Psychology of Adjustment

A pattern in which one scores high on measures of both masculinity and femininity is called

Androgyny

Cramming before a test will most likely

Be less effective than distributed practice

Defense mechanisms work primarily through

Distorting reality so it does not seem so unpleasant and threatening

An orderly sequence of stages through which families progress is called:

Family life cycle

Divorce rates for second marriages are

Higher than first marriage

What is the stereotype explored in the Psychology Today blog post that you read?

Men are funnier than women.

Which of the following correlational coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?

-0.97

Women in abusive relationships fear

Aggressive retaliation if they leave, financial hardship, disapproval or blame from family - all of the above

Patients with Munchausen's syndrome:

Are trying to adopt the sick role

Is change generally stressful?

Both negative changes (e.g., loss of spouse) and positive changes (e.g., getting married) are stressful

According to the research we covered in this course, which of the following statements regarding cohabitation is TRUE?

Cohabitation before marriage is associated with greater risk for divorce

_____ occurs when people yield to social pressure in their public behavior, even though their private beliefs have not changed.

Compliance

Which type of loneliness discussed in your book and lecture is LEAST likely to be associated with COVID-related changes?

Emotional

Which of the following is NOT considered a key element of the traditional male role?

Emotional sensitivity with women

Secondary appraisal involves

Evaluating your coping resources and options for dealing with stress

People with low self-esteem:

Have an unclear view of self

The leading cause of death in North America is

Heart disease

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for abnormal behavior?

Inconsistent behavior

People of which gender experience the most emotion?

Nogenderdifference

Which of the following groups of psychological disorders is characterized by irrational thinking, poor reality contact, disturbed emotion, and hallucinations?

Schizophrenic disorders

What is the most preventable cause of death in the US?

Smoking

Males clearly outperform females in which type of ability?

Spatial

What characteristic of our public selves can be problematic?

When they are very different from each other.

According to the ego-depletion model, if you use self-control resources to resist temptation now, ________.

You may have a hard time resisting the next temptation.

In Milgram's study, approximately what percentage of participants administered up to the highest (extremely dangerous) shock level?

2/3

When long-term treatments are needed for chronic illness, noncompliance with medical advice occurs

50% of the time

As ice cream consumption increases...so does the incidence of drowning. This relationship is an example of

A positive correlation

Highly active antiretroviral therapy, which became popular in the mid-1990s, significantly lengthened the lives of people living with which chronic health condition?

AIDS

_____ involve(s) a person's judgement that his or her goals can be achieved and ____ refer(s) to beliefs that successful plans can be crafted to reach the goal.

Agency; pathways

Vinnie dislikes leaving his home and has gradually become more fearful whenever he has to go somewhere. Lately, he has decided to have his groceries delivered and do all his work online. Vinnie is most likely suffering from

Agoraphobia

Which component of Type A behavior seems to be most responsible for the increased rate of heart attacks?

Anger and hostility

Generally, which kind of internal conflict tends to be the most stressful?

Approach-avoidance

In her TED talk about optimism, Tali Sharot says that optimists (compared to pessimists):

Are more likely to get remarried

What is the most common type of marriage in the world?

Arranged

Which of the following is NOT considered an essential element of reducing intergroup hostility through cooperative interdependence?

Assigning specific titles or names to each group

Hazan and Shaver found that, like infants in their attachment relationships, adults fall into the following three categories in their love relationships:

Avoidant, anxious-ambivalent, secure

Even though she does not even like the particular genre of music, Jane told all of her friends that the winner of American Idol was from her hometown. Jane was using the method of self-enhancement known as __________.

Basking in reflected glory

Most experimental studies do not support the catharsis hypothesis and instead find that _____.

Behaving aggressively leads to more aggression.

In Ellis' ABCs, which aspect determines whether a person interprets the behavior using catastrophic thinking or reasonable optimism?

Belief system

Suppose that you see a student who always runs up in front of women in order to open the heavy steel doors for them. He remarks that "those doors are so heavy that I would never want a woman to hurt herself trying to open one!" This is an example of ____.

Benevolent sexism

On average, when people are asked to rate their traits and abilities compared to others, people tend to state they are ____ than the average person, which is called ____.

Better; better than average effect

Ernest is deeply sad. He does not eat much, does not seem to want to take care of himself, and believes that his life's work is useless. You think this is strange because several weeks ago, Ernest was very excited about his life. He talked about suddenly deciding to write a book and even seemed to stay up an entire week writing. Ernest probably has:

Bipolar disorder

Your book discussed how all of the following personal factors promote stress tolerance EXCEPT:

Burnout

Rather than necessarily prompting the onset, stress is usually related to the course of this disease.

Cancer

Albert Ellis believed that problematic emotional reactions to stress are caused by

Catastrophic thinking

Smoking rates are highest in what country?

China

A popular ice cream shop in town is most well-known for their endless amounts of flavors. Determined to experience this delicious phenomenon for herself, Sarah excitedly arrives at the ice cream shop one Friday night. However, after staring at the different 48 flavors for 10 minutes straight, Sarah becomes overwhelmed with the options and ends up leaving the ice-cream shop empty-handed. What did Sarah just experience?

Choice overload

All of the following are dimensions of the attributional process except:

Cognition versus affect

Living together in a sexually intimate relationship without actually being married is called:

Cohabitation

Whereas relationship satisfaction is based on your ____, relationship commitment is based on your ____ and investment.

Comparison level; comparison level for alternatives

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of date rape?

Confusion

________ refers broadly to the use of relatively healthful strategies for managing stressful events

Constructive coping

You and your partner are on a date. After forgetting your anniversary and spilling a glass of wine on your partner, she yells "Great job making our anniversary special, idiot! You find a way to ruin everything." This is an example of which negative communication pattern?

Contempt

Imagine that your best friend took Duckworth and colleagues' (2007) Grit Scale. She mentioned that she scored high on Grit. As a result, it would be MOST likely your friend would act in which of the following ways?

Continued effort toward a long-term goal despite experiencing adversity

Psychological stress can lead to neurological symptoms such as paralysis, blindness, or even seizures. What is this called?

Conversion disorder

Which of the following is NOT true of cohabitation before marriage?

Couples who cohabitate before marriage are more likely to break up during the first year of marriage than couples who did not cohabitate before marriage.

Suppose you read a newspaper article about the link between depression and heart disease. Knowing the research presented in this chapter, the relationship can be explained by which of the following?

Depression causes heart disease, heart disease causes depression, an unknown third variable causes both depression and heart disease - ANY OF THESE EXPLANATIONS IS POSSIBLE

The paradox of progress is the notion that ________.

Despite unparalleled advances in technology, we seem to have more social and personal difficulties (e.g., never having enough time)

Which of the following disorders features the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, identities or personalities?

Dissociative identity disorder

In general, women's friendships are more likely to focus on ____, whereas men's friendships then to be based on ____

Emotional intimacy, shared interests

A psychological researcher is best able to draw conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships by using which of the following research methods?

Experiment

Which stage of the family life cycle is associated with increased conflict and lower marital satisfaction?

Family with adolescent children

Which of the following should you look for in self-help books?

Focus on a particular kind of problem, provide explicit direction about how to alter behavior, some mention of the theoretical or research basis for the advice - all of these

This is the tendency to explain others' behavior as a function of dispositional, rather than situational, factors.

Fundamental attribution error

On some days, Pat wakes up as a man. Other days, Pat feels like a woman; other days, neither; other days - both. Pat demonstrates _____.

Gender fluidity

The clip from Friends in which Ross tries to get his son to play with more gender-typical toys rather than his Barbie illustrates parents' important role in what process?

Gender role socialization

Widely shared beliefs about males and females' abilities, personalities, and social behaviors are called:

Gender stereotypes

You need to study for an exam. According to research, which of the following is the most efficient and effective study strategy?

Give yourself a quiz

Julia is very passionate about running, and has spent many months training for an upcoming marathon. Despite a few minor injuries along the way, she has persevered in working toward her goal. Julia would most likely be described as having:

Grit

According to the results from the Asch line studies, _____ and _____ are the primary determinants of conformity.

Group size; group unanimity

Sal _____, and _____. This reflects a situation in which prejudice is present but discrimination is not.

Harbors negative feelings toward his African American customers; lets them buy pizza from him

All of the following are potential disadvantages of dating apps EXCEPT

Harder to self-disclose

Which of the following is associated with a higher probability of marital success?

Having happily married parents

Based on the video of Howie Mandel's experience with OCD, which of the following criteria for abnormal behavior would he likely fit?

He seems to meet all of these criteria. (Maladaptive behavior (e.g., checking the locks repeatedly for hours), Personal distress (e.g., knowing there is nothing on his hands and that his doors are locked, but experiencing a compulsion to scald his hands and continue to check the locks), Deviance (e.g., his refusal to shake hands)

Which of the following is true of self-esteem?

High self-esteem is more common in individualistic cultures

Some people care very much what others think of them and are careful to act in ways that make the best possible impression. How would we characterize these people?

High self-monitoring

In her TED talk, Wendy Suzuki describes how aerobic exercise is extremely beneficial to the brain. Specifically, she mentions that exercise actually produces brand new brain cells in which brain structure (known for memory)?

Hippocampus

The tendency to marry someone who has personal characteristics similar to one's own is called

Homogamy

A male staff member consistently makes disparaging comments about the physical appearance of female employees. This is an example of _________.

Hostile sexism

This coping strategy discussed in your book is unique because it can be adaptive or maladaptive, depending on how it is used.

Humor

When should you use the peripheral (rather than central) route to persuasion?

If the audience doesn't have the motivation or ability to understand a complicated argument.

The infographic "It Don't Mean a Thing Without a Ring" that we reviewed displayed the dramatic increase in divorce rates since 1960s, and associated this trend with which other social change?

Increase in cohabitation

In cultures characterized by _____ people typically put personal goals ahead of group goals and define their identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group membership.

Individualism

What kind of attribution are we most likely to make about a person who does something bad? (For example, in the experimental philosophy clip we watched, what attribution do people generally make when the CEO agrees to harm the environment rather than help it?)

Intentional

Which drug was developed (accidentally) in a laboratory, later used in psychotherapy, and formed the basis of the religion founded by Harvard psychologist Dr. Timothy Leary?

LSD

People who give up because they feel like they have no control (nothing they can do affect their outcome) are exhibiting:

Learned helplessness

In your Reaction Assignment from Chap 14 (Psychological Disorders), you read Allie's blog (complete with funny cartoons), detailing her two recent episodes of what psychological disorder?

Major depressive disorder

The traditional female role consists of three major mandates: the ____ mandate, the ____ mandate, and to work outside the home.

Marriage; motherhood

Which of the following has caused much of the increase in the proportion of single adults?

Marrying at later age

Which test is commonly used to determine whether animals (including baby humans) have a self-concept?

Mirror test

According to the research discussed in your book, which of the following is NOT very important in determining one's happiness?

Money, age, parenthood - NONE OF THESE ARE IMPORTANT

The gender similarities hypothesis states that ____

Most psychological differences are small and we are more similar than different

Research shows that this disorder is caused by vaccines.

None of these - vaccinate your children!

Endogamy refers to the tendency

Of people to marry within their social group

We watched a video from the Mayo Clinic about the "opioid crisis" in the US. People may become addicted to these drugs after they have been prescribed for what medical condition?

Pain

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the challenges to traditional views of marriage?

People are not as interested in monogamous relationships now

Which of the following is NOT one of the Love Languages?

Personal sacrifice

People who attribute their setbacks to internal, stable, and global factors are exhibiting a(n) _____ explanatory style.

Pessimistic

The matching hypothesis suggests that people of similar ____ gravitate towards each other.

Physical attractiveness

When a person must continue to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal illness, the person has developed

Physical dependence

It appears that boys engage in more ____ aggression and girls engage in more ____ aggression.

Physical; relational

Sally is shopping for a new razor and notices that a comparable men's razor costs significantly less than a woman's razor. According to the video we watched, what is the price difference called?

Pink tax

In the Shooter Task you played, what was the primary finding?

Players chose to shoot an armed black target more quickly than an armed white target.

Hallucinations and delusions are classified as __________ of schizophrenia.

Positive symptoms

Many people experience great loss (e.g., family, friends, cherished possessions) after a natural disaster. This stress may lead some to mental health issues (e.g., depression), but others feel that they learn from the experience and actually become an even better person. This latter phenomenon is called:

Posttraumatic growth

Many people experience great loss (e.g., family, friends, cherished possessions) after a natural disaster. This stress may lead some to mental health issues (e.g., depression), but others feel that they learn from the experience and become a better person. This latter phenomenon is called:

Posttraumatic growth

What kind of stressor is associated with scoring the final goal to win the game?

Pressure to perform

We discussed conformity in Asch's line study and Milgram's obedience study. Considering the difference between informational (internal) conformity and normative (external) conformity, how would you characterize the conformity most often found in these studies?

Primarily normative influence in both Asch study and Milgram study

Ramon recently lost his job. He has been searching online for job openings and has an appointment with a placement agency. Which type of constructive coping tactic is Ramon using?

Problem-focused

Some self-help programs use language that seems profound (because we don't understand it), but is really meaningless. What is this called?

Psychobabble

According to your book, which of the following is a consequence (rather than a source) of stress?

Psychosomatic disease

If a supervisor tells a subordinate that he can keep his job only if he submits to sexual requests, this is considered ____.

Quid pro quo harassment

All of the following are true of defensive attributions except:

Rational/logical attribution

Which of the following is true of gay marriage in the US?

Regardless of political or religious affiliation, all groups are becoming increasingly in favor of gay marriage

Which of the following is very important to overall happiness?

Relationship satisfaction

Which two characteristics of behavior define habits?

Repeated, stable context

Which of the following is the correct order for the three steps in friendship repair rituals?

Reproach, remedy, acknowledgement

According to evolutionary psychologists, men seeking a prospective mate are likely to display the most interest in characteristics that denote a woman's

Reproductive capacity

________ is a positive trait that is a person's ability to recover (to baseline) following some traumatic life event.

Resilience

An adult who both parents adolescent children and cares for aging parents is generally what?

Sandwich generation

Which of the following types of drugs are the most dangerous (i.e., highest physical and psychological dependence, highest risk of overdose)?

Sedatives

If you want to lose weight and keep it off for the long-term, which is the most important lifestyle factor to work on?

Sedentary behavior

Which of the following is NOT a type of constructive coping described in your text?

Self-focused

The process whereby expectations about a person cause the person to behave in ways that confirm the expectations is called

Self-fulfilling prophecy

The tendency to sabotage your own performance to provide an excuse for possible failure is called:

Self-handicapping

What is the difference between self-regulation and self-control?

Self-regulation is the process of anticipating self-control challenges and proactively avoiding them, while self-control is the active inhibition process when the challenge arises.

Gender-role socialization occurs through

Self-socialization, reinforcement or punishment, observational learning - all of these

Which of the following is NOT an essential component of emotional intelligence?

Separating emotion from thought

_________ are assessments of others that are made quickly, automatically, and on the basis of only a few bits of information.

Snap judgements

_____ are widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group.

Stereotypes

Suppose your professor reports that across all of her classes over the past 10 years, she found a -6.3 correlation between number of absences and final exam score. The statistic means that _______.

Students who were absent more frequently tended to score lower on the final exam than those who were absent less frequently.

With the self-presentation strategy of _____, people try to present themselves as weak and dependent in order to get favors from others.

Supplication

Suppose a political candidate makes a change to his message in order to include more recent scientific data. Which of the following persuasion tactics is he MOST likely using?

Taking the central route to persuasion

According to the research we covered in class, men tend to be higher than women in:

Talking more

All of the following are elements of persuasion except:

Technology

In Chap 16 on Positive Psychology, your textbook provides 4 strategies for boosting your own happiness. Which of the following is NOT one of these strategies?

Telling a self-deprecating joke

In general, higher intelligence and grades are associated with higher career aspirations, but this is less likely to hold true for girls than for boys. This finding illustrates which of the following concepts?

The ability-achievement gap

Research comparing the relationships of same sex-couples relative to heterosexual couples suggests

The dynamics of their close relationships are not significantly different.

How were the couple in "Theybies" video raising their two children with regards to gender identity?

They were raising both children as gender-neutral.

When people need to consume larger and larger doses of a drug to obtain the desired effect, they have developed ____ on/for the drug.

Tolerance

Which type of self-esteem is generally measured in studies? (Hint: it's what we typically talk about when we refer to self-esteem)

Trait self-esteem

Monique is in the first family life cycle stage. She is

Unattached young adult, between families

According to your textbook, which of the following is NOT one of the three types of self-perceptions people have that make up their self-concept?

Unrealistic

What of the following is NOT a source of self-efficacy?

Upward social comparison

Organizing your to-do list into an Eisenhower box is a great way to prioritize. What are the axes that define the Eisenhower box (i.e., how are you categorizing each list item)?

Urgent and important

Smoking cigarettes has a number of known negative side effects: tar in lungs, cancer-causing effects, blackens teeth, etc. Vaping is becoming popular because it minimizes dangerous smoke inhalation, but consumers should still be wary about all of the following except:

Vaping has long-term negative health effects similar to cigarettes

Helena often used humor to point out her faults and shortcomings. It is most likely that her use of humor

Will increase her depression

Are men or women more likely to commit suicide?

Women are more likely to attempt, men to complete

Which of the following best summarizes universal attractiveness standards?

Women with neonate qualities and mature features gain high ratings

We often hear that it is especially important to make a good first impression. Would psychological research agree? Why or why not?

Yes, because your first impression biases the way that person will interpret any additional information about you in the future.