Psychology Study guide 3

What does the five factor trait theory have in common with Hans Eysenck's two-factor trait theory?

They both include extraversion and neuroticism dimensions.

Mental health disorders are the leading cause of disability in the U.S. for people between ____ years of age.

15 and 44

Approximately ____ of people with schizophrenia exhibit negative symptoms.

25%

Which age-group is most likely to have received mental health treatment in the past year?

26 to 49-years-old

The average age at first marriage in the U.S. is ____for men, and ____ for women.

28; 26

Private speech peaks around age ____ years.

5 to 7

In 2012, the FBI investigated ____ hate crimes in the U.S.

5,790

The average newborn infant is about ____ pounds and ____ inches long.

7; 20

A psychologist who states that humans are cognitive misers generally means that humans tend to ____.

conserve cognitive resources when possible

Classical conditioning most often explains the ____ aspect of an attitude.

emotional

On television, female characters are most likely to be depicted as ____.

emotional

Which of the following represents the core traits in the five factor trait theory?

extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness

What is an eclectic therapy that is recommended for treatment of trauma?

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy

A person experiencing Erikson's generativity stage would most likely ____.

feel a need to contribute something worthwhile to society

A psychologist who studies impression formation is interested in ____.

how we understand and make judgments of others

Which type of therapy is most likely to emphasize a safe environment for self-exploration?

humanistic therapy

An adult who cannot resist an impulse to gamble all of his money is responding to the energy of his ____.

id

Donald Super's crystallization stage of career development is most closely associated with Erikson's ____ stage.

identity

Monica has just signed up to take a semester long internship in physical therapy at her college. Monica will be able to learn about the actual tasks involved in this career while meeting others in her field. It is most likely that Monica is in the ____ phase of career development.

implementation

The "empty" nest tends to be associated with ____.

increased marital satisfaction

Anxiety is considered abnormal when it ____.

interferes with one's ability to function

Dorothy Otnow Lewis studied aggression by ____.

interviewing murderers

A person who is easily threatened by close relationships and is less tolerant of the opinions of significant others may be in a state referred to by Erik Erikson as ____.

isolation

Which factor was mentioned in the textbook as an explanation for groupthink?

isolation of the group

If you are regarded as very attractive, it is likely that you will develop relationships with people who are also regarded as very attractive. This is known as the ____.

matching hypothesis

Although Scott is not generally a sociable person, he can be, when he is with people that he knows quite well. Gordon Allport would consider Scott's sociability to be a ____.

secondary trait

The most frequently prescribed antidepressants are ____.

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

According to Carl Rogers, the actualizing tendency evolves into the ____.

self-concept

Cognitive-behavior therapy is considered as ____ psychological treatment for people with obsessive-compulsive and related disorders and chronic pain.

the best

The fact that there has been a great increase in the number of recorded cases of dissociative identity disorder since 1980 suggests to many psychologists that ____.

the disorder may not be valid

Cody is known to be judgmental and tends to harshly describe others as lazy or stupid when they require assistance. Cody is demonstrating ____.

the fundamental attribution error

The fact that the young brain prunes and discards neural connections that are not used suggests ____.

the importance of providing stimulating environments to children

Cognitive dissonance theory is an attempt to explain ____.

attitude change

A two-month-old infant apparently has the ability to determine the difference between ____.

attractive and non-attractive people

A proposed form of subtle racism in which European Americans feel aversive emotions around African Americans with consequent discrimination occurring is known as ____.

aversive racism

Discrimination is a ____.

behavioral expression of prejudice

When you listen to an advertisement for a cellular phone service and pay particular attention to the information provided about the long-distance plan, the coverage, and the clarity of the calls, you are using the ____.

central route to persuasion

Carl Rogers developed ____.

client-centered therapy

A stereotype is the ____ component of an attitude.

cognitive

Because behavior therapies do not address important thoughts and perceptions, they are often used in conjunction with ____.

cognitive therapy

Ervin has been diagnosed with panic disorder. Which type of therapy is likely to be the most effective for Ervin?

cognitive-behavior therapy

Repetitive hand-washing in order to relieve anxiety is an example of a(n) ____.

compulsion

Self-efficacy, reciprocal determinism, and locus of control are all part of which view of personality?

the social cognitive view

Which of the following appears to be the most important contributor to therapeutic success?

the therapeutic alliance between the client and the therapist

Ahmet is a person with schizophrenia. His ideas are loosely associated when he speaks. For example, he may say, "The dog wandered into the storm. I picked up the peas with the fork for seventy-two days." Which symptom of schizophrenia is most closely associated with Ahmet's behavior?

thought disorder

The distinction between the central route to persuasion and the peripheral route to persuasion is the ____.

type of cognitive process engaged in by the audience

According to Freud, which part of a person's personality is the largest?

unconscious

You want to use the door-in-the face technique to get your friend to comply with your request for money. So, you ask your friend for $100 and she refuses. Your next request should be for ____.

$25

The process of transference ____.

allows a psychoanalyst to gain insight into the client's relationships with significant others

The ____, which is involved in emotion and aggression, is highly active in young adolescents.

amygdala

Research has studied the relationship between serotonin transporter gene and ____.

anxiety-related personality traits

In which culture is direct eye contact expected and prolonged during speaking, but less when listening?

African American

A clinical psychologist who is attempting to make a mental illness diagnosis is likely to consult the ____.

DSM

Which approach, developed by Sue Johnson and Les Greenberg, helps couples identify, manage, and ultimately transform negative, reactive emotions?

EFT

Who among the following would be considered a trait theorist?

Hans Eysenck

Tad is neither handsome nor unattractive. All other things being equal, who is he most likely to end up marrying?

Tara, who is about average in appearance

How did Beck view the relationship between client and therapist?

a collaborative team

Which object would a typical infant be able to see most clearly?

a face at a close distance

In the person-situation interaction, ____.

a person exhibits certain personality traits in specific situations

Research on temperament suggests that ____.

biological factors have a strong influence on temperament

Alfred Adler emphasized the idea of ____.

birth order

One of the best examples of a prejudice is believing that ____.

blondes are superficial and stupid

Research on the imaginary audience and personal fable suggests that they are characteristic of ____.

both adolescents and adults, to some extent

In the sensorimotor stage, Piaget believed that the child ____.

cannot think about something unless it is being sensed or acted upon in some way

Divorce rates are higher among _____.

couples whose parents are divorced

The benefit of a humanistic therapist providing unconditional positive regard to the client appears to be greatest in ____.

creating a safe environment in which the client feels free to self-explore and make choices

A person who is prescribed a tricyclic drug has most likely been diagnosed with ____.

depression

Having an alternate personality is most associated with the diagnosis of ____.

dissociative identity disorder

It has been determined that Erin has six distinct personalities, each with their own memories and mannerisms. Erin is most likely to be diagnosed with ____.

dissociative identity disorder

When we fail to help, it is likely to be because we ____.

do not understand what is needed

Dr. Martin is a psychiatrist who uses drugs in combination with psychoanalysis, cognitive therapy, and behavior therapy in her practice. Dr. Martin would be classified as what kind of therapist?

eclectic

If a mid-life crisis were to be experienced, it would most likely occur during Erikson's stage of ____.

generativity

The Electra complex refers to a young ____.

girl's desire to bond with her father

If your psychology teacher subscribes more to trait theory than to other personality theories, she is likely to believe that personality ____.

has a strong biological basis

Infants are able to recognize their mother's voice soon after birth. This is likely because they ____.

have heard their mother's voice for several weeks in the intrauterine environment

The murder of Kitty Genovese inspired the major research on ____.

helping behavior

When your teacher announces that you are going to be discussing the theories and research of Lawrence Kohlberg, you can expect that you will be talking about ____ development.

moral

Following heart surgery, 74 year-old Roberta, an outgoing, active artist, becomes extremely confused and is grossly disoriented. She is diagnosed with delirium, a ____ disorder.

neurocognitive

The foot-in-the-door strategy may work because ____.

not acting in accordance with our own previous statements or behaviors would create dissonance

A recurrent intrusive thought that you forgot to lock your car when you parked it this morning is an example of a(n) ____.

obsession

Shaping can be used in behavior therapy and is based on ____ principles.

operant conditioning

Cassandra has recently had several short but highly intense experiences in which physical anxiety suddenly overwhelms her, making her feel as if she is having a heart attack. Her symptoms are most consistent with ____.

panic disorder

Jagmeet is a trait theorist who has been asked to suggest a method for testing personality. If Jagmeet relies upon his theoretical background, he is most likely to suggest a ____.

personality inventory

An eclectic approach to therapy reflects a ____ approach.

personalized

Somatic symptom disorders involve ____.

physical complaints without an identifiable physical cause

In adolescence, the area of the brain that matures the latest is the ____.

prefrontal cortex

The study of attribution is concerned with the ____.

process of assigning cause to behavior

Scaffolding occurs when parents ____.

provide initial guidance and then withdraw as children are able to complete the task on their own

The mere exposure effect is related primarily to which aspect of attraction?

proximity

Which individual characteristic is not listed in your text as an audience variable affecting one's response to persuasion?

race

Research has shown that ECT ____.

relieves depression faster than medication

A child who does not yet understand object permanence is most likely in Piaget's ____ stage.

sensorimotor

We tend to prefer being with others who are ____.

similar to us

Dr. Wangari believes that discrimination and poverty account for the higher rate of alcoholism among Native Americans. Dr. Wangari endorses the ____ perspective.

sociocultural

Abnormal functioning of the ____ has been investigated as a possible factor in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

striatum

Many students will define abnormal behavior as some behavior which is different than the way somebody is supposed to act. What criterion is being used by the students to establish abnormality?

violation of social norms

Regarding the social factors involved in the greater incidence of depression in women than men, ____.

women are more likely to be victims of violence and abuse

In a jigsaw classroom, students ____.

work together on projects in ways that make them dependent upon each other

When normally high-achieving females are asked to perform math problems and verbal tasks in a room where they are outnumbered by males, the women perform ____.

worse on math but not verbal tasks

The superego is ____.

your moral conscience