Psychology of Gender Final

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A meta-analysis of studies of gender differences in verbal ability found that ______. A. girls do considerably better than boys on verbal tests, d = −.70 B. the gender difference is smaller now than it was several decades ago C. girls do better on simple tasks such as spelling, whereas boys do better at complex tasks such as analogies when the measure is total talking time, females outscore males

A woman discloses to a friend that she was raped. The friend asks, "What were you wearing and were you drinking too much?" This is an example of ______. A. acquiring all of the facts B. victim blaming C. supporting the victim D. the victim self-blaming

According to Baron and Straus's study of rape rates across the states of the United States, ______. A. pornography does not significantly influence attitudes about rape B. gender inequality is related to rape C. social disorganization is not significantly related to rape D. morality and control are related to rape

An intersectional analysis suggests that women in ______ may also experience a more severe motherhood penalty. A. high-wage work B. low-wage work C. the STEM fields D. stereotypical fields of work

Cheryl has ties in both the lesbian community and the heterosexual community. This is an example of ______. A.heteronormativity B. dual identity C. bisexuality D. cross-sexual identity

How does age impact the wage gap? A. The wage gap decreases with age. B. The wage gap increases with age. C. The wage gap is stable across ages. D. No answer text provided.

Medicine, veterinary medicine, and law are all examples of ______. A. male-dominated challenging occupations with only a small number of female professionals B. challenging occupations that were formerly dominated by men but have seen a significant influx of women professionals C. challenging occupations that are female-dominated, with numbers of female professionals on the rise D. occupations that were formally female-dominated but have seen a significant influx of male professionals

Mr. Garcia, who is the president of H & I Enterprises, uses more masculine words (e.g., leader, competitive, dominant) in the job ad he puts out into the newspaper and online. Based on the research, what can we infer that ______. A. more men work at H & I Enterprises B. more men than women will apply for that job C. an equal amount of women and men will apply for the job D. women will find the job appealing

Research on lesbian relationships indicates that when compared to heterosexual couples, lesbians ______. A. tend to have higher relationship quality B. do not differ on relationship quality C. have lower relationship quality D. do not differ in balance of power

Research shows that ______ women have the highest lifetime prevalence of rape, physical violence, and/or stalking. A. Black B. American Indian or Alaska Native C. Multiracial D. White

The ______ refers to the gap in performance between White students and those who are from underrepresented minority groups. a. ethnicity gap b. race gap c. culture gap d. identity gap

The complexities of work-life issues demonstrate the importance of the ______ of roles. A. quantity B. quality C. diversity D. compensation

The idea that women are paid less than men is because they don't negotiate for higher pay as well as men do is an example of ______. A. the compensation negotiation principle B. the female deficit explanation C. gender discrimination D. gendered negotiation skills

The legislation that deals with the statute of limitations for bringing sex discrimination lawsuits is called the: A. Equal Pay Act B. Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act C. Civil Rights Act D. Paycheck Fairness Act

The term lesbian refers to ______. A. only cis women B. both cis and trans women C. only trans women D. trans men and cis women

Which of the following would be a good intervention strategy to make girls more successful in math and in math-related careers, according to Eccles? A. lower girls' expectations for success in math courses B. increase the perceived value of math courses for girls C. increase the accessibility of math courses for girls decrease achievement-related experiences in math for boys

Williams et al. (2010) found that the tendency to overestimate men's salaries was linked to the participants' ______. A. conscious sexism B. implicit stereotypes C. explicit biases D. sense of entitlement

· Feng et al. (2007) found that when college students were given 10 hrs. of training on an action video game, both women and men improved their performance on a mental rotation test. This finding indicates that ______. A. even after training, men still perform better than women on spatial ability tasks B. spatial abilities are not biologically based but can be learned C. gender differences in spatial abilities are innate and biologically based D. spatial abilities are innate, but practice can build on these skills

· Fidas and Cooper (2015) found that ______ of non-LGBT respondents said it was "unprofessional" to talk about sexual orientation or gender identity at work. A. 55% B. 70% C. 28% D. 45%

· Luciana and Mateo are both in the STEM field and both have recently experienced setbacks in their jobs. Luciana is starts to think her setback means she is not cut out for this line of work, while Mateo believes his setback is mainly due to his recent lack of sleep due to having a new baby. This is an example of ______. A. misdiagnosed ascription B. stereotypic attribution bias C. the gender difference in professional fault D. the gender difference in occupational achievement

According to a meta-analysis of research on LGB victimization, ______ have experienced a physical assault because of their sexual orientation. A. 56% B. 19% of the women and 28% of the men C. 28% D. 48% of the women and 10% of the men

As more professional degrees are awarded to women in selected professions in which there have been substantial advances (e.g., dentistry, medicine, law), ______ will surely decrease. A. gender discrimination B. explicit sexism C. occupational segregation D. the motherhood penalty

Eccles has proposed a(n) ______ model of achievement and course choice to explain why females stop taking math and science courses in high school and college. A. cognitive-developmental B. psychoanalytic C. expectation-value D. gender schema

Empirical research on the adjustment of lesbians ______. A. indicates that they have low self-esteem as a result of society's discrimination against them B. indicates that they have many problems of adjustment C. shows that lesbians do not differ from heterosexual women in their self-esteem D. shows that lesbians are more frequently anxious than heterosexuals are

Gay marriage became federally legal in the United States in ______. A. 2013 B.2014 C. 2015 D. 2016

In a classic experiment done by Goldberg, 1968, participants read and evaluated essays written either by a male author or female author. The essays were identical except for the names of the authors. Results showed that ______. A. essays by female authors were rated more highly than essays by male authors B. there was no significant gender difference in ratings C. essays by male authors were rated more highly than essays by female authors D. essays by female authors were rated more highly than essays by male authors when the topic of the essay was traditionally feminine

In regard to reporting gender-based violence, most victims ______. A. report right away B. gain sufficient social support after reporting C. perceive that the costs outweigh the benefits D. are usually believed

Latinx lesbians have engaged in ______. A. confrontation with heterosexual Latinx B. Chicano/Latino studies C. resistance and activism D. a campaign to emphasize family

Livingston et al. (2012) compared evaluations of leaders at the intersection of race and gender, asking participants to rate leaders who were (a) Black or White, (b) female or male, and (c) dominant and assertive or communal and compassionate. The researchers found that ______. A. White women and Black men were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while Black women and White men were penalized for expressing dominance B. White men and Black men were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while Black women and White women were penalized for expressing dominance C. White men and Black women were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while Black men and White women were penalized for expressing dominance D. Black women and Black men were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while White women and White men were penalized for expressing dominance

Marika is a high school junior who is contemplating taking an optional course in physics. The expectancy-value theory says that she will sign up for physics only if she ______. A. believes the course has little utility value, but has high interest-enjoyment value B. has high interest-enjoyment value for this subject, even if she is unsure of her expectations of success C. has positive expectations for success and positive values related to the course D. was encouraged by her parents to take the course and sees that her friend is also taking this course

Nearly ______ women have been raped at some point in their lives compared to ______ of men. A. one in three; one in 56 B. one in ten; one in 83 C. one in five; one in 71 D. one in two; one in 35

Numerous explanations for the gender gap in STEM have been proposed. Research supports which of the following? A. women lack the math ability to succeed in STEM B. women lack interest in STEM fields C. gender bias and discrimination in STEM fields D. women leave the STEM fields earlier than men to have children

Research shows that there is typically less gender bias in evaluation of work and hiring decisions when ______. A. the occupations were segregated B. the applicant meets all qualifications C. raters are given more information about the applicant D. the rater is a woman

The 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting is an example of ______. A. a rare hate crime in the United States B. gun violence against women C. continued violence against gay people of color D. violence against gay Jewish men

The gender difference in outcomes of wage negotiation is dependent on ______. A. the gender of the supervisor or boss B. the gender of the worker C. the context and how much the worker knows about negotiation D. how negotiable the wage of the occupation is

The most effective rape prevention programs ______. A. use a lecture and presentation style B. have older, experienced adults lead the presentation C. have participants actively practice skills D. focus on mixed-gender groups

Today, women earn about ______ cents for every dollar men earn. A. 67 B. 76 C. 80 D. 92

Typically, women and men who are gay disclose to their ______ first. A. sibling B. father C. mother D. cousin

Which of the following ethnic groups has the largest gender wage gap (men in that ethnic group compared to women in that ethnic group)? A. Latino/A B. African-American C. White (non-Hispanic) American Indian

Women having less of a sense of entitlement to high pay than men do leads them to ______. A. seek wage increases B. leave the workforce earlier than men C. tolerate wage injustice D. seek promotions in order to increase wages

Women may be promoted and move up in ranks in their company, but there is a point past which they can't seem to rise any further. The term ______ is often used to reflect this phenomenon. A. workplace climate B. gender discrimination C. the glass ceiling D. the upper limit

· Cheryan et al. (2013) conducted a study in which undergraduate women who were not computer science majors met a role model who they were told was a computer science major. With a 2 × 2 experimental design, the role model was either a man or a woman and was either stereotypical for computer science or not stereotypical. The results indicated that ______. A. gender of the role model mattered the most in influencing women's interest in computer science B. the stereotypicality of the role model had no effect C. exposure to the stereotypical role model reduced women's interest in computer science the effects of the study lasted for 1 week but not for 2 weeks

· Studies on gender differences in abilities and achievements indicate ______. A. boys do better in terms of school achievemenT B. females have better mathematical ability C. males have better spatial ability, especially on tests of mental rotation D. males have better fine motor coordination

· When we look at the research on implicit stereotypes about gender and STEM with an intersectional lens, we have found that ______. A. African American women are even more impacted than White women B. women across ethnicities are impacted similarly C. some of our thinking about gender and STEM could be limited to Whites D. Asian women seem to be impacted less than other women of color and White women

According to meta-analyses of research on gender differences in mathematics performance, ______. A. males score higher, d = 0.53 B. males score higher, d = 0.21 C. females score higher, d = −0.15 D. there is no gender difference

Females reported higher anxiety when textbook images were stereotypical (male) than counter stereotypical. a. males experienced more anxiety when textbook images were counterstereotypical (female) than when they were stereotypical (male) b. There was a main effect of state anxiety as a result of textbook images. c. Males' comprehension was not impacted by whether the images in the text were all male, female, or mixed. d. None of these answers are correct.

Gendered wording in job ads is an example of ______. A. explicit sexism and discrimination B. old-fashioned sexism C. occupational segregation D. subtle ways modern sexism persists

Harackiewicz et al. (2016) found that ______ reduced the gap in performance between students who are from underrepresented minority groups and White students as well as between first-generation and continuing-generation college students. a. values affirmation interventions b. experiential interventions c. identity-value interventions d. utility-value interventions

Heterosexist language, misgendering a person, and not inviting a same-gender partner to a family gathering are examples of ______. A. immaturity B. hate crimes C. unintentional discrimination D. microaggressions

If Maria has a productive day at work, she might bring feelings of accomplishment and satisfaction home with her, being in a generally positive mood when she interacts with her child and partner. Alternatively, if her child has a tantrum at preschool drop-off, putting Maria in a bad mood just as she starts her workday, it may impact her work. This is an example of ______. A. compensation B. quality roles C. role flooding D. spillover

In 2000, Vermont was the first state to ______. A. allow adoption between two lesbian partners B. provide health insurance for same-gender partners of state employees C. ban discrimination based on sexual orientation in the workplace D. provide legal civil unions to same-gender couples

Research has found that ______ is the most effective psychotherapy model when treating rape victims. A. solution-focused therapy B. feminist theory therapy C. experiential therapy D. cognitive behavioral therapy

Research on children reared by lesbian mothers compared with children reared by heterosexual couples generally indicates that ______. A. children of lesbian mothers are stigmatized by other children B. children of lesbian mothers are more likely to engage in premarital intercourse at early ages C. children of lesbian mothers are more likely to become gay themselves D. there are no differences in adjustment between the two groups

Research shows that people perceive women less favorably than men as potential occupants of leadership positions. Further, when women engage in leadership behavior, the behavior is evaluated less favorably than the same behavior enacted by a man. These findings support which theory? a. the glass ceiling theory b. gender bias theory c. leadership gender gap theory d. role congruity theory

Situation-dependent flexibility in women's sexual responsiveness to women or men is termed ______. A. situationality B. heteroflexibility C. identity confusion D. sexual fluidity

Stereotypes about gender and brilliance appear as early as age ______. A. 4 B. 10 C. 12 D. 6

When we look at the data on gender differences in school achievement with an intersectional lens, we can conclude that ______. A. girls receive higher grades than boys across all ethnic groups B. Asian boys receive higher grades than Asian girls, but girls receive higher grades in every other ethnic group C. White, Black, and Asian girls have higher school achievement scores, but Latino boys have higher school achievement scores than Latina girls. D. gender differences in school achievement vary across ethnic groups

Which of the following is a factor in reducing the motherhood penalty? A. gendered roles in the workplace B. fathers taking advantage of paternity leave C. paying women more when they are first hired publicly funded childcare

· In an experiment by Moss-Racusin et al. (2012), science faculty from research universities rated the materials of an applicant for a laboratory manager position. The materials were identical, except half of the faculty saw them with a male name for the applicant and the other half saw them with a female name. The results from this study highlight ______. A. the explicit bias of both male and female faculty members toward women B. how easy it is for men to gain employment in the science fields C. how far we have come in decreasing discrimination against women in science D. the continuing discrimination against women in science

· Ironically, the American emphasis on ______ may be a factor in keeping women in traditional, female-dominated jobs and out of CEP jobs. A. explicit stereotyping B. identity development C. female role models D. self-expressive value systems

Hochschild (1989, 2012) concluding that, if "work" is defined as including work for pay outside the home plus work done in the home, then women worked, on average, ______ hours more per week than men did. 5 10 15 20

Occupational segregation by gender, the chronic underpayment of women and of women's work, and the lack of equal opportunities for women are examples of ______. A. reasons women believe they are more entitled to more pay B. discrimination in the workplace C. reasons many women decide to leave the workforce once they have children D. inequalities in the social structure in the United States

? (NOT B)

A juror who decides that the rape victim was really a slut who got herself into this situation and is trying to get the man in trouble is using the concept of ______. a. victim-precipitated rape b. the ego-split rapisT C. the silent rape reaction A. the predatory rapist

According to Dweck (2008), parents sometimes encourage a fixed mindset by... A. Praising intelligence (wow, you did so well because you are so smart!) B. Providing process praise C. Teaching about the brain's ability to learn and grow D. Praising a student's effort, even if the child fails ("Wow you sure did try hard on that task!")

According to meta-analyses, which of these gender differences is the largest? A. the gender difference in throwing distance B. the gender difference in verbal ability C. the gender difference in spatial abiliTY D. the gender difference in mathematical computation

Based on the research, what can you infer about a women who expresses dominance and agentic behaviors in the workplace? A. a reduction in her hirability and likability B. a reduction in her likability but an increase in her hirability C. an increase in her hirability and likability D. a reduction in hirability but an increase in her likability

Childcare workers, dental hygienists, and registered nurses are examples of ______. A. female-dominated occupations B. male-dominated occupations C. occupations least impacted by the motherhood penalty D. occupations most impacted by the motherhood penalty

Data show that American's attitudes toward people who are not heterosexual have become ______ over roughly 40 years. A. substantially more accepting B. slightly more accepting C. nonsignificant D. slightly less accepting

Having persistent and intrusive flashbacks, trouble sleeping, and reactive behaviors are examples of ______. A. PTSD symptoms B. normal symptoms of aging C. symptoms of suicide ideation D. pain disorder symptoms

Homosexuality was seen as a mental disorder until ______. A. 1973 B. 1966 C. 1985 D.1991

In social psychological terms, being a sexual minority person ______. A. is associated with stigma and stress B. puts one at higher risk for low self-esteem C. can be measured with the IAT D.has more positive impacts than negative impacts

J. Eccles' analysis is based on the belief that gender differences in math performance and competence are not so much caused by gender differences in ______ as by gender differences in ______. A. ability; course choice B. course choice; biology C. biology; environment D. attributions; ability

Lesbians who are women of color ______. A. experience triple oppression B. usually identify more with their ethnic identity than their sexual orientation C. are less likely to come out as gay than White lesbians D. are rare in the United States

Nadya is a supervisor who is known to motivate and mentor her employees. She is working from a ______. A. transformational leader model B. dictator boss model C. democratic leader model D. nurturing boss model

Researchers found that the Jezebel stereotype was associated with ______ in Black women. A. lower self-esteem B. increased sexual behavior C. higher self-esteem D. decreased sexual behavior

Risk-need-responsivity (RNR) is ______. A. a standard treatment for incarcerated sex offenders B. a program for relaxation to treat rape victims C. an effective rape prevention program D. a way of predicting which states have the highest rape rates

The ______ refers to the gap in performance between first-generation college students and continuing-generation college students. A. social class gap B. college attendance gap C. continuing education gap D. socioeconomic status gap

What is Process praise? A. Being praised on effort and strategy or the process of performing well B. Teaching students about brain plasticity and the ability to form new neural connections C. The ability to process the praise that is given by superiors D. A new church that worships "The Process"

Which STEM field is most representative of women? A. biology B. computer science C. engineering D. mathematics and statistics

· In the study Grant and Dweck 2003: in an Organic Chemistry class, for those who held a fixed mindsest, _____________ outperformed _______________, but this difference was reduced for those with a growth mindset. A. Males; females B. Females; males C. Students who were not challenged; students who were challenged D. Students who were challenged; students who were not challenged

· Students who believe that intelligence or math and science ability is ___________ are at a significant disadvantage compared to students who believe that their abilities can be ____________. A. Fixed/developed B. Learned/inhibited C. Developed/fixed D. Extracted/incepted

Growing up in a violent home environment is an example of

a risk factor for men to rape women

Numerous explanations for the gender gap in STEM have been proposed. Research supports which of the following?

gender bias and discrimination in STEM fields

Studies of adults who were sexually abused as children indicate that they ______.

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