Psychology Modules 19-20

Parents are most effective in getting their children to imitate them if BLANK.

Their actions match their words.

"Sex sells!" is a common saying in advertising. Using classical conditioning terms, explain how sexual images in advertisements can condition your response to a product.

Think carls jr women paired with food makes some people want to buy the food.

Variable-interval schedule

reinforced behavior at an unspecified TIME INTERVALS.

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

unconditioned stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.

Reinforcement Positive Negative

+ is presenting positive stimuli, when presented after a behavior strengthens the response. - when removed after response strengthens it.

Punishment

An event that tends to decrease the behavior that follows, but does not fully destroy it.

Evidence that cognitive processes play an important role in learning comes in part from studies in which rats running a maze develop BLANK BLANK.

Cognitive Map

Conditioned reinforcer

Conditioned= gets power from association with primary reinforcer like money gets food

Dogs have been taught to salivate to a circle but not a square. This process is an example of BLANK.

Discrimination

A restaurant is running a special deal. After you buy four meals at full price , your fifth meal is free. This is an example of a BLANK schedule of reinforcement.

Fixed-Ratio

After Watson and Rayner classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat, the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, a dog, and a sealskin coat. This shows BLANK.

Generalization

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (like salivating) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth).

Learning is defined as "the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring BLANK or BLANK."

Information;Behaviors

Rats that explored a maze without any reward were later able to run the maze as well as other rats who had received food rewards for running the maze. The rats that had learned without reinforcement demonstrated BLANK BLANK.

Latent Learning

Most experts agree that repeated viewing of TV violence BLANK.

Makes all viewers significantly more aggressive.

Some scientists believe that the brain has BLANK neurons that enable observation and imitation.

Mirror

Taste-aversion research has shown that some animals develop aversions to certain tastes but not to sights or sounds. What does this finding support?

Natural selection favors traits that benefit survival.

Your dog is barking so loudly that it's making your ears ring. You clap your hands and he stops. You think when he does it again that you will clap again so he stops. The end of barking for you was a BLANK.

Negative reinforcement

Children learn many social behaviors by imitating parents and other models. This type of learning is called BLANK BLANK.

Observational Learning

Reinforcing an desired response only some of the times it occurs is called BLANK reinforcement.

Partial

Primary reinforcer

Primary=satisfies biological needs (food)

A medieval proverb notes that "a burnt child dreads the fire." In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of a BLANK.

Punishment

Fixed-interval schedule

Reinforced response after a specified TIME has elapsed.

Variable-ration schedule

Reinforced response after an unpredictable NUMBER of responses.

Fixed-ratio schedule

Reinforced response only after a specified NUMBER of the target behavior.

One way to change behavior is to reward natural behaviors in small steps, as they get closer and closer to a desired behavior. This process is called BLANK.

Shaping

Thorndike's law of effect was a basis for BLANK work on operant conditioning and behavior control.

Skinnner's

Garcia and Koelling's BLANK-BLANK studies showed that conditioning can occur even when the unconditioned stimulus (US) does not immediately follow the neutral stimulus (NS).

Taste-Aversion

The partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after unpredictable time periods is a BLANKITY BLANK schedule.

Variable-Interval

According to Bandura, we learn by watching models because we experience BLANK reinforcement or BLANK punishment.

Vicarious;Vicarious

Conditioned Response (CR)

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus in classical conditioning.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an Unconditioned Stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response.

In Pavlov's experiments , the tone started as a neutral stimulus, and then became a(n) BLANK stimulus.

conditioned

Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which the organism associates BLANK, and operant conditioning , in which the organism associates BLANK.

two or more stimuli reinforcement and punishment