Psychology Final questions
"If parents use an authoritative parenting style, then their children will be more well-adjusted psychologically than children of parents who use permissive or authoritarian parenting styles." This statement is an example of a
Hypothesis
School administrators and teachers meet yearly to review the school philosophy, daily routines, assessment methods, and other elements of the school system because they know these factors can affect a child's self-image, learning, and sense of accomplishment. These educators and their represent which element of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model?
Mesosystem
A counselor is conducting an initial evaluation with a client and asks questions to better Wunderstand the client's feelings, relationships, identity, and personality. This counselor exploring the of human development.
Psychosocial domain
You hear an annoying beeping sound if you try to exit your car with the keys still in the ignition, The next time you park your car, you are more likely to take your keys out of the ignition before exiting. What principle of operant conditioning does this reflect?
The law of effect
Brain training programs, which are used to reverse cognitive decline seen in aging, capitalize on the brain's lifelong capacity to reorganize cortical tissue, which aligns with Baltes' key principle of lifespan development that
Development is plastic
Children who are seriously reflecting on the future, imagining what they want to be when they grow up and planning what it might take to get there have reached Piaget's stage of cognitive development.
Formal operational
Current research on child development that uses one-way viewing screens and recording methods that do not disturb children are benefiting from the observational techniques first developed by
Arnold Gesell
33. Dr. Carlton conducts evaluation research of language enrichment programs for preschool children from low-income families. The objective of this research is to
Assess the effectiveness of an academic enrichment program
12. A child therapist believes that it is important to understand all the forces that shape and impact children's lives: individual, family, neighborhood, society, and culture. This therapist subscribes to which approach to development?
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model
A child therapist believes that it is important to understand all the forces that shape and impact children's lives: individual, family, neighborhood, society, and culture. This therapist subscribes to which approach to development?
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems modelnl
Using the scientific method, researchers should
Build upon earlier research to enhance understanding of a topic
A researcher conducted an in-depth study of a child who was raised in isolation and had no contact with same-age peers until age 10. This researcher detailed the child's development in a number of spheres: physical/motor, language/cognitive, social and emotional. What kind of research method is this?
Case study
36. In a study of children, let's suppose that researchers found a positive correlation (r=.63) between creativity and resilience. How is this finding interpreted?
Children who score higher on measures of creativity also score higher on measures of resilience
When describing how difficult it is for her patients to quit smoking, a specialist in substance abuse medicine states, "Smoking is associated with so many things, like waking up in the morning, after a meal, on breaks at work, when getting home at work. When my patients try to quit, everything that was associated with smoking makes them crave a cigarette." The specialist is describing
Classical conditioning
Which two approaches to lifespan development have the following in common: development is continuous, there are many courses of development, and development is more influenced by nurture than nature?
Classical conditioning & operant conditioning
A graduate student research team is giving an oral presentation of their research on resilience in young adults. They note that a downside of their study is that participants were recruited from the university that they attend. What makes this a study limitation?
College students are samples of convenience that are not randomly selected from the wider population and may not represent all young adults in our society
A parent tells a school counselor, "I am concerned that my child has developed an inferiority complex. My child feels like he does not measure up to peers." According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, this child may be struggling to accomplish the developmental task of the industry versus inferiority stage of development, which is
Competence
To examine the effectiveness of two types of interventions for depression, researchers randomly assigned participants to a 12-week course of cognitive-behavioral therapy, a 12-week mindfulness-based stress reduction program, or a waitlist control group. In this experiment, what is the dependent variable?
Depression
In a health class for middle schoolers, the instructor discusses puberty, to the embarrassment of the students, and reviews the biological factors involved in how their bodies are changing, the cognitive factors involved in more advanced thinking skills, the emotional factors involved in regulating feelings, and the social factors involved in bnavigating relationships. o vibar This illustrates which of Baltes' key principles of lifespan development?
Development is multidimensional
A teenager bemoans, "My life is a roller coaster. I've got all this new stuff to think about and I'm not as good at things I used to do well. I think I'm making progress in one area, but I'm losing ground in another." This statement about altemating between gains and losses reflects which of Baltes' key principles of lifespan development?
Development is multidirectional
Parents exclaim, "One day my baby was crawling around on the floor, and the next day my toddler was wobbling around the house on two feet! It all happened so suddenly." Which approach to describing how developmental changes occur does the parents' statement reflect?
Discontinuous Development
3. Parents exclaim, "One day my baby was crawling around on the floor, and the next day my toddler was wobbling around the house on two feet! It all happened so suddenly." Which approach to describing how developmental changes occur does the parents' statement reflect?
Discontinuous development
Parents exclaim, "One day my baby was crawling around on the floor, and the next day my toddler was wobbling around the house on two feet! It all happened so suddenly." Which approach to describing how developmental changes occur does the parents' statement reflect?
Discontinuous development
Researchers conducted an experiment to study the effects of sleep training on sleep duration and quality. They randomly assigned some participants to a treatment condition where they received eight sessions of sleep enhancement training and some participants to a control condition where they did not receive the training. ndn.Ine negy din If the participants who received sleep enhancement training had better sleep duration and quality than the people who did not receive the training, then the researcher can conclude that the training works. What advantage of experimental research does this demonstrate?
Experimental research helps establish cause and effect relationships
Children who are seriously reflecting on the future, imagining what they want to be when t they grow up and planning what it might take to get there have reached Piaget's stage of cognitive development.
Formal operational
14. A client laments to his therapist, "Who I am and who I want to be don't match up." The therapist, whose approach to psychotherapy is influenced by Carl Rogers, describes this as a state of
Incongruence
A client laments to his therapist, "Who I am and who I want to be don't match up." The therapist, whose approach to psychotherapy is influenced by Carl Rogers, describes this as a state of
Incongruence
A couple arrives at a research lab to participate in a research study of psychosocial factors related to relationship satisfaction. After they learn about the study, they are asked to review a(n) which reviews the procedures to be used in the research, any expected risks benefits, as contract stating that they agree to participate in research.
Informed consent statement
Evolutionary perspectives on lifespan development have been criticized forbleang.
Insufficient attention to environmental and social factors involved in behavior
Social cognitive theory (social learning theory) proposes that o whereas Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes that
Learning is unique to each person; there are distinct stages of developmentan
Suppose a group of researchers wants to investigate the relationship between daily mindfulness meditation and cortisol (stress hormone) levels in the body over a 20-year time period. Which research design would allow them to measure changes with age and within individuals over time, even though it would be expensive, limited to one cohort, take long time, and they might have people drop out of the study?
Longitudinal research design
In a psychotherapy session, Adrienne talks with her therapist about the stress of raising two young children who are involved in competitive sports and preparing for standardized tests, while caring for her elderly parents who are experiencing ill health, including early signs of dementia. Adrienne's therapist nomalizes her experience as part of the "sandwiched generation," sandwiched between caring for young kids and aging parents. Adrienne is in the period of human development.
Middle Adulthood
In a psychotherapy session, Adrienne talks with her therapist about the stress of raising two young children who are involved in competitive sports and preparing for standardized tests, while caring for her elderly parents who are experiencing ill health, including early signs of dementia. Adrienne's therapist normalizes her experience as part of the "sandwiched generation," sandwiched between caring for young kids and aging parents. Adrienne is in the period of human development.
Middle adulthood
As an elementary school student, Hayden's life revolves around learning and testing new academic skills, refining motor skills, and developing social relationships with friends and students outside of the family. Hayden is in the period of human development.
Middle childhood
Hayden is in the period of human development.
Middle childhood
11. Millennials, those born between 1982 and 2000, are considered tech-savvy because they grew up with technology and rely on it for daily activities. Millennials are defined by n characteristics that were formed while growing up with advancements in technology as part their world and culture. Which of Baltes' contextual influences does this represent?
Normative history-graded influences
A theorist proposes that children learn language by observing and imitating their parents, who in turn reinforce the sounds and words their children produce. In the nature Versus nurture debate, where does this theorist's proposal fit?
Nurture
Infants younger than 5 months old do not search for objects once they have been removed from their sight. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, these infants have not yet developed
Object permanence
In a study of empathy across young adulthood to older adulthood, researchers found a negative correlation (r=-.75) between pathy and age. How is this finding interpreted?
Older adults tended to have lower empathy scores than younger adults
Which two approaches to lifespan development have the following in common: development is continuous, there are many courses of development, and development is more influenced by nurture than nature?
Operant conditioning
A pediatrician provides parents with a chart that plots changes in their child's height and weight over time. This growth chart represents a in human development.
Physical domain
A counselor is conducting an initial evaluation with a client and asks questions to better understand the client's feelings, relationships, identity, and personality. This counselor is exploring the of human development.
Psychosocial Domain
20. A shy student, Lila, shows up for her first day at a new school. She would prefer to slip to the back of the class unnoticed. Instead, a friendly, outgoing student, Alex, approaches Lila and invites her to sit at the same table together. Throughout that day, Lila was much more engaged with other students than she would normally have been. Which aspect of Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory does this demonstrate?
Reciprocal determinism
11. A person who says, "I want to become all I ever dreamed of being and use all my talents and skills to achieve my goals!" is expressing a desire to achieve which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?ovolve
Self-actualization
Researchers studied frequency and amount of marijuana use in three groups of students (grades 6 to 8, grades 9 to 10, and grades 11 to 12) over five years. With this researchers can examine age-related changes and changes within the same individuals as they age. In addition, researchers can account for the possibility of cohort and/or time of measurement effects.
Sequential research design
Research indicates that family education, income, and occupation strongly influence the academic achievement gap across racial/ethnic groups. Which contextual influence on development does this exemplify?
Socioeconomic status
35. A researcher wants to understand parents' attitudes and opinions toward residential school programs for academically gifted students. This researcher would likely choose research method.
Survey
While most human development theorists and researchers have focused on infancy and childhood, and some on adolescence, others have explored development over the course of one's entire life, which aligns with Baltes' key principle of lifespan development that
Tbyd Development is lifelong
A store clerk witnesses the following exchange that she has seen numerous times between a parent and child who are regular customers: The child asks for a toy. The parent refuses to get it. The child throws a temper tantrum. The parent puts the toy in the shopping basket. The child stops crying. The store clerk thinks, "Behavior is controlled by its consequences." The clerk's reasoning coincides with the concept of:
The Operant conditioning
A researcher states, "In order to understand human development, we must consider how our genetic inheritance determines behavior and personality and seek to understand which traits became adaptive through a process of natural selection." This researcher is a proponent of which perspective?
The evolutionary perspective
In describing his approach to psychotherapy, a therapist whose approach is informed by Carl Rogers' work, tells new clients, "I help clients achieve. I help clients to become more open to life experiences, to live each moment fully, and to be more creative in dealing with life's challenges."
The good lifeangoievet
A student is close to mastering a new language skill, but the student needs more practice and assistance before performing the skill independently. According to Vygotsky, this gap between what a student can and cannot do without help is refered to as
The zone of proximal development
A graduate student is considering topics for a Master's thesis. The graduate advisor recommends: "There are several sets of well-developed ideas about that topic. You must first review their explanations and use that to make predictions for your research." The graduate advisor is recommending that the student review
Theories
Dr. Petersen designed a correlational study to determine if time spent playing video games is related to obesity. What was the objective of this research?
To formally test whether a relationship exists between two or more variables
clasritoqyH Classical conditioning and During a test of cognitive ability, a student is asked to repeat a series of digits backwards. According to an information processing approach to cognitive development, this ability to retain information while actively manipulating it is an example of
Working memory
A shy student, Lila, shows up for her first day at a new school. She would prefer to slip to V the back of the class unnoticed. Instead, a friendly, outgoing student, Alex, approaches Lila and invites her to sit at the same table together. Throughout that day, Lila was much more engaged with other students than she would normally have been
Reciprocal determinism
A teacher uses a kind of guided assistance to model problem-solving and provide levels of support as needed, which enables children to understand concepts and gain more language skills. What term would Vygotsky use to describe this?
Scaffolding
The National Institutes of Health released a large dataset from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, or the ABCD Study. Now researchers from around the world have access to this data and can conduct on various factors related to brain, cognitive, social, and emotional development.
Secondary content analysis
A person who says, "I want to become all I ever dreamed of being and use all my talents and skills to achieve my goals!" is expressing a desire to achieve which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Self-actualization
3. You walk into a new cafe with an unusual layout, You stand back and observe how customers order and pay at one station, then pick up their food at another station. Now you have learned how to get food in this restaurant. Which behavioral approach to learning does this describe?
Social cognitive theory
A research advisor tells a graduate student, "Now that you have developed hypotheses based a theory, you can to test your hypotheses."
Conduct search
before Then, Independent Sa Dr. Thompson uses observation and surveys to study how much time children spend playing outside.
Describe the occurrence of time spent playing outside
A therapist advises a client who is struggling to feel motivated to complete schoolwork to watch a favorite TV show after finishing an assignment. This therapist is recommending that the client use
A reinforcer
When deciding on a restaurant, a friend explains, "I used to enjoy shrimp. Then one day, I ate shrimp, and the next day, I got really sick, like I had the stomach flu. Since then, just the sight of shrimp makes me nauseous." According to Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the shrimp is a(n)
Conditioned stimulus
20. In order to minimize attrition in studies with infants and children, researchers are advised to
Design the study to be as short as possible
McKinley does not like Parker, but McKinley treats Parker in an excessively friendly manner. Freud would say that McKinley is using the defense mechanism,
Reaction formation
A researcher whose study of higher-order thinking skills in children is influenced by3g Vygotsky's sociocultural theory would be likely to investigate
The role of social interaction and culture on language and learning processes
Piaget's traditional approach to cognitive development has been extended by Neo- Piagetian theorists who consider
Experience, culture, and interactions with others influence cognitive development
10. A research team is interested in studying the genetic contributions to addictive behavior, such as Intenet gambling. They use twin, family, and adoption studies to compare the health and behavior outcomes of individuals who share the same environment or hereditary lineage. Which type of scientific research is this team conducting?
Behavioral genetics
Two young adult friends are talking about their dating preferences. One friend says, "I prefer to go to the movies by myself. I believe you have to know yourself and be good company for yourself before you can be good company for someone else." Erik Erikson would agree that we must have a strong sense of self before we can develop successful intimate relationships. This statement describes the key developmental task in which stage of psychosocial development?
Intimacy versus isolation
School administrators and teachers meet yearly to review the school philosophy, daily routines, assessment methods, and other elements of the school system because they know these factors can affect a child's self-image, learning, and sense of accomplishment. These educators and their concerns represent which element of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological systems model?
Mesosystem
In a psychotherapy session, Adrienne talks with her therapist about the stress of raising two young children who are involved in competitive sports and preparing for standardized tests, while caring for her elderly parents who are experiencing ill health, including early signs of dementia. Adrienne's therapist normalizes her experience as part of the "sandwiched generation," sandwiched between caring for young kids and aging parents. Adrienne is in the period of human development.
Adrienne is in Middle adulthood
changes in parenting style over time, as 34. A team of researchers is interested in studying children and parents grow older. One researcher states, "If we choose a then it Another researcher comments, "If we choose would be less time consuming and expensive. that design, then we have measurements of parenting can't be sure about changes with age over time." style for one point in time, and
Assess the effectiveness of an academic enrichment program
A research team is interested in studying the genetic contributions to addictive behavior, such as Intenet gambling. They use twin, family, and adoption studies to compare the health and behavior outcomes of individuals who share the same environment or hereditary lineage. Which type of scientific research is this team conducting?
Behavioral genetics
DeShawn has a hunch that people eat more pizza during football season. He and his friends want to test this theory, so they ask everyone they know about their pizza consumption and determine that, yes, pizza consumption does increase during the fall. DeShawn first wrote down his hypothesis, then surveyed his friends, and drew conclusions. DeShawn's research is
Biased because he only asked his friends and family
Parents track the number of new words their toddler learns each day and are surprised by how many new words their child has learned at the end of month. By charting their child's language development, these parents are showing an interest in the of human development.
Cognitive domain
Parents track the number of new words their toddler learns each day and are surprised by how many new words their child has learned at the end of one month. By charting their child's language development, these parents are showing an interest in the of human development.
Cognitive domain
Childcare practices differ across cultures, and different practices have been found to influence when and how children reach certain developmental milestones, such as sitting, crawling, and walking. Which approach to human development is conveyed by this finding?
Development can follow a different course for each child
In a prenatal education class, an instructor informs parents that their child's development will be influenced by many factors, including biological, cognitive, social, and emotional factors. This instructor is addressing which of Baltes' key principles of lifespan development?
Development is multidimensional
9. A group of friends gets together and their conversation revolves around love and work: relationships, planning for future marriage and children, finishing formal education and establishing their careers, developing independence, and feeling like an adult. This group of friends is in the period of human development.
Early adulthood
Teresa believes her cultural practices are the best and right ones, and it is difficult for her to understand the cultural practices of other societies. Tanya expresses an appreciation for cultural differences and a willingness to consider the perspectives of people in other cultures. Teresa's view demonstrates while Tanya's view demonstrates
Ethnocentrism; cultural relativity
Piaget's traditional approach to cognitive development has been extended by Neo- Piagetian theorists who consider how
Experience, culture, and interactions with others influence cognitive development
A child development researcher established a password for her lab computers. The password, was created in honor of the person who established the first scientific journals that published child development research, and who was also the first president of the American Psychological Association.
G. Stanley Hall
A researcher is interested in studying the relationship between sensitivity to negative information over positive (i.e., negativity bias) and hours of sleep at night (i.e., average total sleep time). Correlational research would allow this researcher to
Identify patterns of relationships between two variables, negativity bias and average total sleep time
In a study of the effect of playing video games on sleep quality, researchers randomlyro assigned some participants to play an up-tempo video game for either one or three hours before bed. Other participants had no engagement with electronics in the time before bed. Then, the researchers assessed all the participants' sleep quality (e.g., number of awakenings, percentage of time in deep sleep) during an overnight sleep study. In this experiment, the time spent playing video games (e.g., one or three hours) is the
Independent variable
A counselor is conducting an initial evaluation with a client and asks questions to better Wunderstand the client's feelings, relationships, identity, and personality. This counselor is exploring the of human development.
Psychosocial domain
9. An infant smiles when something feels good and cries when something feels bad. The infant's parent, a psychotherapist whose work is based on Sigmund Freud's theory, jokes, "This baby is all id." Which of Freud's principles is this parent referring to?
The pleasure principle
An infant smiles when something feels good and cries when something feels bad. The infant's parent, a psychotherapist whose work is based on Sigmund Freud's theory, jokes, "This baby is all id." Which of Freud's principles is this parent referring to?
The pleasure principle
