sensory organs and muscles. c. the sensory organs, glands, and muscles. d. muscles and glands.
b. It controls the parts of the brain that regulate breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
The pituitary gland is important for all of these reasons EXCEPT: a. It tells the adrenal glands to activate the fight-flight reaction to stress. b. It controls the parts of the brain that regulate breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. c. It is responsible for the release of hormones from other endocrine glands. d. It is involved in regulating a person's physical growth.
b. consolidation.
The process of converting unstable, short-term memories into lasting, stable memories is called a. elaborative rehearsal. b. consolidation. c. eidetic engineering. d. maintenance rehearsal.
c. standardization.
The process of establishing norms for a test by giving it to large numbers of people is called a. reliability. b. validity. c. standardization. d. normalization.
c. sensory register.
The storage device of sensory memory is called the a. temporary storage center. b. eidetic engine. c. sensory register. d. consolidation register.
b. 3; sensory, motor, and interneurons
There are ______ types of neurons in the human nervous system and these are called ______. a. 3; glial cells, nerves, and myelin cells b. 3; sensory, motor, and interneurons c. 2; axons and dendrites d. 2; interneurons and glial cells
c. concrete operational
Third-grade teacher Ben Stallworth can expect that the majority of his eight- and nine-year-old students are in which stage of cognitive development? a. formal operational b. initiative vs. guilt c. concrete operational d. preoperational
d. Law of Effect; operant conditioning
Thorndike is to _____ as Skinner is to _______. a. classical conditioning; Law of Effect b. classical conditioning; operant conditioning c. Law of Effect; classical conditioning d. Law of Effect; operant conditioning
c. Eat a large meal before sitting down to study in order to avoid distractions from hunger.
To make your studying more productive, your text suggests all but which of the following? a. Form a mental image of yourself performing the intended action. b. Space your study sessions rather than cramming lots of studying into one period. c. Eat a large meal before sitting down to study in order to avoid distractions from hunger. d. Place yourself in an area conducive to studying and free of distractions.
b. shape constancy
Tony observes an oval bowl on a table from several different perspectives. Although the image on his retina changes, he continues to perceive the bowl as oval. Tony's experience is an example of ______. a. retinal disparity b. shape constancy c. linear perspective d. brightness constancy
c. troboscopic
When you are watching a movie, what type of apparent movement gives you the perception of a "moving picture"? a. opponent process b. linear perspective c. troboscopic d. retinal disparity
c. Depressants boost the activity of the neurotransmitter GABA, causing nervous system inhibition.
Why does the use of several depressants at once often prove to be a lethal combination? a. Depressants boost the activity of the neurotransmitter glutamate, causing excitotoxicity in the nervous system. b. Depressants block the activity of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, causing depression of respiratory muscles. c. Depressants boost the activity of the neurotransmitter GABA, causing nervous system inhibition. d. Depressants block the activity of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, causing the heart to stop beating.
c. consolidation
With respect to memory, sleep can be described as serving a(n) ______ function. a. restorative b. protective c. consolidation d. encoding
c. withdrawal
Yuriko decided to stop drinking caffeine. After quitting, she became sluggish and lethargic and had a strong headache for almost two weeks. Yuriko's experience is an example of ________. " a. psychological dependence b. tolerance c. withdrawal d. overdose
a. similar to an exemplar
Yves is called on in class to define the representativeness heuristic. He answers that "it is a rule of thumb in which stimuli similar to an exemplar are believed to be more likely than stimuli that are dissimilar." Which part of his definition is incorrect? a. similar to an exemplar b. believed to be more likely c. a rule of thumb d. stimuli that are dissimilar
d. Health
_____ psychologists study the relationship between psychological factors and the prevention and treatment of physical illness. a. Educational b. Clinical c. Consumer d. Health
a. Sexually transmitted diseases
______ are caused by infectious agents spread by sexual contact. a. Sexually transmitted diseases b. Sexual dysfunctions c. Basal cell carcinomas d. Melanomas
a. Replication
______ describes the attempt to duplicate research findings reported by other scientists. a. Replication b. Variability c. Hypothesis testing d. Empiricism
c. a mental shortcut for solving a problem.
A heuristic is a. the most common type of logical concept. b. a step-by-step process for solving a problem. c. a mental shortcut for solving a problem. d. a sudden realization of the correct solution to a problem.
d. way to group items based upon common characteristics
A "concept" can best be defined as a(n) ____. a. idea regarding the solution to a problem b. novel use for an object or tool c. object that fits a series of prescribed rules d. way to group items based upon common characteristics
b. Stay in the presence of the soldier until the order has been obeyed.
A commanding officer gives a soldier an order that he knows the soldier would rather not obey. According to the findings of the Milgram obedience experiments, what should the officer do to increase the likelihood of obedience? a. Leave the soldier alone to obey the order without losing face. b. Stay in the presence of the soldier until the order has been obeyed. c. Accompany the order with a threat. d. Give the order in a friendly way.
d. The reason is impossible to determine from this correlation.
A correlational study found that affluent youngsters were almost twice as likely as the poorest children in the study to have autism. What is the likely reason? a. Wealthier parents tend to put off child-bearing until they're older, which increases the risk of autism. b. Poorer children have less access to diagnosis and services for autism. c. Autism and the traits of high achievers lie on the same continuum. d. The reason is impossible to determine from this correlation.
b. theory
A formulation that accounts for relationships among observed events or experimental findings to help predict related phenomena is called a(n) ____. a. hypothesis b. theory c. experiment d. descriptive method
a. Dr. Reeves says, "Interpersonal violence takes place in the context of poverty, unemployment, and violent communities."
A group of psychologists discuss the causes of aggression. Which psychologist speaks from a sociocultural perspective? a. Dr. Reeves says, "Interpersonal violence takes place in the context of poverty, unemployment, and violent communities." b. Dr. Bowen says, "High temperatures cause people to be aggressive by increasing their hostile thoughts and feelings." c. Dr. Sherry says, "Violent behavior is perpetuated through generations as children observe the adults in their lives use violence to solve their problems." d. Dr. Wendrowski says, "Men have higher levels of testosterone than women, and research evidence shows that males are more aggressive than females across many cultures."
a. Arne says, "I'll never pass this course. I'm just stupid."
A group of students discusses their grades on their first psychology exam. Which student is making a dispositional attribution? a. Arne says, "I'll never pass this course. I'm just stupid." b. Claire says, "The professor thinks I'm cute, so he graded my essays easy." c. Donal says, "My lucky rabbit's foot worked!" d. Beck says, "I did well because the test was really easy."
a. Aggression increases when people become frustrated by not being able to meet their goals.
A humanist would give which explanation for aggression? a. Aggression increases when people become frustrated by not being able to meet their goals. b. Aggression results from unconscious impulses. c. Social conditions give rise to drug use that, in turn, causes aggressive behavior. d. Brain abnormalities explain violent behavior in some people.
b. a portion of the brain that has been purposefully damaged.
A lesion is a. an electrode that is placed in the brain to stimulate neurons. b. a portion of the brain that has been purposefully damaged. c. an electrode that is placed in the brain to record neural activity. d. a doughnut-shaped device used to produce an image of the brain.
b. evolutionary psychology.
A movement with modern psychology that applies principles from Darwin's theories is called a. humanistic psychology. b. evolutionary psychology. c. cognitive psychology. d. behavioral psychology.
c. correlation
A newspaper article reports that crime increases each month when the moon is full. This relationship is a(n) ____. a. experiment b. testimonial c. correlation d. survey
d. pain intensity
A placebo effect would be most likely to account for changes in ____. a. body temperature b. blood sugar c. blood pressure d. pain intensity
a. mania
A psychologist is seeing a client who always talks fast, seems to have incredible energy, makes grandiose plans that would be impossible to carry out, and seems to "bounce off the walls." If this person never shows signs of depression, he is likely to be suffering from ____. a. mania b. somatoform disorder c. bipolar I disorder d. hysteria
a. 2 grams
A recipe requires 10 grams of salt. According to Weber's constant for saltiness, which is 1/5, how much more salt must a chef add to make the recipe noticeably saltier? a. 2 grams b. 10.5 grams c. 5 grams d. 1/5 of a gram
a. The thief was raised in a family that condoned stealing when money was not available for basic needs.
A researcher compares cross-cultural differences in the fundamental attribution error by showing a film of someone stealing and then asking participants to explain why the person stole. Participants from East Asian cultures are most likely to make which attribution? a. The thief was raised in a family that condoned stealing when money was not available for basic needs. b. The thief is too lazy and not motivated to earn money to support his family. c. The thief was born evil. d. The thief is not intelligent.
c. door-in-the-face
A salesperson used a persuasive technique that was not based on the principle of compliance. Which technique was used? a. foot-in-the-door b. switch-and-pay c. door-in-the-face d. low-ball
c. learned through experience.
According to drive theory, secondary drives are a. homeostatically controlled. b. essential for survival. c. learned through experience. d. based on instincts.
b. brainstem; cerebral cortex
According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming, random electrical activity in the ____ is interpreted by the ____ to create a story line. a. hippocampus; hypothalamus b. brainstem; cerebral cortex c. hypothalamus; hippocampus d. cerebral cortex; brainstem
c. Müller-Lyer illusion
According to the carpentered-world hypothesis, people living in cultures in which right-angled structures are rare are less prone to which visual illusion? a. Moon illusion b. Impossible figures illusion c. Müller-Lyer illusion d. Ponzo illusion
c. use a peripheral route of processing information.
According to the elaboration likelihood model, when elaboration likelihood is low, people a. use a central route of processing information. b. focus on aspects of the persuasive message that are consistent with prior beliefs. c. use a peripheral route of processing information. d. ignore persuasive messages.
b. 6 and 12.
According to the stages of development presented in the text, Carlotta's daughter Bella is considered in middle childhood when she is between ages a. 2 and 3. b. 6 and 12. c. 3 and 6. d. 3 and 12.
d. laziness.
According to the text, each of the following factors plays a major role in obesity EXCEPT a. environmental factors like television commercials. b. genetics. c. behavioral patterns. d. laziness.
c. ignore the inconsistencies until they fade away.
According to the text, one of the most common ways to reduce cognitive dissonance is to a. change beliefs. b. change beliefs and behaviors. c. ignore the inconsistencies until they fade away. d. change behaviors.
c. functional fixedness.
According to the text, thinking involves each of the following EXCEPT a. using words. b. forming mental images. c. functional fixedness. d. using concepts.
b. a culturally defined phase in which a person transitions from a child to a young adult
Adolescence can best be defined as ________. a. a biological stage in which a person reaches sexual maturity b. a culturally defined phase in which a person transitions from a child to a young adult c. a stage which takes place after young people have formed a solid sense of identity d. a cognitive phase in which young people start taking fewer risks and acting less impulsively
a. examine similarities between adopted children and their biological or adoptive parents.
Adoptee studies describe efforts to a. examine similarities between adopted children and their biological or adoptive parents. b. measure the genetic similarity between adopted children. c. examine similarities between adopted children and non-adopted children. d. assess the extent to which adopted children share similar characteristics as non-adopted children raised in the same household.
d. neutral stimulus.
Advertising makes use of classical conditioning. For example, a product is presented along with some naturally appealing stimulus (e.g., a physically attractive person). In this case, the product begins as the a. conditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. unconditioned response. d. neutral stimulus.
c. latent content.
After Raymond described his dream to his therapist, efforts were made to figure out what the dream meant, or its a. repressed content. b. manifest content. c. latent content. d. transfer content.
d. Occipital lobe
After a car accident, Brandon lost some of his visual abilities. Based on this description of his injuries, which portion of Brandon's cerebral cortex was probably damaged in the accident? a. Temporal lobe b. Parietal lobe c. Somatosensory lobe d. Occipital lobe
b. falls; release fat
After not having eaten for a while, blood sugar _______ and fat cells ________. a. rises; release fat b. falls; release fat c. rises; absorb excess fat d. falls; absorb excess fat
c. classical conditioning
Alejandra, a resident of lower Manhattan, suffers from PTSD after witnessing the attack on the twin towers of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. A certain acrid burning smell can trigger intense feelings of jitteriness and distress for her. This is an example of ____. a. positive reinforcement b. operant conditioning c. classical conditioning d. observational learning
a. Analogy
Alexander Graham Bell studied the human ear and noticed how sounds were transmitted when a membrane (the eardrum) vibrated. He applied this knowledge to the development of the telephone, using a similar process of vibration of a membrane. Which cognitive process did Bell demonstrate? a. Analogy b. Metaphor c. Conceptual combination d. Conceptual expansion
a. supervised residential facilities
All but which of the following describes the functions of the community-based mental health centers? a. supervised residential facilities b. crisis intervention c. protective living environments for long-term patients d. outpatient care
b. Low levels of dopamine production
All but which of the following have been implicated in antisocial personality disorder? a. Genetics b. Low levels of dopamine production c. Familial environment characterized by neglect and harsh punishment d. Underlying brain abnormalities
d. political preference
All but which of the following is identified in the text as a factor influencing conformity? a. age b. gender differences c. self-esteem d. political preference
d. Vernon, who administers electroconvulsive therapy to people experiencing severe depression
All but which of the following mental health professionals are psychotherapists? a. Tim, who is a couples therapist using behavioral techniques b. Lisa, who works from the humanistic perspective c. Cheryl, who works from the psychoanalytic perspective d. Vernon, who administers electroconvulsive therapy to people experiencing severe depression
b. external locus of control
All but which of the following serve as buffers against stress? a. social support b. external locus of control c. hardiness d. self-efficacy
a. lack of specific criteria for formulating diagnoses.
All of the following are criticisms of the DSM except a. lack of specific criteria for formulating diagnoses. b. lack of validity. c. over-reliance on the medical model. d. lack of reliability.
b. care and justice orientation.
All of the following are stages in Kohlberg's theory EXCEPT a. social contract orientation. b. care and justice orientation. c. universal ethical principle orientation. d. obedience and punishment orientation.
a. compensation.
All of the following are stages in Kübler-Ross's model of death and dying EXCEPT a. compensation. b. anger. c. depression. d. denial.
a. stimulus generalization.
Although Little Albert was classically conditioned to fear a rat, he also began to fear dogs, rabbits, and a Santa Claus mask. This is an example of a. stimulus generalization. b. extinction. c. spontaneous recovery. d. stimulus discrimination.
a. initiative vs. guilt
Amy teaches four-year-old preschool. After taking her college developmental psychology class, Amy determines that the majority of her students will be dealing with which psychosocial crisis? a. initiative vs. guilt b. trust vs. mistrust c. autonomy vs. shame and doubt d. industry vs. inferiority
d. discriminative stimulus.
An "Open" sign in the window of a store tells Ivan he can go in to purchase a beverage he finds particularly reinforcing. In this example, the sign serves as a a. conditioned reinforcer. b. primary reinforcer. c. conditioned stimulus. d. discriminative stimulus.
d. social-cognitive theory.
An extension of behaviorism that includes roles for internal mental processes and the influences of other people on our behavior is called a. humanistic theory. b. psychodynamic theory. c. phrenology theory. d. social-cognitive theory.
b. social-cognitive theory
An extension of the behavioral perspective that incorporates the study of mental processes is termed ________. a. humanism b. social-cognitive theory c. evolutionary psychology d. Gestalt psychology
a. autobiographical memory
An implicit memory is also known as a(n) ____. a. autobiographical memory b. declarative memory c. episodic memory d. nondeclarative memory
a. make suggestions to a manager regarding employee morale.
An industrial/organizational psychologist would typically a. make suggestions to a manager regarding employee morale. b. administer a cognitive abilities test to a teenager. c. testify at a trial in which the defendant's sanity was in question. d. be interested in the structure and measurement of personality.
c. stereotyping.
Angela believes that people from Stovenia are basically dishonest. Angela is demonstrating a. fundamental attribution error. b. self-fulfilling prophecy. c. stereotyping. d. cognitive dissonance.
d. agoraphobia.
Angelique has not left her house for two years. She is completely terrified of going out. Based on this description, she is probably suffering from a. social anxiety disorder. b. specific phobia. c. panic disorder. d. agoraphobia.
c. Anne demonstrates achievement motivation, whereas Norman demonstrates avoidance motivation.
Anne and Norman were both offered a promotion. Anne willingly accepted the promotion offer because she felt it would help her be successful in her career, while Norman refused to accept it because he was afraid he would be unsuccessful. Which motivational concept(s) are Anne and Norman demonstrating? a. Anne demonstrates avoidance motivation, while Norman demonstrates achievement motivation. b. Anne demonstrates achievement motivation, whereas Norman demonstrates performance anxiety. c. Anne demonstrates achievement motivation, whereas Norman demonstrates avoidance motivation. d. Both are demonstrating achievement motivation.
b. names of people he just met.
Because of an accident he suffered last month, Jason suffers from anterograde amnesia. As a result, he may have trouble remembering _____. a. the name of the high school from which he graduated. b. names of people he just met. c. events that occurred just before his accident. d. where he moved to shortly before the accident.
b. epinephrine and norepinephrine
Benita was just in a car accident. Although her physical injuries are minor, her body mobilized for the stress response. Benita's adrenal glands have just released hormones known as the "stress hormones." Based on this description, what are these hormones? a. adrenocorticotrophic hormones b. epinephrine and norepinephrine c. corticotrophin-releasing hormones d. androgens
b. waxy flexibility.
Bertram suffers from schizophrenia with symptoms of catatonia. Sometimes he seems to "freeze up" in an unusual body position for hours at a time. This particular symptom is called a. disorganized thinking. b. waxy flexibility. c. psychotic frenzy. d. hysterical neurosis.
a. the majority of individual differences in personality
Big Five theory is a trait theory that identifies five main characteristics that account for ____. a. the majority of individual differences in personality b. the general ability to function and succeed c. the primary mental health problems in society d. the distinctions between individualistic and collectivistic societies
d. emotional intelligence
Curlee has a good ability to recognize emotions in herself and in others. She is also able to effectively manage her emotions. Curlee appears to have high levels of a. self-actualization. b. psychosocial need. c. happiness. d. emotional intelligence
c. neuro
Dr. Samuelson conducts research on the relationship between strokes and speech problems. He is probably a(n) ______ psychologist. a. health b. experimental c. neuro d. social
d. a double-blind study.
Dr. Schultze conducts research on the effects of a new drug on obsessive-compulsive disorder. In his study, neither Schultze nor the participants knows who is receiving the active drug and who is receiving the placebo. This example describes a. random sampling. b. a single-blind study. c. a control factor. d. a double-blind study.
d. psychophysics.
Dr. Shonda Romblay, a psychologist, is conducting an experiment to determine how different intensities of light affect the sensations these stimuli produce. The field of study she is exploring is called a. parapsychology. b. psychomotor processing. c. psychochemistry. d. psychophysics.
c. hypothalamus
Dr. Williamson conducts research examining the effects of electrical stimulation in certain parts of the brain. Dr. Williamson has found that stimulation of this part of the brain in laboratory rats will result in changes to the rats' mating, eating, and socialization behaviors. Based on this description, which part of the brain is Dr. Williamson most likely to be studying? a. pons b. medulla c. hypothalamus d. cerebrum
a. forensic
Dr. Williamson works with the FBI to develop personality profiles of rapists. Williamson is probably a(n) ______ psychologist. a. forensic b. industrial/organizational c. physiological d. social
d. Cognitive
Dr. von Waldner conducts research on depression. His hypothesis is that depression results from maladaptive thought patterns. From which perspective is von Waldner working? a. Psychodynamic b. Humanistic c. Sociocultural d. Cognitive
a. epinephrine and norepinephrine.
During a stress response, Lorna's heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure all increase. These changes describe the effects of increased amounts of a. epinephrine and norepinephrine. b. adrenocorticotrophic hormone. c. corticosteroids. d. corticotrophin-releasing hormone.
d. corticosteroids.
During a stress response, the adrenal cortex secretes a. the corticotrophin-releasing hormone. b. norepinephrine. c. the adrenocorticotrophic hormone. d. corticosteroids.
b. men are unable to achieve another orgasm.
During the sexual response cycle, a refractory period is a time when a. subsequent orgasms are easier to achieve for men but not women. b. men are unable to achieve another orgasm. c. subsequent orgasms are easier to achieve for both men and women. d. physiological signs of arousal persist, but psychological arousal is absent.
d. approach-approach
Emilio arrives at the movie theater planning to see a new thriller. When he gets there, he is surprised to see that a new comedy that he has wanted to see is also playing. Based on this description, which type of conflict is he most likely experiencing? a. approach-avoidance b. avoidance-avoidance c. multiple approach-avoidance d. approach-approach
d. stuck
Emilio's therapist says that Emilio's personality is fixated at the earliest stage of development. In layman's terms, the therapist means that Emilio's personality is ______ at the earlier stage. a. mapped b. comfortable c. defended d. stuck
c. psychosexual
Freud believed that personality development proceeded through a sequence of ____ stages. a. psychosocial b. cognitive c. psychosexual d. biological
c. avoid bringing in any outsiders
Frida is a CEO who must make an important decision regarding the future of her company. When Frida meets with her Board of Directors to discuss this decision, she should do all but which of the following? a. plan on holding several group meetings b. ask one of the Board members to play "devil's advocate" c. avoid bringing in any outsiders d. avoid stating her initial preferences early in the meeting
c. forsaking incestuous desires for his mother and taking on an identification with her.
From Freud's perspective, a boy resolves his Oedipus complex by a. unconsciously blaming his mother for bringing him into the world "ill-equipped" to deal with life's problems, then identifying with his father. b. unconsciously blaming his mother for bringing him into the world "ill-equipped" to deal with life's problems, then forgiving her. c. forsaking incestuous desires for his mother and taking on an identification with her. d. forsaking incestuous desires for his mother and identifying with his father.
d. perceptions that occur without appropriate external stimuli.
Hallucinations are a. false beliefs. b. long strings of disconnected words. c. patterns of agitated, purposeless motion. d. perceptions that occur without appropriate external stimuli.
d. marijuana
Harriet uses the most widely used illicit drug in the U.S., as well as the Western world. What is Harriet's drug of choice? a. LSD b. nicotine c. cocaine d. marijuana
b. resistance
Harriet was the recent victim of a mugging. Right now, her body is attempting to return to a normal biological state. Arousal is somewhat high, and Harriet exhibits anger and fatigue. Based on this description, in which stage of the GAS is Harriet? a. exhaustion b. resistance c. mobilization d. recovery
b. the actor-observer effect.
Heika and Lucille were both passed over for a promotion at work. Heika is sure that the boss does not like him, but he believes that Lucille was passed over because she is really a poor worker. His attribution of the cause of the event can be explained in terms of a. the fundamental attribution error. b. the actor-observer effect. c. a self-fulfilling prophecy. d. cognitive dissonance.
c. They describe the structure of personality.
Id, ego, and superego refer to which component of psychoanalytic theory? a. They are types of defense mechanisms. b. They describe the stages of psychosexual development. c. They describe the structure of personality. d. They describe the levels of consciousness.
c. usually demonstrate personalities that are very different from each other
If you were to investigate the case studies of a number of people with dissociative identity disorder, you would probably find that these people ____. a. are very aware at all times of the various personalities they have b. usually demonstrate only two personalities c. usually demonstrate personalities that are very different from each other d. often demonstrate personalities that all have a common trait, such as religious fervor
d. recognizing through touch the shape of a telephone in a dark room
If your parietal lobe is damaged, you would have difficulty ____. a. coordinating movements on the left side and right side of your body b. with visual perception c. imitating motor movements d. recognizing through touch the shape of a telephone in a dark room
b. Egocentrism
Imaginary audience and personal fable are the components that describe which aspect of adolescent thinking? a. Deductive reasoning b. Egocentrism c. Concrete operations d. Formal operations
c. one-fifth
In 1970, women accounted for about what proportion of new doctorates in psychology? a. one-half b. one-tenth c. one-fifth d. two-thirds
d. mental age
In Binet's method of intelligence testing, the age at which a child's performance peaked was considered his or her a. chronological age. b. intelligence quotient. c. intellectual age. d. mental age
c. neutral stimulus that becomes a conditioned stimulus.
In a typical classical conditioning experiment by Pavlov, a buzzer or tone serves as a(n) a. neutral stimulus that becomes an unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned stimulus that becomes a conditioned stimulus. c. neutral stimulus that becomes a conditioned stimulus. d. neutral stimulus that is paired with a conditioned response.
b. Gratitude visit
In an effort to increase her happiness, college student Stacy Hinson tries an exercise described in her psychology class. She spends time visualizing a person who had a huge effect on her life—someone she never thanked. Stacy then spends about a week writing a testimonial to that person and then follows up by calling on the person and sharing her thoughts with the person. Which of Seligman's happiness exercises is Stacy trying? a. Three blessings b. Gratitude visit c. One door closes, another opens d. Three good things in life
a. dependent variable.
In an experiment, the factor that changes in response to some other factor is referred to as the a. dependent variable. b. control variable. c. random variable. d. independent variable.
b. posthypnotic suggestion
In an unbelievably complicated plot too detailed to fully unfold here, someone has hypnotized a baroness to smirk and raise her left eyebrow when anyone says, "grilled cheese with Brussels sprouts." What technique has been used on the baroness? a. hypnotic behavioral programming b. posthypnotic suggestion c. posthypnotic amnesia d. age regressive hypnotherapy
d. participates in recognition of fear and other negative emotions in others
In brain imaging studies, people with antisocial personality disorder showed relatively little activity in the amygdala, which normally ____. a. inhibits poor judgment and impulsivity b. consolidates information from short-term to long-term memory c. triggers the fight-or-flight response d. participates in recognition of fear and other negative emotions in others
d. extinction.
In classical conditioning, a conditioned response can weaken and eventually disappear. This is referred to as a. generalization. b. spontaneous recovery. c. discrimination. d. extinction.
a. Groupthink
In group decision-making, the tendency for group discussion to be limited to a single point of view is best described by which psychological principle? a. Groupthink b. Social loafing c. Legitimization of authority d. Diffusion of responsibility
a. groupthink
In group decision-making, the tendency for group discussion to be limited to a single point of view is best described by which psychological principle? a. groupthink b. social loafing c. legitimization of authority d. diffusion of responsibility
c. acronym
In her yoga teacher training, Reissa uses "Roy G. Biv" to memorize the colors associated with the seven chakras. Which memory technique is Reissa utilizing? a. overlearning b. chunking c. acronym d. acrostic
b. induces eating only in animals that have not eaten in a while.
In his research on hunger and the brain, Dr. VanderZyl stimulates the lateral hypothalamus of his animal subjects. This stimulation a. induces eating in animals, even if they are full. b. induces eating only in animals that have not eaten in a while. c. reduces eating in animals that are hungry. d. reduces eating in animals that are full.
c. memory formation involves biochemical changes occurring at the synaptic level.
In his research on memory, Kandel demonstrated that a. memory power can be boosted through the use of mnemonics. b. memories are stored in complex networks of interconnected brain cells called neuronal networks. c. memory formation involves biochemical changes occurring at the synaptic level. d. damage to the hippocampus can prevent the formation of new memories.
d. mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.
In its original conception, intelligence quotient was defined as a. mental age multiplied by chronological age and multiplied by 100. b. chronological age subtracted from mental age and multiplied by 100. c. mental age subtracted from chronological age and multiplied by 100. d. mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.
b. the recency but not the primacy effect weakens.
In memory, as time passes between learning and recall, a. the primacy but not the recency effect weakens. b. the recency but not the primacy effect weakens. c. both the primacy and recency effects weaken. d. neither the primacy nor the recency effects weaken.
d. hypnosis or psychotherapy.
In most cases, long-repressed memories of childhood abuse come to light during a. everyday life tasks. b. dreams. c. periods of relative calm. d. hypnosis or psychotherapy.
b. a person's unconscious impulses
In social-cognitive theory, all but which of the following play a role in explaining personality? a. expectancies a person holds about the outcomes of her/his behavior b. a person's unconscious impulses c. a person's rewards and punishments d. the value a person places on rewards
a. early attraction to their mothers' clothes
In studies of sexual orientation, gay men report all but which of the following? a. early attraction to their mothers' clothes b. fewer male buddies as children c. acting "different" than their peers as children d. more sensitivity as children
a. positive; negative
In terms of prefrontal activation associated with emotions, the left cerebral cortex is to ______ emotions as right cerebral cortex is to ______ emotions. a. positive; negative b. strong; weak c. negative; positive d. weak; strong
d. sympathetic; parasympathetic
In the autonomic nervous system, _______ is to release, as ______ is to replenish. a. central; peripheral b. parasympathetic; sympathetic c. peripheral; central d. sympathetic; parasympathetic
d. forms meaningful impressions by piecing together sensory information.
In the process of perception, the brain a. senses the presence of objects in the world. b. transforms sensory signals into sensations. c. produces experiences of vision, hearing, and so on. d. forms meaningful impressions by piecing together sensory information.
c. transforms sensory stimuli into sensations
In the process of sensation, the brain ____. a. assembles information from various sensory organs into meaningful patterns b. makes sense of external stimulation c. transforms sensory stimuli into sensations d. forms meaningful representations of sensory information
b. Stage 2
In which stage do you spend the majority of your sleep time? a. Stage 3 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 1 d. Stage 4
a. rewards that motivate us to behave in a certain way.
Incentives are a. rewards that motivate us to behave in a certain way. b. homeostatically controlled drives. c. instinctually based motives. d. physiologically based needs.
b. Sleep terror disorder
Kelsey has a sleep disorder in which she suddenly wakes up in the night with a panicky scream. She is only able to remember fragments of her dream images, and she is dazed and frightened upon awakening. Which sleep disorder does Kelsey most likely have? a. Sleepwalking disorder b. Sleep terror disorder c. Nightmare disorder d. Narcolepsy
b. Narcolepsy
Kendra has a sleep disorder in which she suddenly falls into "sleep attacks" during the daytime and immediately slips into the REM stage of sleep. Sometimes her attacks are preceded by terrifying hallucinations. What is the name of Kendra's disorder? a. Sleep terror disorder b. Narcolepsy c. Nightmare disorder d. NREM sleep disorder
b. bait-and-switch
JoAnne goes to the local electronics store to purchase a $30 DVD player that was advertised in the paper. Upon arriving, the salesperson tells her that they have just run out and offers to show JoAnne some other models. JoAnne ends up purchasing a $150 DVD player. JoAnne has been the victim of which technique of persuasion? a. high-ball b. bait-and-switch c. switch-and-pay d. foot-in-the-door
c. hassles.
John was late for work after being caught in a traffic jam. Then he got caught in the rain walking from the parking garage to his office. John's experiences are best described as a. anxiety b. trauma. c. hassles. d. life events.
c. olfactory
Jonathan enjoys being a chef because he loves to savor the various smells that rise from the food he prepares in the restaurant. Jonathan takes pleasure in his ________ sense. a. kinesthetic b. vestibular c. olfactory d. gustation
d. meditation.
Jonathan practices focused attention to induce a relaxed mental and physical state to help cope with stress. This practice represents a. telepathy. b. distraction. c. bottlenecking. d. meditation. e. biofeedback.
d. I tend to interrupt other people when they are talking.
Kendra takes the test of Type A personality in your text. Responding "yes" to which statement will increase her score on "Type A"? a. I tend to direct conversation to things that interest other people. b. I am patient with people who are late for appointments with me. c. I ignore work when I go on vacation. d. I tend to interrupt other people when they are talking.
b. asking people to respond to moral dilemmas.
Kohlberg studied moral development by a. using extensive questionnaires. b. asking people to respond to moral dilemmas. c. observing people's behavior. d. administering large-scale surveys.
c. self-fulfilling prophecy.
Kristina scored below average on an intelligence test in 5 th grade. As a result, she was held back a year. Her parents and teachers developed low expectations for her. Ultimately, Kristina quit high school and took a low-paying job at a convenience store. This is an example of a. an unreliable intelligence test. b. lack of standardization. c. self-fulfilling prophecy. d. culturally biased testing.
c. Brian must direct his energies toward a specific goal.
Let's suppose that Brian is motivated. Which of the following would best demonstrate his motivation? a. As Brian reaches his goal, his arousal must subside. b. The goal that Brian is working towards must be a general, not specific, goal. c. Brian must direct his energies toward a specific goal. d. Brian's behavior must be instinctual.
c. spaced practice is more effective at boosting retention than massed practice.
Loraine is planning to spend most of her time studying for a physiology class this semester. As a result, she knows that she will have little time to study for her psychology class. She is planning to make up for her limited study time by cramming all night for her psychology exams. Loraine should be told that _____. a. she should rely heavily on visual cues and visual imagery to make learning occur faster. b. chunking may be an effective approach to learning large amounts of information. c. spaced practice is more effective at boosting retention than massed practice. d. she should choose an interesting playlist for her iPod while she studies psychology.
b. repetition; rehearsing meaningful associations
Maintenance rehearsal involves practice based on __________, whereas elaborative rehearsal involves practice based on _________. a. strengthening neural connections; strengthening neural nets b. repetition; rehearsing meaningful associations c. repeating information as a whole; breaking the information into smaller pieces d. chunking; partial rehearsal
c. consciously repeating information over and over again.
Maintenance rehearsal is a. connecting to-be-remembered information with already-stored information. b. synonymous with chunking. c. consciously repeating information over and over again. d. synonymous with whole rehearsal.
b. life events.
Major changes in life circumstances are called a. chronic stressors. b. life events. c. hassles. d. life markers.
a. severe disorders such as schizophrenia and depression are more prevalent in impoverished and otherwise disadvantaged groups.
Major support for the sociocultural model of abnormal behavior is provided by evidence that a. severe disorders such as schizophrenia and depression are more prevalent in impoverished and otherwise disadvantaged groups. b. intelligent people are more likely to suffer from severe forms of abnormality. c. wealthy people rarely suffer psychological disorders. d. psychological disorders appear with equal frequency in all cultures studied.
a. drug abuse.
Maladaptive or dangerous use of a chemical substance is referred to as a. drug abuse. b. chemical dependence. c. drug dependence. d. physiological dependence.
c. androgens; estrogens
Male sex hormones are called ____. Female sex hormones are called ____. a. androgens; progesterones b. estrogens; androgens c. androgens; estrogens d. testosterone; androgens
b. classical conditioning.
Marcel visits a cafe and eats the best croissant he has ever tasted. He then begins frequenting the cafe to order the croissants. He hardly notices the jingling of the cash register just before the clerk hands him the croissant. Now, every time he hears the same kind of jingling from another cash register, his mouth waters. Marcel's learning is an example of a. operant conditioning. b. classical conditioning. c. latent learning. d. conditioned taste aversion.
d. the iris
Marisol sustained an eye injury that prevents her pupil from dilating normally in response to the amount of light in her environment. Which part of her eye has been damaged? a. the retina b. the lens c. the cornea d. the iris
b. Discussion of an innate mechanism in the brain for learning language
Martin looks at his class syllabus and notices that his professor will lecture today on the work of Noam Chomsky. What is most likely to be the focus of the lecture? a. A focus on circumstances in the environment that support language development b. Discussion of an innate mechanism in the brain for learning language c. Comparing and contrasting biological and environmental influences on language development d. Suggestions for how teachers and parents can encourage children to attempt to use language
b. deformed extremities
Maternal smoking is associated with increased risk in the offspring with all of the following EXCEPT a. learning problems. b. deformed extremities c. behavioral problems d. reduced attention span
a. 5; 8,000
Melanoma accounts for ______ percent of skin cancers, and it claims approximately ______ lives in the United States every year. a. 5; 8,000 b. 5; 100,000 c. 75; 8,000 d. 5; 19,000
b. 65
Men are at greater risk than women for developing coronary heart disease until about what age? a. 40 b. 65 c. 50 d. 80
d. cluster of personality traits associated with increased resilience to stress.
Psychological hardiness is a a. cluster of personality traits associated with reduced resilience to stress. b. personality style characterized by hostility and impatience. c. personality style susceptible to coronary heart disease. d. cluster of personality traits associated with increased resilience to stress.
b. observing and imitating models.
Psychologist Albert Bandura believes that children learn aggression through a. insight learning. b. observing and imitating models. c. latent learning. d. classical conditioning.
d. women.
Psychologist Carol Gilligan argued that Lawrence Kohlberg's theory is biased against a. minorities. b. people from non-Western cultures. c. younger people. d. women.
b. our ability to plan courses of action to achieve our goals and to reward ourselves for accomplishing our goals
Psychologist Walter Mischel emphasizes the importance of self-regulatory systems and plans, by which is meant _____. a. our beliefs about our own abilities to perform tasks we set out to accomplish b. our ability to plan courses of action to achieve our goals and to reward ourselves for accomplishing our goals c. our expectations about whether our efforts can achieve desired outcomes or whether outcomes are influenced by factors outside our control d. our predictions regarding the outcomes of behaviors
d. testing opinions and assumptions in the light of evidence
Psychology is a scientific discipline in that it focuses on a. behavioral, as opposed to mental, processes. b. systematically building theories to explain phenomena. c. the pursuit of truth, not simply opinion. d. testing opinions and assumptions in the light of evidence
d. psychiatric
Psychotropic drugs are also known as _______ drugs. a. psychological b. illicit c. hallucinogenic d. psychiatric
c. manifest content.
Rachel's psychoanalyst asked her to talk about what she had dreamed about the previous night. In this case, Rachel is being asked about a. repressed content. b. latent content. c. manifest content. d. transfer content.
d. eat more and gain weight.
Ramona had a stroke that damaged her ventromedial hypothalamus. Generalizing from animal research, you might expect Ramona to a. eat more and lose weight. b. eat less and lose weight. c. eat less and gain weight. d. eat more and gain weight.
c. a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Randy believes that all people from Cropilia are basically aggressive. When he meets a Cropilian, he acts more aggressive himself. The Cropilian responds with aggressive behavior, which strengthens Randy's impression of their aggressiveness and makes it harder to budge. This process is best described by the concept of a. cultural stereotyping. b. self-serving attribution. c. a self-fulfilling prophecy. d. the fundamental attribution error.
c. Frequency
Rebecca tells Tom that he is singing "off pitch." Rebecca is referring to which physical property of sound? a. Amplitude b. Speed c. Frequency d. Loudness
d. gestures and other simple responses can be learned through conditioning and reinforcement without a true use of language
Recent research on communications with gorillas and chimpanzees suggest that these animals can learn to use language. The conclusion that these animals truly use language has been criticized because _____. a. language is a uniquely human attribute that cannot be shared with animals b. phonemes cannot be used by chimpanzees or other animals c. the language abilities of chimpanzees are too limited to represent any form of language d. gestures and other simple responses can be learned through conditioning and reinforcement without a true use of language
a. Pressure
Receptors for which of the following are located deepest in the skin? a. Pressure b. Cold c. Hot d. Pain
a. is the idea that cognitions, behaviors, and environmental factors influence each other.
Reciprocal determinism a. is the idea that cognitions, behaviors, and environmental factors influence each other. b. refers to people's belief that they can obtain reinforcements through work and effort. c. refers to people's belief that reinforcements are largely controlled by external forces beyond their control. d. refers to a people's personal predictions of the outcomes of their behavior.
b. the trichromatic theory of color vision.
Red, green, and blue-violet light can be combined to create any color of the spectrum. This has been interpreted as supporting a. the feature detection theory of color vision. b. the trichromatic theory of color vision. c. the opponent-process theory of color vision. d. the color constancy theory of color vision.
b. All dreams occur during REM sleep.
Regarding REM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep. b. All dreams occur during REM sleep. c. REM sleep is also called active sleep because the brain is more active during REM than NREM. d. During REM sleep, muscle activity is blocked almost to the point of paralysis.
a. The soma conducts outgoing messages to other neurons.
Regarding a neuron's soma, all but which of the following are TRUE? a. The soma conducts outgoing messages to other neurons. b. The soma is the neuron's cell body. c. The soma conducts life-sustaining functions of the cell. d. The soma contains the cell's genetic material.
b. After early adulthood, crystallized intelligence generally decreases, while fluid intelligence stays about the same or increases.
Regarding adult crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. After early adulthood, fluid intelligence generally decreases, while crystallized intelligence stays about the same or increases. b. After early adulthood, crystallized intelligence generally decreases, while fluid intelligence stays about the same or increases. c. Both types of intelligence generally decrease throughout the adult life span. d. Both types of intelligence generally increase throughout the adult life span.
d. One out of five college students in the U.S. engages in binge drinking.
Regarding alcohol use among college students, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Students who are more strongly committed to academic achievement are less likely to engage in binge drinking. b. Those who begin drinking early and who binge drink are at higher risk for later alcoholism than those who do not. c. Two out of three college students drink alcohol at least once a month. d. One out of five college students in the U.S. engages in binge drinking.
b. Amphetamines activate the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.
Regarding amphetamines, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. More than a million Americans regularly use amphetamines. b. Amphetamines activate the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. c. At low doses, amphetamines boost mental alertness and concentration. d. Amphetamines can be taken in pill form, smoked, or injected.
d. Fear is a general feeling of anxiety or dread that is not specific to particular situations.
Regarding anxiety disorders, which of the following statements is false? a. Phobias are excessive or irrational fears of particular objects or situations. b. Such disorders involve excessive anxiety that may interfere with normal functioning. c. Anxiety disorders are some of the most commonly experienced psychological disorders. d. Fear is a general feeling of anxiety or dread that is not specific to particular situations.
b. The actor-observer effect is strong across a wide variety of situations.
Regarding attributions, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal causes, while attributing our own behavior to situational demands is explained by the actor-observer effect. b. The actor-observer effect is strong across a wide variety of situations. c. Attributions are influenced by cognitive biases like the fundamental attribution error, the actor-observer effect, and the self-serving bias. d. The self-serving bias is widespread in Western cultures.
a. Scientists have clearly established that stress plays a role in the development of cancer.
Regarding cancer, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Scientists have clearly established that stress plays a role in the development of cancer. b. Each year more than one million Americans are diagnosed with cancer. c. Cancer develops when cells lose their ability to correctly regulate growth. d. Cancerous tumors can form in any body tissue or organ.
a. Extinguished responses are forgotten if they are not reinforced.
Regarding classical conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Extinguished responses are forgotten if they are not reinforced. b. Stimulus generalization helps explain the development of phobias. c. In extinction, conditioned responses gradually weaken and disappear. d. By learning to differentiate among related stimuli, animals are able to distinguish between threatening and nonthreatening situations.
d. While classical conditioning is effective in creating phobias, its principles are not particularly useful in therapy to address phobias.
Regarding classical conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Feelings of nostalgia can be elicited by stimuli that were associated with pleasant experiences in the past. b. Drug cravings and taste aversions can be acquired through classical conditioning. c. Immune system responses can be classically conditioned. d. While classical conditioning is effective in creating phobias, its principles are not particularly useful in therapy to address phobias.
b. Compared to logical concepts, natural concepts have more clearly defined rules for membership.
Regarding concepts, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Most of the concepts we use in everyday life are natural concepts. b. Compared to logical concepts, natural concepts have more clearly defined rules for membership. c. People often apply probabilities when categorizing concepts. d. Cognitive psychologists classify concepts as either logical or natural.
a. Since altered states of consciousness are produced by taking drugs, people should avoid attempting to change their states of consciousness.
Regarding consciousness, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Since altered states of consciousness are produced by taking drugs, people should avoid attempting to change their states of consciousness. b. Waking consciousness changes regularly throughout the day, ranging from focused awareness to divided consciousness to drifting consciousness. c. Negative ways of thinking act like mental filters in one's consciousness that can skew how a person interprets and reacts to events in their lives. d. Research on multitasking generally supports the common perception that "to do two things at once is to do neither."
b. People from individualistic cultures are more prone to self-serving bias and the fundamental attribution error than are people from collectivist cultures.
Regarding cross-cultural differences in cognitive biases, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. People from individualistic cultures are more prone to make the fundamental attribution error and less prone to demonstrate a self-serving bias. b. People from individualistic cultures are more prone to self-serving bias and the fundamental attribution error than are people from collectivist cultures. c. People from individualistic cultures are less prone to make the fundamental attribution error and more prone to demonstrate a self-serving bias. d. People from collectivist cultures are more prone to make the fundamental attribution error and less prone to demonstrate a self-serving bias.
b. Schizophrenia occurs about as frequently in other cultures as in the U.S., but particular symptoms vary from culture to culture.
Regarding cross-cultural differences in schizophrenia, which of the following statements is true? a. Schizophrenia occurs much more frequently in other cultures than in the U.S., and particular symptoms vary from culture to culture. b. Schizophrenia occurs about as frequently in other cultures as in the U.S., but particular symptoms vary from culture to culture. c. Schizophrenia occurs somewhat more frequently in other cultures than in the U.S., and its symptoms are similar across cultures. d. Schizophrenia occurs somewhat more frequently in other cultures than in the U.S., and particular symptoms vary from culture to culture.
d. We lack compelling evidence to support the existence of any form of ESP.
Regarding extrasensory perception (ESP), which of the following statements is TRUE? a. The effects of ESP are limited to laboratory studies. b. Laboratory evidence supports the existence of some forms of ESP. c. Evidence supports the existence of telepathy but not other forms of ESP. d. We lack compelling evidence to support the existence of any form of ESP.
c. Loss of sleep impairs reaction times.
Regarding sleep deprivation, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Sleep deprivation tends to affect older adults but not young adults of college age. b. Sleep deprivation is relatively uncommon. c. Loss of sleep impairs reaction times. d. People are generally not able to "rebound" from REM deprivation.
b. The more confidently an eyewitness expresses his/her testimony, the much higher the accuracy of the person's testimony is likely to be.
Regarding eyewitness testimony, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Eyewitness testimony is often flawed and full of errors. b. The more confidently an eyewitness expresses his/her testimony, the much higher the accuracy of the person's testimony is likely to be. c. People who take longer to answer questions in giving testimony are less likely to be accurate than those who respond quickly. d. Eyewitnesses are more likely to make mistakes when identifying members of a race other than their own.
d. William James did not use the technique of introspection.
Regarding functionalism, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Compared to structuralism, functionalism focuses on the "why" of behavior. b. William James contributed to both psychology and philosophy. c. The functionalists believed that people develop habits because the habits help them adapt to the demands of living. d. William James did not use the technique of introspection.
b. Hallucinogens induce feelings of calm and relaxation in some people, while causing feelings of paranoia or panic in others. They are not known to produce physiological dependence and can produce psychological dependence.
Regarding hallucinogens, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Hallucinogens induce feelings of paranoia and panic, are not known to produce physiological dependence, and can produce psychological dependence. b. Hallucinogens induce feelings of calm and relaxation in some people, while causing feelings of paranoia or panic in others. They are not known to produce physiological dependence and can produce psychological dependence. c. Hallucinogens induce feelings of calm and relaxation in some people, while causing feelings of paranoia or panic in others. They are not known to produce psychological dependence and can produce physiological dependence. d. Hallucinogens induce feelings of calm and relaxation, are not known to produce physiological dependence, and can produce psychological dependence.
a. When one parent is left-handed and one parent is right-handed, the chances of their offspring being left-handed are 1 in 2.
Regarding handedness, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. When one parent is left-handed and one parent is right-handed, the chances of their offspring being left-handed are 1 in 2. b. Prenatal hormones, genetics, and social factors all influence the development of handedness. c. Males are more likely than females to be left-handed. d. About 95% of fetuses suck their right thumbs.
b. Explicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall, while implicit memory does not.
Regarding implicit and explicit memory, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Implicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall, while explicit memory does not. b. Explicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall, while implicit memory does not. c. Neither implicit nor explicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall. d. Both implicit and explicit memory require a conscious effort to recall.
b. The presence of others increases the likelihood that someone will choose to help.
Regarding influences on helping, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. In ambiguous situations, people are less likely to offer help than in clear-cut situations. b. The presence of others increases the likelihood that someone will choose to help. c. Factors of similarity, mood, and gender have effects on helping behavior. d. A person is more likely to help a victim if they make an external attribution about the cause of the victim's circumstances.
d. Low IQ scores are sufficient to determine intellectual disability.
Regarding intellectual disability, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The causes of intellectual disability can be biological, environmental, or both. b. Many children with intellectual disability are placed in regular classrooms. c. Most individuals with intellectual disability fall in a mild range of severity. d. Low IQ scores are sufficient to determine intellectual disability.
d. Whether it varies among members of a population
Regarding intelligence, psychologists have long argued about all but which of the following? a. How to define it b. What factors govern it c. Whether different racial and ethnic groups have different levels of intelligence and what accounts for these differences d. Whether it varies among members of a population
c. Researchers have found that women and men tend to cope with depression differently, with men more likely to ruminate.
Regarding major depression, which of the following statements is false? a. When left untreated, episodes of major depression can last months, or a year or more. b. Many psychologists believe that the stressors faced by many women today contribute to their increased risk of depression. c. Researchers have found that women and men tend to cope with depression differently, with men more likely to ruminate. d. Major depression has a relatively high rate of recurrence.
a. women are more likely than men to be affected.
Regarding major depressive disorder, a. women are more likely than men to be affected. b. men are more likely than women to be affected. c. men and women are equally likely to be affected. d. young women are more likely than young men to be affected, and the pattern reverses in middle age.
b. They are the only cells found in the nervous system.
Regarding neurons, which of the following is NOT true? a. They contain genetic material. b. They are the only cells found in the nervous system. c. Each is a single cell. d. They transmit electrical impulses.
c. Recently, rates of obesity have leveled off among U.S. men, but risen among U.S. women.
Regarding obesity, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Obesity is a major risk factor in many illnesses, including heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers. b. About two-thirds of the adult American population is overweight. c. Recently, rates of obesity have leveled off among U.S. men, but risen among U.S. women. d. Obesity cuts life expectancy by about six to seven years. Hide Feedback
c. Stimulus motives disappear as people age.
Regarding stimulus motives, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Stimulus motives may represent a biologically based need to maintain an optimal level of arousal. b. Stimulus motives are observed in humans as well as other animals. c. Stimulus motives disappear as people age. d. Stimulus motives encourage organisms to explore their environments and manipulate objects.
b. The influence of modeling is weaker when the model is similar to the learner.
Regarding observational learning, which of the following is FALSE? a. Modeling influences a wide range of human behaviors, from forming opinions to ways of resolving conflicts with others. b. The influence of modeling is weaker when the model is similar to the learner. c. Through observational learning, people become capable of behaviors before they have even practiced those behaviors. d. Observational learning has been found to play a greater role in the development of phobias than direct conditioning.
a. Fluid intelligence increases across much of the life span, only beginning to decline around age 70.
Regarding physical and cognitive changes in late adulthood, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Fluid intelligence increases across much of the life span, only beginning to decline around age 70. b. Reaction times slow, which may have an impact on driving abilities. c. Aging brings loss of bone density and muscle mass, as well as reduced sharpness or acuity of the senses. d. Age-related declines in memory are generally not at a level significant enough to impair daily functioning.
a. PTSD is found almost entirely in Western cultures.
Regarding post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which of the following statements is FALSE? a. PTSD is found almost entirely in Western cultures. b. People with PTSD experience lingering problems, often for years after the traumatic event. c. Social support can help bolster a person's ability to cope with stress. d. PTSD is quite common among trauma survivors.
b. Procedural memory is used when we need to consciously recall a set of procedures to be followed in completing a task.
Regarding procedural memory, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Procedural memory involves motor or performance skills. b. Procedural memory is used when we need to consciously recall a set of procedures to be followed in completing a task. c. Procedural memories are hard to verbalize. d. Procedural memory is engaged without conscious effort.
b. People with psychological hardiness try to avoid change.
Regarding psychological hardiness, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Those with psychological hardiness have an internal locus of control. b. People with psychological hardiness try to avoid change. c. People with psychological hardiness have a strong commitment to their work and a belief that their work is important. d. Psychological hardiness is characterized by openness to challenges.
d. Women seem to be better at recognizing happy, sad, and angry faces than men.
Regarding research on gender differences in emotion, which of the following is FALSE? a. Men tend to be less effective than women in recognizing happy and sad faces. b. Women tend to be better than men at expressing their feelings in both words and facial expressions. c. Men tend to be more effective than women in recognizing angry faces. d. Women seem to be better at recognizing happy, sad, and angry faces than men.
c. Women and men tend to agree that the faces of men with more masculine features are more attractive than the faces of men with more feminine features.
Regarding research on physical attractiveness, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Faces having symmetrical features and a clear complexion tend to be perceived as more attractive. b. There appears to be little variation across cultures in the ideal facial features of females. c. Women and men tend to agree that the faces of men with more masculine features are more attractive than the faces of men with more feminine features. d. Women and men tend to agree that the faces of women with more feminine features are more attractive than the faces of women with more masculine features.
a. Portion sizes have increased, but consumers have responded by asking to take home the extra food instead of consuming it at the restaurant.
Regarding research on restaurant portion sizes reported in the text, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Portion sizes have increased, but consumers have responded by asking to take home the extra food instead of consuming it at the restaurant. b. When portion sizes are larger, people tend to select more food to eat, but they do not select more food when the portions are simply placed on a larger plate. c. When portions are presented on larger plates, people tend to select more food; however, portion size does not affect how much food people select to eat. d. People who select larger portions are less likely to exercise.
c. Research evidence does not support the original version of the Whorfian hypothesis, but it does support a weaker version of the hypothesis.
Regarding research on the Whorfian hypothesis, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Research evidence does not support the original version of the Whorfian hypothesis, nor any subsequent versions. b. Research evidence supports the Whorfian hypothesis. c. Research evidence does not support the original version of the Whorfian hypothesis, but it does support a weaker version of the hypothesis. d. Research has not yet been conducted on the Whorfian hypothesis.
b. Testosterone, produced in the testes and in the adrenal glands but not in the ovaries, energizes sexual drives in men but not women.
Regarding sexual dysfunctions, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Sexual dysfunctions may have psychosocial causes. b. Testosterone, produced in the testes and in the adrenal glands but not in the ovaries, energizes sexual drives in men but not women. c. Women are more likely than men to experience lack of sexual desire and difficulty reaching orgasm. d. Most cases of erectile disorder are the result of biological factors, particularly circulatory problems.
c. Short-term memory relies more on visual coding than acoustic coding.
Regarding short-term memory, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. People vary in their short-term memory capacities, but people can increase their capacity by using chunking or other techniques. b. Short-term memory allows a person to process and retain newly acquired information for about 30 seconds. c. Short-term memory relies more on visual coding than acoustic coding. d. Short-term memory is also called working memory.
c. People are generally not able to "rebound" from REM deprivation.
Regarding sleep deprivation, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Lifestyle factors contribute to many Americans' sleep deprivation. b. Loss of sleep impairs learning ability and memory. c. People are generally not able to "rebound" from REM deprivation. d. Sleep deprivation is one of the most common causes of motor vehicle accidents.
b. The study demonstrated that basic temperament cannot be changed.
Regarding the New York Longitudinal Study of temperament, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The least common classification assigned to children was "difficult," with 10 percent of children falling in this category. b. The study demonstrated that basic temperament cannot be changed. c. The majority of children, 40 percent, were classified as easy children. d. Investigators found that about 65 percent of children could be classified into one of the temperament groups.
d. relatively unstable
Regarding the definition of personality, all but which of the following belong? a. psychological characteristics b. accounting for individuality and consistency c. behavioral patterns d. relatively unstable
c. Everyone eventually grapples with an identity crisis, whether in adolescence or in adulthood.
Regarding the development of identity, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Some adolescents develop ego identity by modeling themselves after others, without soul-searching or self-examination. b. Some contemporary scholars prefer to use the term exploration, rather than crisis, to describe the period of soul-searching and self-examination associated with identity development. c. Everyone eventually grapples with an identity crisis, whether in adolescence or in adulthood. d. People may experience many identity crises throughout life.
d. Whether a person having a diathesis develops a particular disorder is primarily dependent on his or her cluster of personality traits.
Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false? a. Significant sources of stress may increase the risk of developing particular disorders. b. Diatheses are generally genetic in nature, although they may also involve psychological factors. c. The stronger the diathesis, the less stress is needed to produce a disorder. d. Whether a person having a diathesis develops a particular disorder is primarily dependent on his or her cluster of personality traits.
d. The greatest improvements in therapy are typically gained during the last few months of treatment.
Regarding the effectiveness of psychotherapy, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Meta-analysis is a statistical technique used to average the results across a large number of studies, and this technique has been used to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy. b. While the majority of people benefit from therapy, some may deteriorate. c. The average therapy client achieves greater improvement than the majority of people assigned to untreated control groups. d. The greatest improvements in therapy are typically gained during the last few months of treatment.
a. Each cell in the human body contains the full complement of human genes.
Regarding the human genome, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Each cell in the human body contains the full complement of human genes. b. Scientists have decoded the human genome. c. The focus today in gene research is understanding how genes work and identifying specific genes involved in various disorders. d. Most psychologists today agree that both heredity and environment interact to shape human behavior and mental processes.
c. The limbic system includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and basal ganglia.
Regarding the limbic system, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The limbic system plays a role in emotional processing. b. The limbic system is more evolved in mammals than in lower animals. c. The limbic system includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and basal ganglia. d. The limbic system is located in the forebrain.
d. The midbrain helps to keep the eyes focused when the head moves.
Regarding the midbrain, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. The midbrain contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. b. The midbrain is the oldest part of the brain in evolutionary terms. c. The midbrain plays an important role in the regulation of memory and emotions. d. The midbrain helps to keep the eyes focused when the head moves.
a. anal-expulsive personality
Regarding the phallic stage of personality development, which of the following does NOT belong? a. anal-expulsive personality b. castration anxiety c. penis envy d. Oedipus complex
a. Today, only people formally trained in Freudian psychology endorse the belief that psychological problems may be rooted in childhood.
Regarding the psychodynamic perspective, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Today, only people formally trained in Freudian psychology endorse the belief that psychological problems may be rooted in childhood. b. Psychodynamic principles and ideas are found in our popular culture. c. This perspective remains a vibrant force in psychology today. d. Compared to Freud, neo-Freudians place less emphasis on basic drives.
a. All skin receptors respond to more than one type of stimulation.
Regarding the skin senses, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. All skin receptors respond to more than one type of stimulation. b. There are close to one-half million receptors for touch and pressure distributed throughout the body. c. The part of the cerebral cortex that processes information from the skin receptors is called the somatosensory cortex. d. The skin is the body's largest sensory organ.
d. Most authorities today suggest that color vision includes elements of both trichromatic and opponent-process theories.
Regarding the theories of color vision, which of the following is TRUE? a. Trichromatic theory is based on Hering's work with afterimages. b. Opponent-process theory is supported at the receptor level. c. Trichromatic theory is supported by the behavior of cells lying between the cones and the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex. d. Most authorities today suggest that color vision includes elements of both trichromatic and opponent-process theories.
b. Compared to tricyclics, SSRIs have more severe side effects.
Regarding the use of antidepressants, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Antidepressants that target serotonin can help treat eating disorders like bulimia. b. Compared to tricyclics, SSRIs have more severe side effects. c. SSRIs are generally preferred over tricyclics because they are less dangerous in overdose situations. d. Tricyclics and SSRIs are about equally effective in treating depression.
d. Antidepressant drugs bring complete symptom relief in most patients who take them.
Regarding the use of psychotropic drugs, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Clozapine, a newer antipsychotic, appears to be at least as effective as earlier antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia, but has fewer side effects. b. Antidepressant use can increase the risk of suicidal behavior in children and adolescents. c. Although large numbers of children take the drug Ritalin, little is known about the long-term effects of the drug on the developing brain. d. Antidepressant drugs bring complete symptom relief in most patients who take them.
a. Thurstone felt that a general factor of intelligence is sufficient to assess intelligence.
Regarding theories of intelligence, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Thurstone felt that a general factor of intelligence is sufficient to assess intelligence. b. Spearman believed that intelligence consisted of a general factor and other specific abilities. c. Gardner rejects the view that there is a single entity called "intelligence." d. Thurstone and his wife, Thelma, developed the Primary Mental Abilities Test.
a. episodic information
Remembering your first day as a college student would be considered ____. a. episodic information b. consequential information c. procedural information d. semantic information
b. sexual orientation.
Sandra says that she is attracted to both females and males. Sandra is describing her a. gender identity. b. sexual orientation. c. sexual identity. d. gender role.
d. Dopamine
Schizophrenia may involve imbalances in nerve pathways that utilize which neurotransmitter? a. Norepinephrine b. Melatonin c. Serotonin d. Dopamine
d. epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Scientists suspect that persistent emotional arousal may damage the cardiovascular system due to the production of the stress hormones a. insulin and corticosteroids. b. norepinephrine and insulin. c. corticosteroids and epinephrine. d. epinephrine and norepinephrine.
c. Afferent
Shalanda's daughter touches her hand. Sensory receptors in Shalanda's skin transmit information about this sensation to Shalanda's spinal cord and brain. Which type of neuron is responsible for this process? a. Glial b. Motor c. Afferent d. Efferent
b. reinforcing behaviors that successively lead up to the desired behavior
Shaping is defined as ____. a. pairing two stimuli to elicit the desired behavior b. reinforcing behaviors that successively lead up to the desired behavior c. promising a reward in return for performing desired behavior d. changing behavior through the use of punishment
d. outcome expectations.
Shawn is more likely to smoke marijuana in situations where he believes it will make him relaxed than in situations where he feels he will make a fool of himself. Shawn's ideas about smoking marijuana reflect his a. efficacy expectations. b. locus of control. c. self-esteem. d. outcome expectations.
a. beta waves.
Sheila is awake and in an alert state. Sheila's brain wave pattern should consist primarily of a. beta waves. b. delta waves. c. gamma waves. d. alpha waves.
a. Caffeine in the coffee serves as an agonist that increases the availability of glutamate.
Shelley drinks two caffeinated grande lattes every morning. In terms of neurotransmission, what is happening in Shelley's body? a. Caffeine in the coffee serves as an agonist that increases the availability of glutamate. b. Caffeine in the coffee serves as an agonist that suppresses the actions of glutamate and enhances the actions of dopamine. c. Caffeine in the coffee serves as an agonist that suppresses the actions of dopamine. d. Caffeine in the coffee serves as an antagonist that enhances the actions of glutamate.
a. Understand the stages, and help Pablo attain a state of final acceptance.
Sixty-five-year-old Pablo is terminally ill with cancer. In terms of the stages of death and dying, how can his family and health care providers best help him? a. Understand the stages, and help Pablo attain a state of final acceptance. b. Ignore Pablo's depressive state, and make efforts to cheer him up. c. Respond back to Pablo's expressions of anger. d. Do everything possible to help Pablo avoid the acceptance stage, since this stage represents giving up hope.
b. surveys
Social desirability bias and volunteer bias are problems typically associated with which research method? a. naturalistic observation b. surveys c. experiments d. case studies
a. insomnia
Some nights Chang has problems falling asleep. Other nights, he wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty returning to sleep. Chang likely suffers from which sleep disorder? a. insomnia b. narcolepsy c. sleepwalking d. nightmare disorder
d. waxy flexibility.
Steven has bipolar disorder. All of the following may occur during his manic episodes except a. pressured speech. b. grandiosity. c. flight of ideas. d. waxy flexibility.
a. youngest age at which a fetus is capable of sustaining life on its own.
The age of viability refers to the a. youngest age at which a fetus is capable of sustaining life on its own. b. optimal age for women to become pregnant. c. youngest age at which an embryo is likely to survive if born prematurely. d. youngest age at which it is safe for a female to be pregnant.
b. the central nervous system.
The body's master control unit describes a. the autonomic nervous system. b. the central nervous system. c. the sympathetic nervous systems. d. the somatic nervous system.
d. cortex
The brain area that MOST distinguishes us from animals is the ____. a. cerebellum b. pons c. thyroid d. cortex
a. can be reduced by bringing groups into contact with each other.
The contact hypothesis suggests that prejudice a. can be reduced by bringing groups into contact with each other. b. is the result of groups being brought into contact with each other. c. results in decreased group interaction. d. results in increased group interaction.
b. correlations may, in fact, give clues to real causes
The correlation between smoking and lung cancer shows that ____. a. there is no way of determining whether smoking causes lung cancer b. correlations may, in fact, give clues to real causes c. smoking does not cause lung cancer d. even strong correlations can be misleading
d. fureai
The customs and social norms used to regulate the display of emotions are known as _____. a. behavioral expressions b. gender roles c. cognitions d. fureai
a. avoidance motivation.
The desire to steer clear of failure is called a. avoidance motivation. b. achievement motivation. c. defensive motivation. d. performance anxiety
a. the minimal difference between two stimuli that people can reliably detect
The difference threshold is ____. a. the minimal difference between two stimuli that people can reliably detect b. the difference in how any two people are able to detect a minimal amount of a stimulus c. the difference between an amount of stimulus too small to detect and an amount of stimulus too great to tolerate d. the difference in how any two people tolerate a stimulus
d. informed consent.
The ethical guideline requiring that information about a research study be disclosed to potential research participants before they participate is referred to as a. prior consent. b. ethical approval. c. prior approval. d. informed consent.
d. conditioned taste aversion could be developed even when the CS occurred several hours before the US.
The most surprising element in Garcia's research on taste aversion was that a. animals would drink even if they were sick. b. animals were sickened by radiation. c. animals would avoid drinking water. d. conditioned taste aversion could be developed even when the CS occurred several hours before the US.
b. the frontal lobe
The motor cortex initiates all voluntary movements and is found in ____. a. Broca's area b. the frontal lobe c. the limbic system d. the parietal lobe
a. frontal
The motor cortex is located in the ____ lobe. a. frontal b. somatosensory c. temporal d. occipital
c. detect the world around us; make sense of the world around us
The process of sensation enables us to _________, while the process of perception enables us to _________. a. make sense of the world around us; detect the world around us b. form meaningful representations of sensory information; experience the rich tapestry of colors and sounds c. detect the world around us; make sense of the world around us d. transform sensory signals into sensations; convert external stimulation into neural signals
b. a social interaction between a hypnotist and a willing person who assumes the role of a "good" subject by following the hypnotist's directions and suggestions
The role-playing model of hypnosis proposes that the effects of hypnosis can best be understood in terms of _____. a. a social interaction between a hypnotist and a willing person who enters a trance state that is marked by an increase in their suggestibility b. a social interaction between a hypnotist and a willing person who assumes the role of a "good" subject by following the hypnotist's directions and suggestions c. a social interaction between a hypnotist and a willing person that leads the hypnotic subject to engage in imaginative responses to the hypnotist's suggestions d. a social interaction between a hypnotist and a willing person that leads to a dissociative state on the part of the hypnotic subject
c. remember the first and last things in a list the best.
The serial position effect occurs when people a. remember the last things in a list the best. b. have difficulty remembering the first and last things in a list. c. remember the first and last things in a list the best. d. remember the first things in a list the best.
a. remember the first and last things in a list the best
The serial position effect occurs when people ____. a. remember the first and last things in a list the best b. remember things they learn first better than things they learn last c. remember the first things in a list the best d. remember the last things in a list the best
d. result from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal.
The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that emotions a. are processed by two pathways in the brain. b. follow bodily arousal. c. occur simultaneously with bodily arousal. d. result from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal.
a. functional neurological symptom disorder.
The type of psychological disorder that attracted Sigmund Freud to the study of psychological factors in abnormal behavior would now be called a. functional neurological symptom disorder. b. hypochondriasis. c. dissociative identity disorder. d. dissociative amnesia.
a. constructionist theory.
The view that memory is based on recreating representations of the past rather than recalled verbatim images of the past is called a. constructionist theory. b. the semantic network model. c. the three-stage model of memory. d. retrieval theory.
c. Depth perception
The visual cliff apparatus tests infants' sensory abilities. What, specific aspect of the infant's sensory abilities does the device allow us to study? a. Visual discrimination b. Sound discrimination c. Depth perception d. Color vision
a. clinical
The work of ______ psychologists often overlaps with the work of psychiatrists. a. clinical b. experimental c. developmental d. educational
d. the result of losses or shortfalls in reinforcement levels.
Therapist Charlotte Maley is a behaviorist. She is most likely to suggest that depression is a. a matter of how people interpret events. b. due to unresolved unconscious conflicts. c. genetic in origin but influenced by early trauma. d. the result of losses or shortfalls in reinforcement levels.
d. stimulus generalization.
Through classical conditioning, Alyce has developed a fear of mice. She also shows a fear response to gerbils and hamsters. Alyce is demonstrating a. stimulus discrimination. b. reconditioning. c. spontaneous recovery. d. stimulus generalization.
c. a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
To achieve classical conditioning, you should pair a. a conditioned stimulus with a conditioned response. b. a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. c. a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. d. a neutral stimulus with a conditioned response.
c. Establish a regular exercise program 1-2 hours before going to bed.
To combat insomnia, all but which of the following are recommended in the text? a. Picture relaxing scenes in your mind as you go to sleep. b. Before going to bed, write down any reminders, concerns, or other things that are on your mind. c. Establish a regular exercise program 1-2 hours before going to bed. d. Avoid any activities in bed besides sleeping.
b. The influence of genetics versus environment in human behavior
Two psychologists debate the nature-nurture problem. What is the topic of their debate? a. The ethical concerns of using invasive experimental techniques in studying the brain b. The influence of genetics versus environment in human behavior c. The relative role of the endocrine system and the central nervous system in reflexive responses d. The pros and cons of the sympathetic versus parasympathetic nervous systems
a. preoperational stage
Use of symbols such as words and mental images, simple problem solving, and talking about things not present characterizes the ____. a. preoperational stage b. sensorimotor stage c. classical stage d. attachment stage
d. a mnemonic
Violet has to learn the colors of the visual spectrum for science class. Eve tells her that the name "ROY G. BIV" can be used to remember them because each letter stands for a color (e.g., R = Red). Using ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the spectrum is an example of ____. a. a semantic network b. the method of loci c. a retrieval node d. a mnemonic
c. Thematic Apperception Test
Wanda takes a personality test in which she is required to tell stories in response to a series of ambiguous pictures. Which test is Wanda taking? a. Eysenck Personality Inventory b. Rorschach test c. Thematic Apperception Test d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
c. gradual exposure
Wanda's therapy involves directly confronting fearful stimuli, little by little, until her fear of the stimulus is reduced or eliminated. Based on this description, which technique is Wanda's therapist utilizing? a. aversive conditioning b. transference c. gradual exposure d. modeling
a. personality is shaped by rewards and punishments.
Watson and Skinner believed that a. personality is shaped by rewards and punishments. b. unconscious forces had a major influence on personality. c. trait theories were the best description of personality. d. the environment played little role in influencing personality
c. fear
Watson investigated the classical conditioning of which type of responses? a. happiness b. anger c. fear d. sadness
b. difference thresholds are a constant proportion of the original stimulus.
Weber's law suggests that a. difference thresholds are a constant quantity. b. difference thresholds are a constant proportion of the original stimulus. c. difference thresholds increase as stimuli decrease. d. difference thresholds decrease as stimuli increase.
b. Groups of cells that process yellow and blue or red and green are located together.
What anatomical feature of the retina supports the opponent theory of color recognition? a. Cells that process red and green occupy different clusters within the center of the retina; blue and yellow cells occupy different clusters within the periphery of the retina. b. Groups of cells that process yellow and blue or red and green are located together. c. Cones are more efficient at processing yellow and blue; rods are more efficient at processing red and green. d. Cells responsible for detecting yellow, blue, red, or green are located in opposing clusters within the retina.
a. morphemes
What are the smallest units of meaning in a language? a. morphemes b. syllables c. phonemes d. graphemes
a. to provide a place in which neurons can communicate with one another
What best identifies the job of a synapse? a. to provide a place in which neurons can communicate with one another b. to produce neurotransmitters c. to house the neuron's genetic material d. to allow an attachment between the axon and the cell body
d. The relationship and strength of relationship between two or more variables
What does correlation tell us? a. Which variables influence other variables b. What causes change in a variable c. The order in which variables occur d. The relationship and strength of relationship between two or more variables
a. adaptation
What general term does Piaget use for the process of changing to function more effectively in responding to environmental challenges? a. adaptation b. conservation c. diffusion d. equilibrium
b. She was a student assistant who helped Watson with his experiments on classical conditioning in humans.
What is Rosalie Rayner's role in the history of psychology? a. She was a student assistant who helped Pavlov with his experiments on classical conditioning in animals. b. She was a student assistant who helped Watson with his experiments on classical conditioning in humans. c. She was a colleague who helped Skinner with his experiments on operant conditioning in animals. d. She developed a cognitive theory of classical conditioning.
a. They have to be interpreted subjectively by an examiner.
What is a major flaw in the use of projective tests to evaluate personality? a. They have to be interpreted subjectively by an examiner. b. They do not attempt to reveal a person's unconscious feelings. c. They limit subjects to yes-no answers, which restricts the possible outcomes. d. They always have a right and a wrong answer to each question.
a. Maintaining confidentiality
What is an example of a significant challenge faced by family therapists? a. Maintaining confidentiality b. Juggling different personalities c. Keeping the peace d. Not showing favoritism
d. Classical conditioning
When two-year-old Clarice was playing in the basement, a large burst of thunder scared her at the same time she saw a spider. Now Clarice has a spider phobia. Clarice's experience is an example of which type of learning? a. Vicarious learning b. Observational learning c. Operant conditioning d. Classical conditioning
c. No compelling scientific evidence that the drugs enhance memory in normal individuals
What is the current status of research on memory-enhancing drugs? a. Strong evidence that the drugs enhance memory in normal individuals b. Mixed evidence for the effectiveness of the drugs in memory enhancement among normal individuals c. No compelling scientific evidence that the drugs enhance memory in normal individuals d. Strong evidence that the drugs enhance memory in normal individuals, but only if the drugs are taken for at least two years
c. psychoactive drugs
What is the name of the chemicals that alter our consciousness, sensations, perceptions, mood, and cognitive processes? a. psychosomatic drugs b. psychomedicinal drugs c. psychoactive drugs d. illicit drugs
a. encoding, storage, retrieval
What is the order of processing in memory? a. encoding, storage, retrieval b. encoding, retrieval, storage c. storage, encoding, retrieval d. storage, retrieval, encoding
a. tend and befriend
What is the response to stress that is possibly more characteristic of females than males? a. tend and befriend b. low lick groom c. fight or flight d. the SAM system
d. crying, cooing, babbling, one-word phrases, two-word phrases
What is the sequence for language development? a. cooing, babbling, crying, one-word phrases, two-word phrases b. crying, cooing, one-word phrases, babbling, two-word phrases c. crying, babbling, cooing, one-word phrases, two-word phrases d. crying, cooing, babbling, one-word phrases, two-word phrases
d. Physiological, safety, love/belongingness, esteem, self-actualization
What is the typical sequencing of needs in Maslow's hierarchy? a. Physiological, safety, esteem, love/belongingness, self-actualization b. Love/belongingness, physiological, safety, esteem, self-actualization c. Safety, physiological, love/belongingness, esteem, self-actualization d. Physiological, safety, love/belongingness, esteem, self-actualization
b. palmar grasp
When Fernando babysits his niece, the infant grabs his long hair and won't let go until Fernando uncurls her fingers. Instead of getting mad at his niece for pulling his hair, Fernando understands that her actions are being driven by which reflex? a. rooting b. palmar grasp c. Babinski d. Moro
b. recency effect.
When Louise told her friend about a book she had just read, she was able to provide a lot of details about the last several pages. This demonstrates the a. spaced practice effect. b. recency effect. c. distributed practice effect. d. primacy effect.
b. within minutes of their birth
When are newborn infants typically capable of imitating their parents' facial expressions? a. about 1 week of age b. within minutes of their birth c. about 4 weeks of age d. about 2 weeks of age
d. the serial position effect.
When children are first learning the alphabet, they tend to be accurate on the ABCD portion and the WXYZ portion while making lots of mistakes in between. This represents a. the recency effect. b. retrograde amnesia. c. the primacy effect. d. the serial position effect.
d. algorithms
When her students are first learning algebra, math teacher Ruth Dibble teaches the students a series of step-by-step rules for working with algebraic equations. What is Ms. Dibble teaching her students? a. insight strategies b. heuristics c. natural concepts d. algorithms
b. spaced practice is superior to massed practice.
When it comes to retention, in general, a. spaced practice is superior to massed practice for short intervals only. b. spaced practice is superior to massed practice. c. spaced practice is superior to massed practice for long intervals only. d. massed practice is superior to spaced practice.
a. securely attached
When one-year-old Terrace is in new surroundings, he will explore freely if his mother watches him. If she leaves the room he begins to cry, but when she returns he smiles and stops fussing. Terrace would be considered a(n) ____ infant. a. securely attached b. unattached c. disturbed d. insecurely attached
c. the actor-observer effect.
When people explain their own behavior by making a situational attribution and the behavior of others by making a dispositional attribution it is called a. self-serving bias. b. stereotyping. c. the actor-observer effect. d. the fundamental attribution error.
d. increase accuracy; fewer details
When questioning eyewitnesses, open-ended questions tend to _________ but tend to elicit _________. a. lead to misidentification of perpetrators; more information b. greater confidence in eyewitness testimony; less information c. fewer misidentifications than leading questions; more information d. increase accuracy; fewer details
c. needlessly limiting creativity, innovation, and personal initiative
When taken to extremes, collectivistic values might lead to undesirable consequences, such as _____. a. excessive feelings of intrinsic worth and unrealistic expectations of success b. excessive dependence on others' approval to maintain self-esteem c. needlessly limiting creativity, innovation, and personal initiative d. an incomplete awareness of all parts of ourselves, which prevents self-actualization
b. semantics
When we correctly combine phonemes into meaningful combinations of sounds and words, we are using ____. a. phonology b. semantics c. grammar d. morphology
a. Bottom-up processing
When you are presented with the following visual information, "A," your brain sees a series of lines and angles in a particular format and interprets this visual information as the letter A. This is an example of which concept of perception? a. Bottom-up processing b. Top-down processing c. Habituation d. Perceptual set
c. agoraphobia.
Whenever Fritz leaves his house, he has a nagging thought that he is forgetting something. He goes back to check that he has turned off the water and stove and locked the door. Some days, it takes Fritz over an hour to actually leave the house. This sounds like a case of a. somatoform disorder. b. panic disorder. c. agoraphobia. d. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
c. playing peek-a-boo with her
Which activity might allow Gwyneth to help her six-month-old granddaughter develop object permanence? a. singing songs like "Itsy Bitsy Spider" b. playing patty-cake with her c. playing peek-a-boo with her d. singing the alphabet song with her
b. amygdala
Which brain structure plays an important role in encoding fear and anger? a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. cortex d. hypothalamus
a. hostility.
Which component of the Type A behavior pattern best explains the connections between the Type A profile and heart disease? a. hostility. b. competitiveness. c. impatience. d. corticosteroids.
c. Caucasian Americans and Native Americans
Which ethnic groups have relatively higher rates of suicide? a. Caucasian Americans and African Americans b. African Americans and Hispanic Americans c. Caucasian Americans and Native Americans d. Caucasian Americans and Hispanic Americans
a. Monozygotic twins reared together
Which group is predicted to have the most highly correlated IQ scores? a. Monozygotic twins reared together b. Dizygotic twins reared apart c. Dizygotic twins reared together d. Monozygotic twins reared apart
a. unconscious, repressed thoughts, early childhood, conflict
Which group of words is most appropriate for the psychodynamic theory of Freud? a. unconscious, repressed thoughts, early childhood, conflict b. cognitive, behavior, environment, locus of control c. potential, growth, freedom, self-actualization d. traits, factor analysis, the Big Five, consistency
a. PCP
Which hallucinogen may lead to feelings of paranoia and blind rage, sometimes leading to bizarre or violent behavior? a. PCP b. cocaine c. LSD d. MDMA
b. insulin
Which hormone is involved in regulating blood sugar levels? a. adrenaline b. insulin c. glucose d. noradrenaline
b. breast buds
Which is the first sign of puberty in a female? a. underarm hair b. breast buds c. first menstruation d. pubic hair
b. being raped
Which life event is associated with the highest stress rating on the College Life Stress Inventory? a. concerns about being pregnant or your partner being pregnant b. being raped c. flunking a class d. death of a family member
d. Cannon-Bard theory
Which model or theory of emotion proposes that there is a simultaneous and independent occurrence of physical sensations and subjective feelings during an emotional experience? a. Schachter-Singer two-factor theory b. Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion c. catharsis theory d. Cannon-Bard theory
d. Horney
Which neo-Freudian raised the idea that men may experience "womb envy"? a. Allport b. Adler c. Jung d. Horney
d. empty chair technique
Which of the following DOES NOT belong? a. modeling b. systematic desensitization c. gradual exposure d. empty chair technique
a. It transmits messages between the central nervous system and sensory organs and muscles.
Which of the following DOES NOT describe functions of the autonomic nervous system? a. It transmits messages between the central nervous system and sensory organs and muscles. b. It operates without conscious direction. c. It regulates involuntary bodily processes. d. It consists of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
b. Bandura believed that children become more aggressive after observing aggressive models on television, and his research has been supported.
Which of the following best describes Bandura's research and subsequent general conclusions about the effects of violent television on behavior? a. Bandura believed that children become more aggressive after observing aggressive models on television, and his research has been partially supported with only some groups of children. b. Bandura believed that children become more aggressive after observing aggressive models on television, and his research has been supported. c. Bandura believed that children become more aggressive after observing aggressive models on television, and his research has been supported, but only with children who showed aggressive tendencies beforehand. d. Bandura believed that children do become more aggressive after observing aggressive models on television, and his research has not been supported.
c. Positive psychology
Which of the following is the newest movement in contemporary psychology? a. Humanistic psychology b. Sociocultural psychology c. Positive psychology d. Cognitive psychology
c. Selecting a course of action from a set of available alternatives
Which of the following best describes decision making? a. Conceiving of new ways to view situations or new uses for familiar objects b. Finding the one correct solution to a particular problem c. Selecting a course of action from a set of available alternatives d. Mentally representing and manipulating information Hide Feedback
d. Shawn, who is now 4 years old and can often be seen walking around with his hand inside his pants
Which of the following best describes someone in Freud's phallic stage of development? a. Linda, who is 12 years old and, unlike some of her friends, seems to have no interest in boys b. Jason, who is 16 months old and tends to bite everything (and everyone) he touches c. Shana, who is 19 months old and as noted by her mother, gets a particular facial expression during the act of elimination d. Shawn, who is now 4 years old and can often be seen walking around with his hand inside his pants
a. Genes contribute to factors such as intelligence and personality traits that affect the development of attitudes.
Which of the following best describes the role of heredity in attitudes? a. Genes contribute to factors such as intelligence and personality traits that affect the development of attitudes. b. Genes play almost no role in developing attitudes. c. Genes are directly responsible for developing attitudes. d. Genes account for similarities, but not differences, in attitudes.
b. It has primarily positive effects in coping with stress.
Which of the following best describes the role of social support in coping with stress? a. It is irrelevant to coping with stress. b. It has primarily positive effects in coping with stress. c. It has positive and negative effects on response to stress. d. It has not been studied with regard to stress.
b. Genetic factors interact with environmental factors to determine our personalities.
Which of the following best explains the roles of genetics and environment in determining personality? a. Genetic factors determine our personalities. b. Genetic factors interact with environmental factors to determine our personalities. c. Environmental factors determine our personalities. d. Neither genetics nor environmental factors ultimately determine our personalities.
d. Minor changes in bodily sensations
Which of the following biological factors is most likely to be considered in the cognitive explanation of anxiety disorders? a. Disturbances in the functioning of neurotransmitters b. Biochemical changes in the brain c. Genetic inheritance d. Minor changes in bodily sensations
c. Samantha, who has wandered through the downtown area a number of times without having a particular goal in mind. When she is asked to take a friend to a particular restaurant in that neighborhood, she almost immediately picks the shortest route.
Which of the following can best be described as an example of latent learning? a. Jason, who has a flat tire while driving on a country road. He remembers having seen his dad change a flat tire before, so he doesn't hesitate to attempt the task himself. He is successful in the attempt and is soon on his way again. b. Deborah, who gives her four-year-old son a hug every time he puts his toys away. c. Samantha, who has wandered through the downtown area a number of times without having a particular goal in mind. When she is asked to take a friend to a particular restaurant in that neighborhood, she almost immediately picks the shortest route. d. Dr. Caruthers, who has been working on a particularly thorny problem in microbiology for a number of months. She then suddenly realizes the solution to her problem, seemingly without effort.
d. Language is learned by listening to the speech of others.
Which of the following conclusions is BEST SUPPORTED by the current research in language acquisition? a. Language is best explained by processes of maturation. b. Language depends on biological capacity for language and experience. c. Language is prewired into the nervous system. d. Language is learned by listening to the speech of others.
b. a state of physical or mental pain or suffering
Which of the following definitions best describes distress? a. annoyances of daily life that impose a stressful burden b. a state of physical or mental pain or suffering c. continuing or lingering sources of stress d. pressure or demand placed on an organism to adjust or adapt to environmental demands
c. The ability to think and reason clearly and to act purposefully and effectively in adapting to the environment
Which of the following definitions best describes intelligence? a. The ability to hold and manipulate information in the mind b. The ability to conceive of new ways of viewing situations and new uses for familiar objects c. The ability to think and reason clearly and to act purposefully and effectively in adapting to the environment d. The ability to think clearly in challenging situations
c. The stage of development beginning at birth and ending at the age of 2 years and characterized by active exploration of the environment
Which of the following describes Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development? a. The stage of development beginning at the age of 2 years and ending at the age of 6 years and characterized by use of symbols, egocentrism, and limits on the ability to reason logically b. The stage of development beginning at the age of 6 years and ending at the age of 12 years and characterized by logical but not abstract reasoning c. The stage of development beginning at birth and ending at the age of 2 years and characterized by active exploration of the environment d. The stage of development beginning at age 12 and extending through adulthood and characterized by mature reasoning capabilities
c. It is the connection between the two cerebral hemispheres.
Which of the following describes the corpus callosum? a. It consists of the left and right hemisphere. b. It is the thin outer layer of the cerebrum. c. It is the connection between the two cerebral hemispheres. d. It consists of four parts: the occipital, parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes.
b. Roy, who is continues to use drugs despite the effects on his health and functioning
Which of the following individuals exhibits behaviors that would be considered maladaptive? a. Stanley, who battles depression b. Roy, who is continues to use drugs despite the effects on his health and functioning c. Gary, who believes that he is the son of George Washington d. Irving, who hears voices
a. observing non-fearful subjects interact with fearful stimuli
Which of the following is NOT a feature of systematic desensitization? a. observing non-fearful subjects interact with fearful stimuli b. use of an incompatible response to anxiety c. relaxation training d. fear hierarchy
b. Conflicting parts of the client's personality should be integrated into a functional whole.
Which of the following is NOT a key idea from client-centered therapy? a. The therapist's primary role is reflection. b. Conflicting parts of the client's personality should be integrated into a functional whole. c. Psychological problems develop from distorted self-concepts. d. Clients need a safe place in which to freely explore their feelings and be themselves.
c. Therapy will help people develop their unique potentials.
Which of the following is NOT a key idea from psychodynamic therapies? a. Psychological problems are rooted in unconscious psychological conflicts. b. Restoring psychological health involves gaining insight into and working through unconscious conflicts. c. Therapy will help people develop their unique potentials. d. Childhood conflicts need to be understood in light of the individual's adult personality.
d. They are less likely to be overweight.
Which of the following is NOT cited in the text as true of people with an internal locus of control as compared to those with an external locus of control? a. They cope with pain better. b. They are more likely to succeed in school. c. They are better able to make changes in diet when overweight. d. They are less likely to be overweight.
c. They all travel at the same speed.
Which of the following is NOT true of action potentials? a. They are followed by a refractory period. b. They are electrical charges that propagate down the axon. c. They all travel at the same speed. d. They are generated according to an all-or-none principle.
d. It is the part of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
Which of the following is TRUE of the blind spot? a. It contains cones but not rods. b. It is the part of the retina where light is converted into neural signals. c. It contains rods but not cones. d. It is the part of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
d. mental calmness and relaxation
Which of the following is a "paradoxical" effect of nicotine? a. a mild "rush" b. increased arousal c. decreased appetite d. mental calmness and relaxation
b. Heuristics do not guarantee a solution.
Which of the following is a primary difference between algorithms and heuristics in problem solving? a. Heuristics provide an exhaustive evaluation of solutions. b. Heuristics do not guarantee a solution. c. Algorithms are more time-efficient than heuristics. d. Algorithms typically require less information than heuristics do.
d. desire to earn money
Which of the following is a secondary drive? a. sexual desire b. hunger c. sleep d. desire to earn money
d. Gina salivates at the smell of fresh bread baking in her grandmother's kitchen.
Which of the following is an example of the autonomic nervous system at work? a. Rachel's foot kicks out when her physician taps her knee. b. Peter struggles to scratch an itch in the middle of his back. c. Manoj enjoys listening to bird songs early in the morning. d. Gina salivates at the smell of fresh bread baking in her grandmother's kitchen.
a. Linda is 12 years old and, unlike some of her friends, seems to have no interest in boys.
Which of the following is most likely in Freud's latency stage of development? a. Linda is 12 years old and, unlike some of her friends, seems to have no interest in boys. b. Shawn is now 4 years old and can often be seen walking around with his hand inside his pants. c. Shana is 19 months old, and her mother has noticed that she gets a particular facial expression during the act of elimination. d. Jason is 16 months old and tends to bite everything (and everyone) he touches.
b. Morality
Which of the following is not one of the criteria used by psychologists to determine whether a behavior is abnormal? a. Social deviance b. Morality c. Dangerousness d. Unusualness
d. A state of bodily tension that arises from an unmet need
Which of the following is the best definition of drive? a. An incentive that pulls one in the direction of obtaining it b. A state of deprivation or deficiency c. A reward or other stimulus that motivates one to act d. A state of bodily tension that arises from an unmet need
b. Alzheimer's disease
Which of the following is the leading cause of dementia? a. strokes b. Alzheimer's disease c. Parkinson's disease d. brain infections, tumors, and injuries
a. The science of behavior and mental processes.
Which of the following is the most complete definition of psychology? a. The science of behavior and mental processes. b. The science of mental processes. c. The science of observable behavior and thoughts. d. The science of behavior.
b. LeDoux
Which theorist(s) formulated the dual-pathway model of fear? a. Ekman b. LeDoux c. James and Lange d. Cannon and Bard
a. Dr. Barney, who uses techniques based on learning principles to help clients alter maladaptive behaviors.
Which of the following mental health professionals is most likely a behavioral therapist? a. Dr. Barney, who uses techniques based on learning principles to help clients alter maladaptive behaviors. b. Dr. Childers, who helps her clients uncover unconscious motives and desires. c. Dr. Angelo, who helps clients learn techniques for changing maladaptive thoughts. d. Dr. Evans, who helps her patients understand how their culture influences their maladaptive behaviors.
c. Robyn, who abuses amphetamines
Which of the following people is at risk for inducing psychosis? a. Rhonda, who abuses barbiturates b. Reginald, who abuses heroin c. Robyn, who abuses amphetamines d. Roger, who abuses alcohol
c. Ross is daydreaming while he waits to see the dentist.
Which of the following people is experiencing a state of drifting consciousness? a. Joey's consciousness changes as he meditates. b. Chandler is in the dreaming state of sleep. c. Ross is daydreaming while he waits to see the dentist. d. Phoebe is engrossed in watching a movie.
a. Breast development
Which of the following physical changes that occurs during puberty is described as a secondary sex characteristic? a. Breast development b. Enlarged penis c. Enlarged uterus d. Enlarged testes
d. Loftus
Which of the following psychologists is a leading expert on eyewitness testimony? a. Baddeley b. Lashley c. Kandel d. Loftus
c. Dr. Carlson, a cognitive psychologist
Which of the following psychologists is most likely to study how humans process information? a. Dr. Alvarez, a behaviorist b. Dr. Benitez, a humanist c. Dr. Carlson, a cognitive psychologist d. Dr. Dimitri, a neo-Freudian
d. Phil is not very good at telling jokes. He finds that he can remember the gist of the joke but cannot find the best words to share it.
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the type of coding that plays a dominant role in long-term memory but a relatively minor role in working memory? a. Mara loves piano music. She can play several of Beethoven's piano sonatas by heart. b. Eric plays blues guitar. He knows the works of Robert Johnson inside and out. c. Luke is very artistic. He enjoys duplicating his favorite Impressionist paintings by hand. d. Phil is not very good at telling jokes. He finds that he can remember the gist of the joke but cannot find the best words to share it.
a. smell
Which of the following senses is NOT routed through the thalamus? a. smell b. vision c. taste d. hearing
a. Betty meditates and visualizes positive outcomes every morning upon awakening.
Which of the following situations is the type of physical functioning primarily influenced by the parasympathetic nervous system? a. Betty meditates and visualizes positive outcomes every morning upon awakening. b. Dawn's heart beats faster as she prepares to take her first psychology exam. c. Chan's pupils dilate when he tells a lie to his father. d. Aaron's body releases glucose when he stands up to the bully at school.
d. They always involve three neurons
Which of the following statements about spinal reflexes is FALSE? a. They bypass the brain. b. They allow very quick responses. c. They are unlearned reactions. d. They always involve three neurons
a. There is a small relationship between life events and health problems.
Which of the following statements is the best description of the relationship between life events and health problems? a. There is a small relationship between life events and health problems. b. Health problems cause life events. c. There is no relationship between life events and health problems. d. Life events increase health problems.
b. Aggression results when people are blocked from pursuing their goals.
Which of the following statements would be made by a humanist? a. Unhealthy eating habits lead to obesity. b. Aggression results when people are blocked from pursuing their goals. c. Aggression is related to unconscious impulses. d. Depression is related to changes in brain chemistry.
d. MDMA
Which of the following stimulants is likely to produce hallucinogenic effects? a. nicotine b. cocaine c. amphetamine d. MDMA
d. ventricles
Which of the following structures of the brain may be abnormally larger in people suffering from schizophrenia? a. medulla b. thalamus c. hypothalamus d. ventricles
a. having a big social support network
Which option is most helpful for coping with stress? a. having a big social support network b. adopting a type A behavior pattern c. raising the level of cortisol in your bloodstream d. experiencing a positive major life event
b. axon
Which part of a neuron may range in size from a few thousandths of an inch to several feet long? a. myelin b. axon c. soma d. synapse
a. Parietal lobes
Which part of the brain is best described as responsible for piecing together sensory input to form meaningful perceptions of the world? a. Parietal lobes b. Occipital lobes c. Frontal lobes d. Temporal lobes
b. ego
Which part of the personality might be described as "the great compromiser"? a. id b. ego c. self-concept d. superego
a. frontal lobes
Which parts of the forebrain are sometimes described as the "executive center" and can be likened to the central processing unit of a computer? a. frontal lobes b. temporal lobes c. reticulartal lobes d. parietal lobes
c. CS elicits the CR.
Which pattern best describes what happens once classical conditioning occurs? a. US + CS leads to UR. b. UR elicits the US. c. CS elicits the CR. d. NS + US leads to UR
d. Sociocultural
Which perspective is most responsible for bringing issues related to diversity to the forefront of psychological research? a. Cognitive b. Psychodynamic c. Behaviorism d. Sociocultural
c. intelligence, confidence, and mood
Which recipient variables have an influence on persuasion? a. intelligence and confidence b. confidence and mood c. intelligence, confidence, and mood d. credibility, likeability, and similarity
b. Masters and Johnson
Which researcher(s) identified the sexual response cycle? a. Seligman and Ekman b. Masters and Johnson c. Freud d. Maslow
b. Marco has to take larger and larger doses of cocaine to get high.
Which situation provides an example of drug tolerance? a. Lin can't stop thinking about the next time she can have a cocktail. b. Marco has to take larger and larger doses of cocaine to get high. c. Belle experiences unpleasant symptoms such as vomiting when she stops taking drugs. d. Tyler feels energized and euphoric when he takes amphetamines.
d. Both emotion and motivation cause a person to take action.
Which statement about the connection between emotion and motivation is true? a. Emotion tends to cause extrinsic motivation rather than intrinsic motivation. b. Motivation affects emotion, but emotion does not affect motivation. c. Motivation and emotion have little to no influence on each other. d. Both emotion and motivation cause a person to take action.
c. It is the most important element of the peripheral nervous system.
Which statement about the spinal cord is NOT true? a. It relays messages between the brain and the rest of the body. b. It controls certain reflexes without communication with the brain. c. It is the most important element of the peripheral nervous system.
d. It does not explain how humans can hear high-frequency sounds.
Which statement describes the limitation of frequency theory? a. It does not account for the importance of the cochlea. b. It does not differentiate between the three kinds of hearing loss. c. It does not apply to children or the elderly. d. It does not explain how humans can hear high-frequency sounds.
d. It does not explain how humans can hear high-frequency sounds. Hide Feedback
Which statement describes the limitation of frequency theory? a. It does not account for the importance of the cochlea. b. It does not differentiate between the three kinds of hearing loss. c. It does not apply to children or the elderly. d. It does not explain how humans can hear high-frequency sounds. Hide Feedback
c. Like people with panic disorder, people with hypochondriasis tend to misinterpret bodily sensations as signs of catastrophic causes.
Which statement would be made by someone supporting a cognitive explanation for somatic symptom and related disorders? a. Conversion symptoms provide secondary gain. b. Conversion symptoms help the person avoid anxiety-invoking situations. c. Like people with panic disorder, people with hypochondriasis tend to misinterpret bodily sensations as signs of catastrophic causes. d. People with these disorders are reinforced by others for adopting a "sick role" by drawing sympathy and support.
c. positron emission tomography
Which technique can best be described as using the measurement of radioactive isotopes to evaluate the activity of the brain? a. lesioning b. computed tomography c. positron emission tomography d. electroencephalography
a. Pattern
Which term best captures the meaning of the word "gestalt"? a. Pattern b. Observation c. Unconscious d. Introspection
c. Martin Seligman
Which theorist is associated with the study of learned helplessness? a. Aaron Beck b. Albert Bandura c. Martin Seligman d. Albert Ellis
c. volley principle
Which theory of pitch best accounts for the perception of sounds between 1,000 and 4,000 cycles per second? a. place theory b. frequency theory c. volley principle d. gate-control theory
a. approach-approach
Which type of conflict is generally considered the least stressful? a. approach-approach b. avoidance-avoidance c. approach-avoidance d. multiple approach-avoidance
b. school
Which type of psychologist might administer an intelligence test to your twelve-year-old child to determine if he or she should be in special education classes? a. educational b. school c. clinical d. counseling
b. social norms approach
Which way of defining abnormal behavior is most likely to change as society changes over time a. statistical frequency approach b. social norms approach c. cognitive-behavioral approach d. maladaptive behavior approach
c. opponent process theory
While attempting to overcome writer's block, Devin stares at her yellow, green, and white striped journal. When she finally returns to her blank computer screen, she sees a blue, red, and black striped afterimage. Which theory best explains the afterimage that Devin sees? a. negative illusion theory b. excitation emission theory c. opponent process theory d. trichromacy theory
d. Lewis Terman
Who adapted the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test for American use and established norms for the test? a. Alfred Binet b. Theodore Simon c. Henry Goddard d. Lewis Terman
d. Maslow and Rogers
Who are the two main contributors to the humanistic perspective? a. Jung and Adler b. Bandura and Rotter c. Cattell and Allport d. Maslow and Rogers
b. Cattell
Who developed the 16PF personality test? a. Eysenck b. Cattell c. Jung d. Allport
c. Henry Murray
Who developed the Thematic Apperception Test? a. Carl Jung b. Hermann Rorschach c. Henry Murray d. Sigmund Freud
d. James
Who is generally recognized as the founder of American psychology? a. Hall b. Freud c. Wundt d. James
a. Ivan Pavlov
Who is most closely associated with classical conditioning? a. Ivan Pavlov b. E.L. Thorndike c. B.F. Skinner d. John Garcia
c. Chris, who is a stock trader and has just celebrated his thirtieth birthday
Who is most likely to be enjoying a lifetime peak in both fluid and crystallized intelligence? a. Evelyn, who is the valedictorian of her high school class b. Amelie, who is 44 and a cardiothoracic surgeon c. Chris, who is a stock trader and has just celebrated his thirtieth birthday d. William, who is 60 and the managing partner of a major global law firm
b. Francis Sumner
Who is the only African American to have served as president of the American Psychological Association? a. Kenneth Clark b. Francis Sumner c. Gilbert Haven Jones d. J. Henry Alston
d. Gardner's
Whose theory of intelligence has had a particularly strong influence on the field of education? a. Thurstone's b. Spearman's c. Sternberg's d. Gardner's
c. It aims to provide insight into a person's unconscious mind.
Why is the Rorschach Inkblot Test useful when used alongside other means of evaluating personality? a. It has the highest level of reliability and validity of any personality test. b. It can be easily scored by a computer to preserve objectivity. c. It aims to provide insight into a person's unconscious mind. d. It can be administered to large number of people quickly and inexpensively.
a. experiencing disapproval is really as terrible as he may think it is
William feels a strong need for social approval, and his self-esteem drops each time he encounters even relatively mild criticism from others. William needs to consider whether _____. a. experiencing disapproval is really as terrible as he may think it is b. being or becoming competent at something will not affect his self-esteem c. his perfectionist expectations will ultimately lead to a boost in self-esteem if he is successful d. setting realistic, achievable goals will not enhance his self-esteem
c. avoiding mental sets
William has been trying to solve a particularly thorny problem he is faced with. Every time he tries to solve the problem, he starts thinking about it and framing it in the same way that failed to lead to a solution before. William is having problems with which aspect of creative problem solving? a. testing possible solutions b. adopting a questioning attitude c. avoiding mental sets d. generating alternatives
b. mental disorders or mental illnesses.
Within the medical model, distinctive patterns of abnormal behavior are described as a. diatheses. b. mental disorders or mental illnesses. c. biological disorders d. psychological oddities.
d. happy or sad faces; angry faces
Women are generally better at recognizing _____, whereas men are generally better at recognizing _____. a. angry faces; sad faces b. provocative faces; rebellious faces c. happy faces; sad faces d. happy or sad faces; angry faces
b. focused awareness.
Wylene is able to pay attention to street signs as she drives her pick-up truck, but is not aware of noises coming from the street and other vehicles. Wylene's experience is an example of a. conscious attention. b. focused awareness. c. drifting consciousness. d. focused consciousness.
d. read career-related books for enjoyment
Wynona is a Type A personality, and she is starting to experience physical problems as a result of stress. According to the text, Wynona should try all but which of the following? a. engage in enjoyable activities b. do not take her computer on her vacation c. set realistic daily goals d. read career-related books for enjoyment
d. motives.
You have particular needs or wants that drive your behavior and help explain why you do the things you do. These are called your a. perceptions. b. instincts. c. incentives. d. motives.
b. alcohol.
You see your friend Leonid at a party. He is talking loudly and slurring his words. He also has trouble maintaining his balance. Leonid is probably under the influence of a. heroin. b. alcohol. c. LSD. d. amphetamines.
b. Drawing conclusions
Your psychology professor refers to a research study and says the results were "statistically significant." Which step in the scientific method does this apply? a. Replicating results b. Drawing conclusions c. Developing a research question d. Gathering evidence
a. Personality
______ psychologists have worked to identify the cluster of psychological characteristics and behaviors that distinguish people. a. Personality b. School c. Educational d. Experimental
a. conditioned taste aversion.
A researcher finds that rats avoid drinking from bottles in a room in which they had received exposure to radiation that subsequently made them ill. This demonstrates a. conditioned taste aversion. b. fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. c. stimulus generalization. d. stimulus discrimination.
a. His condition will worsen.
Charles has Alzheimer's disease. What can Charles and his family expect in the coming years? a. His condition will worsen. b. The course of Alzheimer's is difficult to describe. c. Charles will have to take medication for many months, but it is possible to cure his disease. d. Charles' cognitive function will deteriorate, but his personality should not dramatically change.
a. flashbulb memory
Even though she was only a toddler at the time, 45-year-old Jean has a vivid picture in her mind of her mother weeping when the television announced that President Kennedy had been assassinated. Jean's experience is an example of which of the following? a. flashbulb memory b. retrograde amnesia c. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon d. overlearning
b. the most pervasive characteristics of one's personality.
In Allport's view, cardinal traits are a. specific preferences. b. the most pervasive characteristics of one's personality. c. basic building blocks of personality. d. fluctuating patterns of behavior.
a. primary drives; secondary drives
In drive theory, inborn is to ______ as experience is to ______. a. primary drives; secondary drives b. biological drives; primary drives c. imbalance; homeostasis d. homeostasis; imbalance
c. the strength of a reward's "pull" on one's behavior.
Incentive value is a. the amount of drive reduction a behavior has. b. the lowest need in Maslow's hierarchy. c. the strength of a reward's "pull" on one's behavior. d. the highest point in Maslow's hierarchy.
c. 125.
Irene has a mental age of 10 and a chronological age of 8. Using the IQ formula from your text, Irene's IQ would be a. 80. b. 200. c. 125. d. 18.
c. cardinal
Mahatma Gandhi's lifelong commitment to non-violent solutions to social problems would likely be considered an example of a(n) ______ trait. a. ordinal b. secondary c. cardinal d. central
c. Frequency
Rebecca tells Tom that he is singing "off pitch." Rebecca is referring to which physical property of sound? a. Amplitude b. Speed c. Frequency d. Loudness
a. increased life expectancy
Regular exercise is associated with all but which of the following benefits? a. increased life expectancy b. preservation of cognitive functioning c. decreased late-life depression d. lower risk of heart disease and stroke
b. is involved with processing semantic and episodic memories, but not procedural memories
Where memory is concerned, the hippocampus _____. a. is involved with processing emotional memories, but not memories of factual information b. is involved with processing semantic and episodic memories, but not procedural memories c. is involved with processing memories of factual information, but not emotional memories d. is involved with processing procedural memories, but not dispositional information