Psychology of Adolescence Final

Adolescents are most likely to exhibit false-self behavior with their:

Dates

_____ is the peak month for adolescents in a serious relationship to have their first intercourse

December

During late adolescence, the susceptibility to peer pressure

Decreases

Why is it so difficult to draw a legal boundary between when someone should be treated like a child and when someone e is ready to be treated like an adult?

Development can be rapid and varies widely between individuals.

Physically, puberty involves a rapid increase in growth, development of primary sex characteristics, and

Development of secondary sex characteristics.

Which of the following is not a factor that moved children out of the workplace?

Discrimination against young workers

While studying for her biology exam, Jennifer watches her favorite show on TV. This is an example of

Divided attention.

According to the textbook, the main contributor to the increased rate of automobile accidents among teenagers is

Driving with other teenagers in the car.

Ruben works over 20 hours a week during the school year and Marianne does not work at all. Ruben, compared to Marianne, is more likely to:

Drop out of school

Which of the following statements regarding social roles and achievements is not true?

During adolescence, most individuals solidify career choices

Findings from research studies have found that the most marked fluctuations in self-image occur:

During the transition into adolescence

One explanation for the risk-taking peak that scientists have observed in adolescence is that

Adolescents tend to be higher in sensation seeking and impulsivity than children and adults are.

Which of the following is a common finding of recent cyberbullying studies?

Adolescents who engage in traditional bullying often also engage in cyberbullying

Adolescent peer groups fall along two dimension:

Adult orientation; peer orientation

Even though it was clear that another student, Raul, accidentally pushed Noah? He insisted that Raul did it on purpose. what phenomenon is this?

Hostile attributional bias

Lisa earns approximately $300 a month from her part-time job. She is most likely to spend the money on:

Leisure activities

In 2016, which of the following living arrangements was most common for Americans between the ages of 18 and 34?

Living in parent(s)' home

Which of the following girls will experience the greatest menstrual discomfort?

Loryn, who has a negative attitude toward menarche

The popular notion of a "generation gap" has only been supported in differences between parents and children with regard to

Personal taste.

Overall, the greatest number of working high school students are employed in:

Restaurants and retail establishments

Legal decisions have tended to support adolescent autonomy when the behavior at issue is

Viewed as having potential benefit.

An adolescent living in a poor neighborhood may benefit more from _____ than adolescents from other neighborhoods.

Vigilant parents monitoring

In America today, what percentage of individuals between the ages of 14 and 17 are in school?

Virtually all individuals in this age group are in school.

When is delinquency most common?

Weekday afternoons

Which of the following characteristics is associated with being an early-maturing boy?

a more positive self-image

An analysis of "virginity pledges" that encourage adolescents to promise to abstain from premarital sex has found that:

about 82% of adolescents who take a virginity pledge will deny having done so five years later

Javier spends a great deal of time talking about relationships, politics, philosophy, religion, and morality with his friends, demonstrating his ability to think

abstractly

It is important to keep in mind that an individual's relationships with parents, siblings, peers, and romantic partners:

are correlated

The close, significant emotional bond between parent and infant is called:

attachment

Optimal social development during adolescence most likely requires healthy relationships with:

both parents and peers

Although young children may seem unaffected by a divorce at the time, problems may emerge when they are adolescents. This delayed effect is called a

sleeper effect.

According to the textbook, which of the following is not true in classrooms in which teachers are very performance-oriented?

students are likely to actually learn the material

Which of these is an aspect of metacognition?

Appraising one's own comprehension

Reward seeking and sensation seekinh

Are higher during adolescence than they were in childhood.

Compared to jocks, adolescents from which of the following crowds experience more peer pressure to misbehave?

"Druggies"

At which of the following ages would you expect susceptibility to peer pressure, especially for delinquent behaviors, to be the greatest?

14 years

In 1960, the average age of marriage for women was _____; today it is _____.

20; 27

Close to _____ of children in the United States grow up either in abject poverty or in low-income families.

40%

Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys is called:

A clique.

A group of individuals who are born during a particular time period (e.g., the baby boomers) is known as what?

A cohort

A group of peers who are approximately the same age is known as

A cohort.

A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called:

A reference group

Which of the following was an outcome of the industrial revolution?

A social movement to keep adolescents out of the workplace

The power of the adolescent as a consumer has increased as a result of:

All of these are correct The size of the adolescent population The fact that adolescents save less than any other age group The prevalence of student employment

What makes adolescents attractive targets for a variety of businesses?

All of these are correct The size of the adolescent population The prevalence of student employment The fact that adolescents save less than any other age group

Cory works long hours. According to the research presented in the textbook, Cory might increase in which of the following?

All of these are correct. School misconduct Aggression Minor delinquency

Which of the following individuals is most likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors?

All of these individuals are likely to engage in risky behaviors Marco, who is tolerant of deviance Patrick, who is very liberal in his social views Karen, who is not highly connected to school or to a religious institution

Which of the following is not a way that adolescents' behavior is affected by their crowd membership?

All of these statements are ways that adolescents' behavior is affected by their crowd membership.

Which of the following is not one of the popular stereotypes of contemporary adolescents?

Although not supported by research, all of the above are popular stereotypes of contemporary adolescents the "epidemic" of substance use by american adolescents underlies many of the other problems associated with adolescents they use and abuse drugs more than their counterparts di in previous generations the main reason adolescents use drugs is peer pressure

Teenagers may become extremely self-conscious because they believe that people are talking about them. Which characteristic are they exhibiting?

An imaginary audience

Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that most adolescents

Appear to maintain close, respectful, and loving relationships with parents.

Tamari's father has absolute standards and expects Tamari to conform to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tamari. Instead, his response is, "I'm the father and I love you. I know what's best for you." Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style?

Authoritarian

Ms. Willingham sets high standards for her students but is very responsive to their needs. What type of teaching style is this characteristic of?

Authoritative

Which of the following parents styles is most closely associated with overall psychological competence?

Authoritative

Cara hates that her mother always asks her where she is going and who she is hanging out with. Cara's attempts to keep secrets are her attempt to establish:

Autonomy

The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of independence is called:

Autonomy

What kind of job is an eight grader most likely to have?

Baby-sitting or childcare

Which of the following aspects of autonomy involves the capacity to make independent decisions and follow through with them?

Behavioral autonomy

Members of which of the following racial groups are most likely to become sexually experienced at earlier ages?

Black adolescents

Which of the following is a reason that "identity development" is an adolescent issue?

Changes take place during adolescence that cause young people to change how they view and feel about themselves.

Sarah was placed in an advanced track at school. Which of the following is Sarah it likely to experience?

Classroom activities that emphasize rote memorization

Healthy individuation and positive mental health are fostered by _____ family relationships

Close

Compared to when adults are Interrogated by the police, juveniles are more likely to

Confess to a crime than remain silent.

Which dimension of the five-factor model measures how organized someone is?

Conscientiousness

A person who obeys the rules because of a sense of social obligation to behave in certain ways is functioning at which level of moral development?

Conventional

Peter is noticing changes in the expression of affection and distribution of power in his relationships with his parents. He is less likely to rush to them with a problem, and is spending more time with his friends. What type of autonomy is developing with Peter?

Emotional

As Barbara moves into adolescence, her relationship with her mother and father changes. She is becoming less independent on them and more dependent on herself. She also realizes that her parents are not always right. Which type of autonomy is Barbara expressing?

Emotional autonomy

As discussed in your textbook, the major characteristics of good schools include all but which of the following?

Emphasizing rote memorization and passive listening in classrooms

Kent has been involved in minor delinquent behavior. In order to curb this type of behavior, Kent's parents should:

Enroll Kent in a school-sponsored extracurricular activity.

The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs has decreased over the past two decades. Which of the following is not an explanation for this?

Fewer and fewer Individuals sought college admission.

Hillary is a high school senior. Which of the following jobs is she most likely to have?

Food server at a restaurant

According to the textbook and in regard to gangs, all of the following are true except:

Gang members have better self-conceptions than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members.

Which of the following is not one of the personality dimensions of the five-factor model?

Gender intensification

The first sign of puberty in girls is generally

Growth of breasts

Self-esteem is _____ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school.

Higher

When Diego turned 18, he started to think more about his education and potential future careers. He felt more independent and capable. What has changed for Diego?

His self-concept is different.

Marcus is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Marcus most likely to side with his friends and against his parents?

How to wear his hair

Which term below refers to the ability to suspend beliefs about something in order to argue in the abstract?

Hypothetical thinking

Identity that is incoherent, disjointed, and characterized by an incomplete sense of self is called:

Identity diffusion

Whereas _____ refers to individuals' capacity to behave on their own, _____ has emotional and cognitive as well as behavioral components

Independence; autonomy

In contrast to the psychoanalytic perspective, many researchers today assert that a late adolescent who is gradually and progressively sharpening his/her sense of self as autonomous, competent, and separate from one's parents is developing a sense of:

Individuation

Emotional autonomy develops best when parents encourage _____ and _____.

Individuation; emotional closeness

According to the textbook, all of the following contributed to the rise of the adolescent workplace in the United States, except:

Industrialization

According to research presented in the textbook, who is more likely to be sexually active: Ingrid, who lives in a single-parent home, or Leanne, who lives in a two-parent home?

Ingrid

Adolescents who use aggression deliberately, known as _____, are much more popular than adolescents who use aggression without planning to, known as _____.

Instrumental aggression; reactive aggression

What statement about intimacy is false?

Intimacy is an important concern only in adolescence

A(an) _____ is an individual that has few or no links to others in the social network and a(an) _____ is an individual who interacts with two or more adolescents who are members of cliques, but who themselves are not part of a clique.

Isolate; liaison

Jim and his mom are in an argument because his mom found out that Jim has smoked marijuana. Jim's defense is, "half the senior class is doing it!" How accurate is Jim's statement?

It is almost accurate - about 44% of all high school seniors have tried marijuana

Jesse is a physically immature 14-year-old who goes to school where it is expected that 14-year-olds date. Hillary is a physically mature 14-year-old who goes to school where it is expected that students delay dating until age 16. Which adolescent is more likely to date?

Jesse

According to research by Wayne Osgood and colleagues, the combination of several factors encourages delinquency and other problem behaviors among adolescents. This view is called the routine activity theory, and all but which of the following are thought to be major contributing factors to this combination?

Lower-than-average intelligence

Although Chris is significantly delayed developmentally he goes to a regular grade school; takes classes in social studies, music, and physical education with the non-handicapped students; and goes to special classes to learn about reading and arithmetic. This situation is an example of:

Mainstreaming

Peter's parents caught him drinking alcohol with a couple of his friends and how they're worried. They think his alcohol use might turn into a long-term problem. Which of the following best illustrates the nature of adolescent drug use?

Many adolescents experiment with alcohol in high school without growing into adult alcoholics

Greg suffers from depression. His friend, Matthew, also suffers from depression as well as conduct disorder. Which boy probably had worse family experiences?

Matthew

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the reciprocal link between adolescents' preferences and their media exposure and that adolescents not only choose what they are exposed to but interpret the media in ways that shape their impact?

Media practice model

Placing students in tracks that match their abilities is called:

Meritocratic

Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during:

Middle adolescence

The identity changes of adolescence may interact with the _____ to increase family conflict.

Midlife crisis of adults

Which of the following statements about classroom environment is true?

Moderate, rather than strict, control in the classroom promotes positive student behavior.

Which of the following has not been found to be a characteristic of adolescents who work more than 20 hours per week?

More involvement in extracurricular activities

Over the course of adolescence, relationships among siblings become more egalitarian but _____ distant and _____ emotionally intense.

More; less

In comparison with teenagers in previous times, teenagers in contemporary societies spend _____ time with their peers _____ with their parents.

More; than

Nadia is an early-maturing girl. Compared to her late maturing peers, which of the following statements is most likely to be true for Nadia?

Nadia is more likely to be popular with the boys.

Edith, the adolescent daughter of the local district attorney, has recently been hanging out with a rowdy group of youth who have vandalized a number of public buildings. Edith has most likely adopted a:

Negative identity

No child left behind (NCLB) was a policy designed to ensure that all students, regardless of racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic background, receive a high-quality public education. Which of the following statements is false?

One of the most important factors of NCLB is that students learn how to engage in critical thinking.

_____ involvement has been found to enhance the adjustment of low-income students in their transition to middle school.

Parental

Which of the following has the most influence over a typical adolescent's beliefs regarding religion and morality?

Parents

Hostile attributional bias:

Plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents.

According to Kohlberg, reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called:

Preconventional

According to Seller's multidimensional model of racial identity (MMRI), three different aspects of racial identity are important to consider in understanding discrimination and it's effects. These three components are:

Private regard, public regard, and racial centrality

Researchers have found that scoring higher on measures of prosocial moral reasoning correlated positively with:

Prosocial behavior and is related to being more sympathetic and empathetic

Which of the following parenting behaviors encourages healthy adolescent development and behavior?

Providing a family environment that is characterized by close family relationships

Sarah is a popular teenage girl who has just been made captain of the cheerleading squad. She is very socially adept, and notices that Britney, her social rival, is starting to enjoy more attention from their peers than Sarah receives. Jealous, she decides to start a rumor about Britney that she knows will cause many people to Stop liking Britney. Sarah's behavior is best described as an example of what?

Relational aggression

According to the textbook, which of the following is not generally a predictor of self-esteem?

Religious affiliation

Rose is transitioning from elementary into junior high school and Sally will be starting her senior year of high school in the fall. According to research presented in the textbook, who is more likely to experience disruptions in self-esteem?

Rose

Which of the following is most important in influencing adolescents' learning and psychosocial development?

School climate.

Which has a greater effect on students' scholastic achievement: school size or class size?

School size

Maria describes herself as an only child, as a person who likes art and music, who is shy, and who likes to read. Maria's description fits best with the idea of:

Self-conception

Researchers have identified all of the following factors as critical components of the development of identity during adolescence, except:

Self-regulation

Identity formation is best seen as a:

Series of interrelated developments

Which of the following is most characteristic of childhood peer groups?

Sex segregation

Although Suyin's parents divorced seven years ago, the counselor at school attributes Suyin's poor school performance and delinquent behavior to the divorce. This counselor is probably referring to the

Sleeper effect of divorce.

The practice of moving students from one grade to the next regardless of their academic performance is known as what?

Social promotion

Which of the following statements about being a student in a larger school is false?

Students in larger schools are more likely to experience student victimization.

Which theorist adopted the most important theoretical perspective of development

Sullivan

Jacquelynne Eccles describes all of the following changes in school environment when moving from elementary school to middle school or junior high school, except that:

Teachers in middle and junior high schools feel more confident in their teaching abilities

The hormonally induced increase in the rate of growth in height and weight is referred to as

The adolescent growth spurt

One potential explanation for the finding that gifted students who are integrated into regular classrooms have more positive academic self-conceptions than those in special classes is:

The big-fish-little-pond effect.

Kiki strongly dislikes country music but told Keith, who is a big Garth Brooks fan and her latest love interest, that country music is her favorite and that she would love to go with him to see Garth in concert. This type of behavior is called:

The false-self

Robert Sellers and colleagues have presented a model to help make sense of the complicated relations among perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and mental health among minorities. This model is called:

The multidimensional model of racial identity (MMRI)

Chris and his parents had an argument because they did not want him to go to a New Year's Eve party across town. A few days after the argument, Chris's anger subsided because he realized his parents were worried about his safety. Which cognitive process did Chris most likely use to reach his conclusion?

Theory of mind

What is the best way to conceptualize adolescents' free time?

There appear to be adolescents who have substantial time commitments across many activities, adolescents who focus on one type of activity, and adolescents who do not participate in any activities.

According to Mischel's classic study conducted nearly 50 years ago, what would you predict about Evelyn, who, in elementary and high school always scored at the top of her class, and now, as an adult, is a successful executive?

When Evelyn was a preschooler, it is likely that, when given the choice between eating one marshmallow now or waiting 15 minutes to get two of them, she was able to wait.

In the 19th century, what distinguished children from adults?

Whether they owned property

During the industrial revolution, child protectionists argued that

Young people needed to be kept away from the labor force.

According to social control theory, delinquency is caused by:

a lack of bonds to the family, the school, or the workplace

Which adolescent would be predicted to have the closest relationship with a maternal grandfather?

a boy whose body is just starting to undergo the physical changes of puberty and is living with his divorced mother

Which of the following statements about boys' first sexual experience is false?

a boy's first sexual partner is likely to be someone he's in love with

Alice has worked all evening on a psychology assignment that is not being graded. She has a very strong:

achievement motivation

The extent to which an individual strives for success is referred to as:

achievement motivation

children's friendships are based on _____, whereas adolescents' friendships are typically based on _____.

activities; intimacy

The textbook lists all of the following as reasons why sexuality in adolescence is a particular important period during the life cycle, except:

adolescence is the time when erotic feelings first emerge

An adolescent may have an intimate relationship with:

all of these are correct parents friends a romantic partner

Although it is difficult to separate "selection" and "socialization" effects, individuals who are securely attached in infancy are likely to:

all of these statements are true be socially competent in childhood have positive romantic relationships in adulthood be securely attached to close friends in adolescence

Dara suffers from depression. What type of disorder does depression reflect?

an internalizing disorder

_____ is an example of an internalizing disorder; _____ is an example of an externalizing disorder.

anxiety; delinquency

When Ken is alone, he fantasized about supermodels and masturbates. This type of behavior is called:

autoerotic

Christi suffers from depression. She also gets in fights at school to express her anger and sadness. Christi's problems fall into which category?

comorbid disorders

When two problems occur together, such as substance abuse and depression, it is referred to as:

comorbidity

when asked what a guilty person should do when being interrogated by police, younger adolescents are more likely than older adolescents to say that the person:

confess

The resource provided within a family allowing the exposure of the adolescent to art, music, and literature are called:

cultural capital

All of the following are noted in the text as reasons why achievement during the adolescent years merits special attention, except:

development in the realm of achievement begins and ends during adolescence

In contemporary society, the transition into adult work roles is fairly

discontinuous.

"Decreased enjoyment of pleasurable activities" would be an example of what type of depressive symptoms?

emotional

In general, which of the following relationships tends to be the least intimate?

father-daughter relationship

The textbook states all of the following to explain why the development of intimacy is especially important in adolescence, except:

friendships transform being self-conscious to being more activity oriented

The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately antagonistic is called

hostile attributional bias

What family factor appears to predict adolescent sexual involvement, especially among girls?

household composition

Current research addressing sex differences in achievement suggests that:

if differences in math and science are found today, they are very slight.

For adolescent boys, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse?

increased levels of androgens

Which would be considered a cognitive symptom of depression

pessimism

Janelle is told that, no matter how hard she tries, she will likely not pass the exam. As a result she believes that failure is inevitable and stops "wasting" her time studying. What has Janelle developed?

learned helplessness

Shawn is told by his teacher that the task he is working on is too difficult for him. Therefore, Shawn believes that failure is inevitable. He is likely to develop:

learned helplessness

Ivan, who believes that intelligence is a malleable trait, is enrolled in several advanced placement classes. mastering the subject material is more important to him than getting good grades. Ivan probably emphasizes:

learning goals

Dr. Davis is interested in how puberty affects adjustment. He studies a group of 100 junior high school students over the course of three years. He is conducting what kind of study?

longitudinal

Motivation based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task is called

mastery motivation

Which of the following illustrates the typical sequence of sexual behavior among adolescents?

masturbation; feeling breasts through clothes; feeling a penis under clothes; sexual intercourse

Although this theory has not been supported empirically, it was once believed that Black students in the inner city who do well in school:

may be criticized by their peers who say they are "acting white."

When compared to their less mature peers, adolescents who are physically mature are

more likely to be involved in cross-sex activities such as dating.

Studies have shown that prepubertal girls who expect menstruation to be uncomfortable report

more severe menstrual symptoms than their peers.

What substance insulates brain circuits and greatly increases the speed of mental processing?

myelin

Rejection sensitivity is a term that psychologists use to describe:

oversensitivity to romantic rejection that is related to an insecure attachment in infancy and early childhood

Which of the following is not a good predictor of whether adolescents will engage in sexual activity?

parent-adolescent communication

Research assessing parent-adolescent communication about sex has found all of the following, except:

parent-adolescent communication about sex significantly lowers adolescents' likelihood of being sexually active

Motivation based on the rewards one will receive for successful performance is called:

performance motivation

According to Sullivan, where does the capacity for intimacy first develop?

preadolescent, same-sex relationships

Alcohol is the commonly used and abused substance in terms of:

prevalence and recency of use

During puberty, individuals who mature early are likely to exhibit which of the following?

problem behavior, such as drug use

The physical transformation from child to adult is called

puberty

Early sexuality for males is tinged with elements of _____, whereas for females it is more linked to feelings of _____.

recreation; intimacy

Based on Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development, intimacy is first expressed in:

same-sex relationships

Charlie is able to tune out the television so that he can focus on his art project, which is due in class tomorrow. This is an example of

selective attention.

Which of the following is not typically considered to be autoerotic behavior during adolescence?

sexual intercourse

Sonya has scored in the top 1 percentile on an IQ test, yet she gets below average grades in school. What is true about Sonya?

she is an underachiever

Popularized about 75 years ago, this expression refers to young people in a more frivolous and lighthearted manner than the term adolescent.

teenager

How does the average age of first intercourse vary by geographical region?

the average age of first intercourse varies considerably around the world

Which of the following statements about comorbidity is not true?

there is hardly any comorbidity among different psychosocial problems during adolescence within or across the road categories (i.e., internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, substance abuse).

Sullivan believed that important interpersonal transitions are more likely to be negotiated successfully if:

they have a solid foundation of security in past relationships

The ability to remember something for a brief period of time is identified as

working memory.