PSYCHOLOGY II: Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders Learning Curve

If one has nonschizophrenic parents but a nontwin sibling with schizophrenia, one's risk of developing the disorder is just under _____%. 10 5 15 20

10

In the 1960s, the estimates regarding the frequency of autism spectrum disorder stood at around 4 out of every 10,000 children. Currently, that estimate is around _____ out of every 10,000 children

10 to 20

Dionne has schizophrenia. Which figure offers the BEST rough estimate of the likelihood that her fraternal twin Dianne also has schizophrenia? 5% 25% 35% 15%

15%

The first edition of the DSMwas published in: 1980. 1994. 1952. 1968.

1952

According to studies conducted in 2005 and 2010, approximately _____% of adults in the United States reported experiencing obsessions or compulsions at some point in their lives, but only _____% of them went on to be diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

28; 2

Heritability estimates for major depression range from _____%.

33-45

The concordance rate for monozygotic twins for schizophrenia is _____%.

48

Melanie has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. She is not alone. Data indicate that approximately 1 out of every _____U.S. residents experiences at LEAST one psychological disorder at some point during life. 3 2 4 5

5

Marvin has been experiencing severe depression for more than six months. He does not want to seek treatment because he thinks that he can overcome his problems on his own. Approximately _____% of people with mental disorders typically do not seek treatment. 20 60 40 80

60

Monica has just experienced the first major depressive period in her life. She has about a(n) _____% chance of recurrence at some point if the disorder is left untreated. 100 60 80 40

80

Of all the people with any psychological disorder, at LEAST _____% have more than one disorder. 60 80 40 20

80

The heritability of autism spectrum disorder may be as high as _____%. 90 80 65 55

90

The DSM-5is to the ICD-10as _____is to _____. physical illnesses; psychological disorders WHO; APA APA; WHO Europe; North America

APA; WHO

One of the first theorists to emphasize a cognitive contribution to depression was: . Emil Kraepelin. Aaron Beck. Martin Seligman. Alfred Adler.

Aaron Beck.

arty is intellectually disabled. Daryl has been diagnosed with autism. Which statement is TRUE? Marty has a neurodevelopmental disorder, and Daryl has a neurocognitive disorder. Both Marty and Daryl have a neurodevelopmental disorder. Marty has a neurocognitive disorder, and Daryl has a neurodevelopmental disorder. Both Marty and Daryl have a neurocognitive disorder.

Both Marty and Daryl have a neurodevelopmental disorder.

Derrick lives in the United States. Remi lives in France. Rui lives in the People's Republic of China. In general, which man is MOST likely to experience a psychological disorder during his lifetime, and which is not. Rui is the most likely of the men to experience a psychological disorder, and Remi is the least likely. Derrick is the most likely of the men to experience a psychological disorder, and Rui is the least likely. Remi is the most likely of the men to experience a psychological disorder, and Rui is the least likely. Derrick is the most likely of the men to experience a psychological disorder, and Remi is the least likely.

Derrick is the most likely of the men to experience a psychological disorder, and Rui is the least likely.

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between the intellectual disability and mental retardation? Mental retardation is a newer term for intellectual disability. Intellectual disability and mental retardation are different forms of autism spectrum disorder. Intellectual disability and mental retardation are distinct developmental disabilities. Intellectual disability is newer term for mental retardation.

Intellectual disability is newer term for mental retardation.

Which statement is TRUE?

Many adults probably suffer from ADHD, but few receive treatment for it.

_____ disorder is a psychological disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the event to mind.

Posttraumatic stress

_____ is characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation and behavior.

Schizophrenia

Valerie has enough symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that she could be appropriately diagnosed with that condition by a competent professional. Which statement would be MOST appropriate about Valerie?

Valerie is a person with ADHD.

Which statement is NOT a reason that women are more likely than are men to be diagnosed with depression?

Women are less resilient to stress.

comorbidity

_____ means that a person has more than one disorder at the same time.

Which factor has NOT been identified as one that increases an individual's risk of engaging in suicidal actions?

a desire to gain retribution on others who have wronged the individual

Ani had never experienced any symptoms of depression until her mother died. Ani's doctor tells her that she was probably predisposed to depression but did not actually exhibit symptoms until a major life event triggered the depression. Which model BEST fits with the doctor's assessment of Ani's depression? a humanistic model a phrenological model a psychical model a diathesis-stress model

a diathesis-stress model

A man who is sexually aroused only by young children may be diagnosed with: a paraphilic disorder. an elimination disorder. gender dysphoria. a sexual dysfunction.

a paraphilic disorder.

Thirty-five-year-old Lucy needs to have her blood taken. She is so distraught by this that she must mentally prepare herself for it as well as take a short-acting sedative. Lucy seems to be suffering from: a specific phobia. generalized anxiety disorder. bipolar disorder. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

a specific phobia.

The prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury is greatest during: middle adulthood. late adulthood. childhood. adolescence.

adolescence

Which term would MOST likely apply to a child who suffers from conduct disorder?

aggressive

What is a common complication of panic disorder?

agoraphobia

In response to negative emotional words, psychopaths show less activity in the _____ than do noncriminals.

amygdala and hippocampus

Three different patients show symptoms of three different disorders. The first has a phobia, the second has constant panic attacks, and the third has social phobia. Which type of clinician should they see for treatment? a mood disorder specialist They should each see different specialists because their disorders are not related. a psychoanalyst specializing in hypnotherapy an anxiety disorder specialist

an anxiety disorder specialist

Which factor has NOT been demonstrated to influence the likelihood that an individual will experience generalized anxiety disorder?

an individuals weight

Which individual is MOST at risk for committing suicide?

an older white man who suffers from major depressive disorder

Studies have found that a large percentage of prisoners have been diagnosed with this personality disorder.

antisocial

Dawn has an intense phobia regarding blood and needles. Dawn may be diagnosed with a(n) _____disorder. dissociative anxiety somatic bipolar

anxiety

Which symptom of schizophrenia is a negative symptom? disorganized speech hallucinations apathy delusions

apathy

Carlos and Maria's daughter is about three years old. She rarely makes eye contact with them and seems lost in her own world. She does not seem to make friends with other children. Her diagnosis is MOST likely to be _____disorder.

autism spectrum

Four-year-old Brandon rarely speaks and has little interest in interacting with his siblings or parents. His interest seems completely absorbed by a few of his toys, and sometimes, he will spin around and around for nearly an hour. Brandon may be diagnosed with: schizophrenia. autism spectrum disorder. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. conduct disorder.

autism spectrum disorder.

Although both personality disorders are characterized by avoiding social situations, _____ individuals desperately want social contact, while _____ individuals prefer to be alone.

avoidant; schizoid

Compulsion is to _____as _____ is to thought. emotion; obsession behavior; obsession emotion; hallucination behavior; hallucination

behavior; obsession

Schizophrenia is associated with brain abnormalities, disorganized thinking, and low socioeconomic status. Therefore, schizophrenia is perhaps BEST addressed by the _____perspective. biopsychosocial psychodynamic sociocultural cognitive

biopsychosocial

Hank is often very sullen and severely depressed. Sometimes, he will go days without getting out of bed. Yet, every so often, he has a burst of energy lasting a week or two, when he does not sleep for more than a couple of hours a day. During these times, he often begins major projects. Hank may be suffering from _____disorder.

bipolar

Lynn's functioning has been impaired by major fluctuations in mood. Lynn may be diagnosed with a(n) _____disorder. schizophrenic bipolar obsessive-compulsive somatic

bipolar

Jack is often very sullen and severely depressed. Sometimes, he will go days without getting out of bed. Yet, every so often, he has a burst of energy lasting a week or two, when he does not sleep for more than a couple of hours a day. During these times, he often begins major renovation projects in his house, knocking down walls and tearing up floors in order to makeover his house into a "masterpiece." Jack is MOST likely exhibiting: major depressive disorder. persistent depressive disorder. double depression. bipolar disorder.

bipolar disorder

Clara has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She will often sit in strange positions for hours, without apparent awareness of her surroundings. She is experiencing: a hallucination. catatonia. a delusion. grossly disorganized behavior.

catatonia

Barry sits in unusual postures, often failing to move for hours. Barry may be suffering from _____schizophrenia.

catatonic

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with heightened activity in the:

caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia.

A patient shows signs of having both major depression and psychosis. Which term MOST accurately describes this patient's characteristics? craziness insanity suicidal comorbidity

comorbidity

Larry shows signs of having both major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Larry's diagnosis is an example of _____.

comorbidity

Marcel has been suspended from school several times for fighting with other students. This past week, he was arrested for vandalizing school property, and his mother suspects that he has stolen money from her purse. Marcel may be diagnosed with _____disorder. schizotypal attention-deficit/hyperactivity autism spectrum conduct

conduct

What did the studies that investigated the hippocampal volume of Vietnam veterans and their identical twins find?

decreased hippocampal volume for both war veterans with PTSD and their twin

Chuck has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He believes many people are following him. He leaves the house only from the back door. He will take unusual routes to work and home, in an attempt to lose the people who are trying to follow him. He is experiencing a(n) _____.

delusion

Michael believes that his neighbors are spying on him. He checks his house for listening devices and cameras. He thinks that they are trying to implant thoughts in his mind. He is MOST likely suffering from a(n) _____.

delusion

Which symptom of schizophrenia is described as a false belief system that is upheld, even though it is irrational?

delusions

A team of researchers measures hippocampal volume among pairs of identical twins. Both members of each set of twins experienced traumatic events, but only one member in each set developed posttraumatic stress disorder. Hippocampal volume is a(n) _____variable in this study. dependent control independent experimental

dependent

Trey has been diagnosed with a disorder marked by major disruptions in consciousness, memory, or identity. Trey has been diagnosed with a(n) _____disorder. somatic paraphilic dissociative bipolar

dissociative

Although schizophrenia is likely to involve a complex interaction of neurotransmitter malfunctions, evidence from drug studies suggest that _____ is/are related to the symptoms of schizophrenia.

dopamine

Janice has felt depressed for more than three years. Some of the time, her mood is not as severely affected, but she almost always has trouble sleeping and is not interested in food, socializing, sex, or work. Other times, she is overcome by her feelings of worthlessness and thinks about suicide. Janice may be suffering from _____.

double depression

Intensive interventions consisting of 20 to 40 hours per week of behavioral training for a 2-year period are BEST described as having _____effects on children with autism spectrum disorder. negative weak mixed dramatic

dramatic

Kira was born male. However, she lives as woman and experiences herself subjectively as female. Kira may be diagnosed with gender _____disorder, which is characterized by an incongruity between an individual's assigned gender and their expressed or experienced gender. dissociation dysphoria dysfunction distress

dysphoria

Jessica hardly eats anything. When her family comments that she is too thin and needs to eat something, she refuses to eat and says that her body is covered with fat. She is MOST likely suffering from a(n) _____disorder. neurodevelopmental dissociative somatoform eating

eating

When depressed people are shown pictures of negative stimuli, the areas of their brain involved in _____ show increased activity, while areas involved in _____ show decreased activity.

emotions; cognitive control

Schizophrenia occurs in all cultures in the world. In the United States and Canada, the disorder is more prevalent in lower socioeconomic status communities than in higher socioeconomic status communities. These statements concern the _____of schizophrenia.

epidmeology

According to one study, people with phobias are _____likely to recall personal experiences with their feared objects compared to people without phobias. This provides little support for a substantial environmental influence on the development of phobias.

equally

"What causes this?" Mrs. Jamison asks, when her son is diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mrs. Jamison is asking about the disorder's: epidemiology. etiology. prognosis. diagnosis.

etiology

An unusually small hippocampus may be one cause of posttraumatic stress disorder. A small hippocampus is therefore part of the disorder's: diagnosis. etiology. epidemiology. prognosis.

etiology

Which symptom does NOT pertain to bipolar disorder? decreased need for sleep promiscuous sexual behavior excessive worry compulsive spending

excessive worry

Due to decreased levels of activity in the amygdala and hippocampus, psychopaths appear to be less sensitive to _____ than are noncriminals.

fear

Gary worries all the time. He is constantly restless, fatigued, has trouble concentrating, and can be irritable. He may be suffering from _____.

generalized anxiety disorder

Nancy is unable to sleep and cannot concentrate. She feels nervous, but does not know why. Nancy is MOST likely suffering from _____.

generalized anxiety disorder

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter that seems to play a role in: ghost sickness. generalized anxiety disorder. schizophrenia. koro.

generalized anxiety disorder.

Sue constantly feels nervous for no particular reason. Because of this, she is always restless, is unable to sleep, and cannot concentrate. Sue is MOST likely suffering from: depression. generalized anxiety disorder. schizophrenia. social phobia.

generalized anxiety disorder.

Successful treatments for nonsuicidal self-injury:

have still not been found.

The concordance rate for bipolar is _____ that of depression.

higher than

An unusually small-sized _____ may be an indicator of a susceptibility to PTSD.

hippocampus

Neuroimaging research reveals that the brain's _____is smaller among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder than among individuals without the disorder. cerebellum amygdala hippocampus prefrontal cortex

hippocampus

Todd always acts in a grandiose way, seeking attention from others, and displaying excessive enthusiasm. He is MOST likely to be suffering from _____personality disorder. histrionic antisocial narcissistic borderline

histrionic

In the diathesis-stress model, the diathesis refers to _____ and the stress refers to an _____.

internal predisposition; external trigger

Which symptom pertains to generalized anxiety disorder? echolalia paranoia irritability hallucinations

irritability

Peter has been experiencing symptoms of depression for a long time. Upon visiting his medical doctor for a check-up, Peter admitted that he had been feeling depressed for more than 3 years, although he had never dealt with it. He has a variety of symptoms (his doctor counted at least five) and reports that most of the time he is barely able to function. His employer has been patient and understanding with the times when Peter has been unable to work, but Peter reports that he is now in serious danger of losing his job. Peter is MOST likely to be diagnosed with _____ disorder.

major depressive

In most parts of the world today, a _____ model is used to help identify and treat psychological disorders.

medical

Meghan is preparing a quantitative synthesis of the results of many individual studies on a specific topic. Meghan is undertaking a: meta-analysis. factor analysis. correlational test. significance test.

meta-analysis

Everyone likes Michael when they first meet him, but after they get to know him, they realize that he brags a lot, exaggerates his accomplishments, and displays an inflated sense of his self-importance. Michael may be suffering from _____personality disorder. dependent narcissistic histrionic borderline

narcissistic

Individuals with this personality disorder exaggerate their own achievements and often make a very good first impression.

narcissistic

Don has suffered a stroke in his brain's parietal lobe. This traumatic injury may result in a _____disorder. bipolar neurodevelopmental neurocognitive dissociative

neurocognitive

Dana sometimes makes several lengthwise cuts on her fingers from the tip down to the first knuckle. While she bleeds from these cuts, Dana has no intention of killing herself. Dana's case illustrates _____.

non-suicidal self injury

The neurotransmitters _____ and _____ play a significant role in depression as suggested by the effectiveness of drugs that increase levels of these chemicals in treating the disorder.

norepinephrine; serotonin

Sally is focused on cleaning her home, which she does for four hours per day. In particular, the fringe on her rugs must be straight on both sides in all five rooms. This takes considerable time, and she often repeats this 10 to 12 times per day. Her experience is MOST symptomatic of _____disorder. obsessive-compulsive generalized anxiety panic bipolar

obsessive-compulsive

Without success, Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is MOST symptomatic of _____disorder. antisocial personality dissociative generalized anxiety obsessive-compulsive

obsessive-compulsive

Each day, Wayne felt he had to lock and unlock his door 11 times both before he left his house. Wayne could not leave without doing this ritual because of his fear that for the rest of the day he would repeatedly think about his door being unlocked. With which disorder does it sound like Wayne would be MOST appropriately diagnosed?

obsessive-compulsive disorder

What are the three main categories of personality disorders in the DSM-5?

odd/eccentric, anxious/inhibited, and dramatic/erratic

Sarah keeps having episodes during which she begins to sweat, experiences shortness of breath, and feels like she is going to die. She may be suffering from _____disorder.

panic

Tony keeps having episodes during which he begins to sweat, experiences shortness of breath, and feels like he is going to die. The results of all his medical tests are negative, and the specialists he consults cannot find anything physically wrong with him. His personal physician suggests that Tony may want to see a mental health professional because his symptoms indicate he may have: agoraphobia. obsessive-compulsive disorder. panic disorder. social phobia.

panic disorder

Molly has times when she begins to sweat, her pulse races, she experiences shortness of breath, and feels like she going to die. There is nothing physically wrong with her. Her symptoms indicate she may have: agoraphobia. obsessive-compulsive disorder. panic disorder. social phobia.

panic disorder.

Schizophrenia is associated with progressive loss of gray matter beginning in adolescence in the _____lobe. temporal occipital parietal frontal

parietal

Peter has been experiencing symptoms of depression for a long time. Upon visiting his medical doctor for a check-up, Peter admitted that he had been feeling depressed for more than 3 years, although he had never dealt with it. Peter is MOST likely to be diagnosed with ______disorder. persistent depressive rapid cycling bipolar seasonal affective major depressive

persistent depressive

Darin is tired a lot. He often feels that he is worthless and has been overeating. He has a job and can work, but he has been feeling this way for almost two years. Darin is MOST likely suffering from _____disorder. persistent depressive bipolar major depressive generalized anxiety

persistent disorder

Will exhibits an enduring pattern of suspicious thoughts and behavior that has led to problems in his life. Will might be diagnosed with a(n) _____disorder. obsessive-compulsive personality bipolar schizophrenic

personality

Seven months ago, Niall witnessed the gruesome murder of a close friend. He still experiences flashbacks of the event, and he finds he cannot stop thinking about it. He jumps at every sudden noise. Niall is showing signs of _____.

post traumatic stress disorder

Years after he barely survived an attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event. They render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is MOST clearly showing signs of _____disorder. posttraumatic stress generalized anxiety dissociative identity obsessive-compulsive

posttraumatic stress

In contrast with popular opinion, not all children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder "age out" of the disorder. This statement concerns the disorder's future course, or _____.

prognosis

Irving is disgusted by spiders and gets somewhat nervous when he sees them. He recently found a spider in his kitchen and killed it. Then he threw away the dead spider. Which description of Irving's reaction to spiders is MOST accurate? phobic and dysfunctional pathological rational and normal situational

rational and normal

Within the research domain criteria (RDoC) matrix, which would be categorized as a "positive valence systems" construct?

reward learning

Which type is NOT a personality disorder in the dramatic/erratic cluster? schizoid antisocial histrionic borderline

schizoid

Juan displays major disturbances in perception, thought, language, emotion, and behavior. Juan may be diagnosed with a disorder on the _____spectrum. obsessive-compulsive somatic schizophrenia bipolar

schizophrenia

Every year, Charles becomes sad when the days get shorter in winter, but he usually feels better in the springtime. He may be suffering from _____disorder. .

seasonal affective

Within the research domain criteria (RDoC) matrix, which factor would be categorized as an "arousal and regulatory systems" construct?

sleep and wakefullness

Nora has become increasingly withdrawn. She is so afraid that she will do or say something embarrassing that she has begun to avoid public places and any type of social gathering. Nora may be developing _____.

social phobia

Penny is an intensely shy person who rarely attends social gatherings. In addition, she normally will not accept dinner invitations and refuses to speak in public, even if it is among a group of friends. Penny MOST likely suffers from: social phobia. posttraumatic stress disorder. panic disorder. generalized anxiety disorder.

social phobia.

Vera has become increasingly withdrawn during social gatherings. She is so afraid she will do or say something embarrassing that she has begun to avoid social events altogether. Vera may be developing: claustrophobia. generalized anxiety disorder. schizophrenia. social phobia.

social phobia.

Walter has an intense fear of speaking in public. Because he can only engage in one-on-one discussions, he has been passed over for promotions. He may be suffering from: generalized anxiety disorder. panic disorder. obsessive-compulsive disorder. social phobia.

social phobia.

Which would be considered a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

social withdrawal

Kathy constantly worries about her health. She complains of multiple physical symptoms, such as headaches, dizziness, and a strange tingling all over her body. Kathy might have a(n) _____disorder. dissociative eating neurodevelopmental somatic symptom

somatic symptom

Nelson constantly worries that he is getting sick. He says he has many mysterious aches and pains, but the doctor can never find anything physically wrong with him. Nelson might have a(n) _____disorder. neurodevelopmental somatic symptom dissociative eating

somatic symptom

The results of David Rosenhan's classic study BEST illustrate: the potential dangers of diagnostic labels. the advantages of using the RDoC matrix to understand psychological disorders. the application of the biopsychosocial perspective to understanding psychological disorders. potential shortcomings of the new DSM-5.

the potential dangers of diagnostic labels.

It is difficult to condition humans to fear objects such as flowers or cookies. Which model or theory MOST accurately describes this difficulty?

the preparedness theory

One proposed epigenetic mechanism contributing to schizophrenia is:

toxins in utero.