Psychology of Women and Gender: Chapters 1-4 review

Positive; different

37. The model minority stereotype may seem _____________, but groups who are considered model minorities face __________________ academic, professional, and social pressures

men; women

38. Research has demonstrated that biology students are more likely to nominate __________ students as the strongest students in class compared to ________________.

Attachment Fertility Theory

A counter evolutionary argument to the sexual strategies theory is the ___________________, which asserts that a man may do better by mating with and remaining monogamous to one woman to ensure the survival of his offspring

Biosocial; neurosexism

Adam and Alexandra are debating the origins of gender differences life outcomes. Adam argues that because women give birth, they are predisposed to staying home to raise children, or if they are driven to work outside the home, they are better suited to be nurses than doctors. Alexandra points to feminist psychologists' work on gender socialization, noting that sex and gender are not the same thing. Adam's explanation is based in _______________, whereas Alexandra considers the _______________ model

asexual

Aiden is romantically attracted to women, but he does not experience sexual attraction to any individual, regardless of their gender identity. Aiden's sexual orientation could best be described as:

power hierarchy; unearned entitlements

Air France, Six Flags, and FedEx created policies banning people of color from wearing their hair natural or in dreadlocks to work. This policy mostly affected African American women, who filed lawsuits against the companies for privileging hairstyles worn by White women. The assumption that White women are examples of normative standards of professional dress is an example of

The blanket term LGBTQ is considered problematic and controversial by some feminist researchers because

All sexual minorities are placed within a single category, ignoring individual differences

gender neutral pronouns

Alternatives to cisgender binary use of pronouns include they, ze, and xe, which are examples of _____

minority stress theory

Andrew is a cisgender and middle-class White man whose family has been in the United States for six generations. Adam is a transgender Black man whose parents are Nigerian immigrants. Though Adam is now middle class, he grew up in a lower- class background when his family first emigrated to the U.S. Adam, compared to Andrew, is at greater risk of negative psychological and physical health outcomes, as predicted by:

Denial of personal discrimination

Beth acknowledges sexism exists, but that she's never experienced it. This is an example of:

meta-anaylsis

Beth is interested in research findings on gender differences in intelligence. She is overwhelmed by the number of studies on the topic and decides it would be more useful to combine and analyze results from all of studies she reads. The best statistical technique for Beth to use would be

internalized transphobia

Brendan, a high school student, wishes that he had been born a girl and named Brenda. Brendan has not told this to anyone out of fear of rejection and wishes he "felt" more like a boy. Brendan's feelings are likely the result of _____________

one group is socially assumed to have more authority or power over another group; attitudes, values, beliefs that exist to justify hierarchies

Conferred dominance is when ______________, whereas legitimizing myths _______________.

Define denial of personal discrimination and explain why a woman might deny personal discrimination. How does this contribute to the status quo?

Denial of personal discrimination is when a woman acknowledges that sexism exists, but also that she feels she doesn't personally experience it. A woman might deny she's ever experienced discrimination as a form of self-protection, as it may be difficult to accept that she is disadvantaged because she is a woman.

have poorer health than Destiny

Destiny is a cisgender woman and Aaliyah is a transgender woman. The minority stress theory would predict that Aaliyah will likely

Cultural

Differences between women and men, and the devaluation of perspectives, qualities, and experiences of girls and women is ___________ feminism

Explain why gender essentialism is problematic for achieving gender equality

Gender essentialism assumes that, because women and men have biological differences, they must also have differences in behavior, attitudes, goals, talents, and skills. This is problematic because gender essentialism justifies gender inequality by claiming that women and men should be relegated to certain domains because of their innate abilities.

Define gender-fair language and explain why it is important. Provide an example of such language.

Gender-fair language is language that refers to all people with symmetrical linguistic forms. It has been found to promote gender equality because, rather than using male generics (e.g., "mankind"), it aims to use more inclusive terms. Some examples include using "first-year student" rather than "freshman," and "humankind" instead of "mankind."

Backlash effects

If sexism no longer exists, then women who violate gender norms should not experience __________

Male justices are more likely to interrupt female justices

Imagine you are attending a hearing held in Washington, DC. You pay close attention to the lively discussion about reproductive justice and notice the U.S. Supreme Court justices often interrupt each other during their debate. Based on documented research, who is more likely to interrupt whom?

Briefly, explain why intersectionality still needs to address discrimination within feminism. Consider some of the examples provided in the text, such as Patricia Arquette's 2015 Academy Awards acceptance speech or the HBO television show Girls. How do one or both of these examples ignore intersectionality and/or the reluctance of women of color to identify as feminists?

In reality, very little has been done by White feminists to address the needs of women of color and the role racism plays in their lives, in addition to gender inequality. Women of color have rarely been offered a seat at the feminist table and when they are, the realities they face, especially racism, are ignored or overlooked completely.

gender bundle

The Genderbread Person is one way to visually represent the:

Patriarchy

The idea that men automatically hold position of power and authority, and it is socialized to be viewed as natural and inevitable

Myth of meritocracy

The idea that wealth is accumulated by merit; class, gender, race, and other factors have no bearing on the accumulation of wealth in society

dysphoria

The psychiatric community previously classified transgender individuals as having gender identity disorder. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) now uses the diagnosis of gender _____, which is characterized by a strong desire to be treated as the "other" gender or to want to change "one's sex characteristics."

Microaggressions being difficult to address

Tyra is a Black woman who was recently told by a White man at a club to "shake her booty." She wanted to tell him he was out of line, but she was also worried she would be reprimanded by others for acting like an "angry Black woman." This is an example of:

Why women are underrepresented in STEM fields

Victoria always earns the highest scores in her college math classes. She notices that, as she progresses through math courses, there are fewer women in her classes, and even fewer women professors. She also knows that women tend to earn higher grades than men in STEM courses, so what would Victoria most likely be wondering after coming to this realization?

stereotype

When a person assumes all members of a group can be described and generalized by the same characteristics, she is relying on a________

social role theory

When a person says that differences between women and men can be understood by the roles they are traditionally expected to hold, she is describing which of the following?

The term transsexual can be perceived as outdated and/or stigmatizing

Why do some individuals prefer to be referred to as "transgender" over "transsexual"?

Bisexual individuals may feel pressure to conform to dominant binary standards because of negative attitudes from society

Why might some bisexual individuals choose to describe their sexual identity differently depending on the gender of their current partner?

Biology; anatomy

according to the American Psychological Association, sex refers to ______ and gender refers to _________

Intersectionality

an Afro-Latina woman is more likely to experience gendered-racism than a white woman. What concept does this demonstrate?

Lesbian Feminism

an offshoot of radical feminism that focuses on sexuality and reproduction as powerful forms of oppression

4th wave feminism

it is contested as to whether this a legitimate 'wave' of feminism, but it is marked by the use of social media campaigns such as the Me Too movement, the Women's March on Washington, and the legalization of same-sex marriage by the Supreme Court decision United States v. Windsor. These event are noteworthy features of which wave of feminism?

Androcentric

male centered thinking

Gender essentialism

the belief that women and men are fundamentally different because of unchanging factors related to biology of genetics

Prejudice

when a person holds a negative attitude toward someone because of their actual or perceived membership in a social group, this is know as

Why is denial of discrimination a problem?

It justifies not addressing gender inequalities and blames women for their lack of inequality

Neurosexism

Justifying gender essentialism by citing biological differences is known as _______

expectancy role value theory

Karen is a talented undergraduate student majoring in biology. Her professor, Dr. Cedillo, encourages her to apply to medical school because she thinks Karen will make an excellent doctor. However, Karen explains that based on her brother's experiences as a doctor, she believes she'd make a better nurse because they have less responsibility than doctors. This is an example of which of the following?

similarities

Keisha is a feminist psychologist whose research questions test the idea that women and men can be equally good caretakers. She argues that, when girls and boys are similarly socialized to care for others, they are just as likely in adulthood to offer nurturing behaviors to others. Her approach to research on women and men would be considered the _____ perspective

According to the text, the matrix of domination involves an overarching system of stratification in which each system of bias interconnects. What does this mean

Look at other way's women are oppressed and not just gender biases: sexism, racism, heterosexism are all connected, making it impossible to eradicate sexism without ending other interconnecting oppressions

How implicit bias can affect perceptions and/or behaviors

Raquel unconsciously clutches her purse every time a black man walks by. This is an example of:

gender stereotypes about femininity and masculinity

Sarah recently gave birth to fraternal twins. When asked about their personalities, she described her daughter as friendly and emotionally expressive, and her son as assertive and competitive. These descriptions are most likely ______

ambivalent

Scott adores his mother who was a stay-at-home mother and was married to his father for 50 years. He places her on a pedestal, often telling others that she is the family's moral compass. Scott also contributes money to organizations which lobby against reproductive justice, and believes mothers who work are selfish. Scott's attitudes toward women is an example of _____ sexism

medical gaze

Shawn is reluctant to schedule a physical with his medical doctor because the last time he was at the hospital, his doctor invited a group of residents into the room to examine his post-surgical results, and they also spoke about Shawn in a way that made him feel very detached from his sense of self. This concept is referred to as:

womanism

Tamika, a college student attending an HBC (historically Black college), identifies her experiences of oppression as strongly correlated to both racism and gender; racism plays a dominant and intersecting role in her experiences of gender. Because of these factors, Tamika would probably identify most with which form of feminism?