Psychology Test 3

People are considered to have mental retardation if they are clearly deficient in adaptive functioning and their IQ is below ___.

70

50% of individuals score between ___ and ___ on intelligence tests.

90-110

Denny is quite fearful of going to the dentist. Over time, he has noticed that he becomes anxious at even the smell of the dentist's office. Every step Denny takes right up until the dentist starts to drill a tooth seems to cause muscle tension and anxiety. Denny is experiencing ___.

higher-order conditioning

On modern intelligence tests, IQ scores are based on ___.

how much an individual deviates from the average score of others who are the same age

Jason is successfully trying to train his dog to salivate at the sound of a tone. However, Jason does not always follow the tone with the presentation of food. Jason's design violates which factor that influences classical conditioning?

how reliably the conditioned stimulus predicts the unconditioned stimulus

A teacher gives his class a quiz every Friday. The teacher is attempting to influence his students study habits by using a ___ schedule

fixed- interval

Glen and Megan are hired to rake leaves. Glen is paid $1 for each bag of leaves he rakes; megan is paid $4 per hour. Glen is paid according to a ___ schedule; Megan is paid according to a ___ schedule.

fixed-ratio, fixed-interval

Dr. Jones provided his psychology class with an outline of the major structures of the central nervous system,. Such outlines are ___.

formal concepts

Gardner

frames of mind

Spearman

g factor

Alberts fear of the white rat transferred to a rabbit, a dog, a fur coat, and a mask, in a learning process known as ___.

generalization

Practical uses for research on taste aversions include all but what?

helping restaurants streamline menu offerings

Twin studies suggest that variation in IQ scores is strongly influenced by ___.

hereditary

For ___ conditioning to occur, conditioned stimuli are linked together to form a series of signals.

higher-order

awareness of one's own emotions

personal

self-motivation

personal

the smallest units of sound

phonemes

the social aspects of language

pragmatics

According to rescorla, the most critical element in classical conditioning is ___.

prediction

searching for relevant information

preparation

Thurstone

primal mental abilities

A(n) ___ is the most typical example of a concept.

prototype

The meaning of utterances

semantics

Chimpanzees can communicate with humans using symbols or ___.

sign language

creativity and IQ scores are ___ related.

weakly

Fred recently watched a television program that recounted the health histories of people who have hypoglycemia. Getting headaches was one of the symptoms from which they all have suffered. The next day, Fred develops a severe headache and suspected that he may be suffering from hypoglycemia. Fred's suspicion may have been prompted by ___.

An availability heuristic

The ___ refers to the historical change in average IQ scores that has accompanied improved standards of living.

Flynn effect

What is a good example of observational learning?

Ingrid swam poorly until she noticed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane; now her swimming is greatly improved.

What is meant by the law of effect?

Learning results when a behavior leads to a desirable consequence

Classical conditioning was discovered by ____.

Pavlov

Lucy will not wear a jacket that is trimmed with artificial fur because seeing fur of any kind triggers the same feeling of panic she felt when, as a 5-year-old, her face was severely and repeatedly scratched by a cat. Which of the following experiments is most similar to the incident with the cat affecting Lucy's behavior?

Pavlov's experiments with dogs and meat powder

The finding that early childhood intervention programs can improve IQ scores is associated with the research of ___.

Ramey

What is an example of the partial-reinforcement effect?

Roy spends hours playing poker online because he always thinks his next hand will be a winning one.

The process of reinforcing successive approximations of a behavior is known as ___.

Shaping

As a child, Rudy was attacked by a dog and subsequently developed a severe fear of them. Rudy is now an adult. While walking in a park, he recently saw a doge who was barking ferociously. He felt slightly fearful even though the dog was on a leash and clearly under his owner's firm control. Rudy's fear response is an example of ___.

Spontaneous recovery

The research of ___ challenged the view that individuals with high IQs are physically inferior to others.

Teman

What statement best sums up research on learning from video games?

Video games are efficient teaching tools

Allison is a rock star, so flashing cameras are a big part of her life. Her pupils respond to the click of a camera by contracting slightly, even when the flash is not being used. This contraction of her pupils in the absence of a flash is an example of ___.

a conditioned response

All cats have whiskers. Fluffy is a cat. Therefore, fluffy has whiskers. This is an example of what?

a syllogism

Resthaven hospital awards points to patients on the basis of their cooperation with the staff and participation points for enjoyable activities such as playing video games, watching tv, and using the hospital's gym. Resthaven is using ___ in an effort to increase patient's' cooperation and participation.

a token economy

The work of Stevenson and his colleagues suggests that Western cultures associate intellectual achievement with ___, while asian cultures attribute academic success to ___.

ability, effort

IQ tests are good predictors of ___ success.

academic

A(n) ___ is a problem-solving strategy that guarantees a correct answer.

algorithm

To be classified as having a learning disability, students must have an IQ score in the ___ range on IQ tests and be at least ___ years behind their peers in academic achievement.

average or gifted, 2

Applying learning principles to eliminate undesirable behavior and/or encourage desirable behavior is called ___.

behavior modification

The use of sensitive electronic equipment to monitor physiological processes in order to bring them under conscious control is called ___.

biofeedback

Garcia and Koelling's research suggests that classical conditioning is influenced by ___.

biological predisposition

The studies of Weinberg and Scarr suggests that IQ is ___.

changeable

Advertisers who show products being used by attractive models may be applying ___.

classical conditioning

Edward Tolman

cognitive maps, latent learning

A dog's salivation in response to a musical tone is a(n) ___.

conditioned response

In watson's experiment with little albert, the white rat was the (conditioned/ unconditioned) stimulus, and albert's crying when the hammer struck the steel bar was the (unconditioned/ conditioned response.

conditioned, unconditioned

The ability to reach high levels of proficiency when learning a second language ___ as people get older.

declines

Syllogisms involve ___ reasoning.

deductive

Sentences are more likely to be ambiguous if they have two or more ___ structures.

deep

Five-year-old Miia was bitten by her grandmother's Labrador retriever. She won't go near that dog but seems to have no fear of other dogs, even other Labradors. Her behavior is best explained by the principle of ___.

discrimination

Lori's dad is in a bad mood having just learned that he is scheduled to be laid off from his job next month. Seeing this mood, Lori decides not to ask him to stop for ice cream on the way home from school. In this situation, her dad's mood may have served as a ___.

discriminative stimulus

When a rat has learned to press a lever in order to terminate an unpleasant stimulus, such as a loud noise, what kind of learning has taken place?

escape

The weakening of a conditioned response that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus is called ___.

extinction

Toya's young son, Troy, had a habit of nagging and throwing tantrums while in stores. Toya learned from a parenting book that she should ignore the tantrums. When she did so, the tantrums diminished significantly and subsequently disappeared altogether. Troy's behavior change is an example of ___.

extinction

When reinforcers are withheld, ___ of a response occurs.

extinction

Research shows that online instruction is more effective than transitional approaches (true/ false).

false

being suddenly struck by the right solution

illumination

Mike has to carry a king-sized mattress to an upstairs bedroom. At the top of the stairs, he must make a 90-degree turn to get to the bedroom. In his mind, he is formulating a strategy of manipulating the mattress in such a way as to make the turn. Mike is using ___.

imagery

Classical conditioning can suppress or boost the ___.

immune system

Positive reinforcement tends to ___ the probability of a response; and negative reinforcement tends to ___ the probability of a response.

increase, increase.

letting the problem "sit" while digesting information

incubation

The sudden realization of the relationship between the elements in a problem situation that results the solution to the problem is called ___.

insight

ability to handle relationships

interpersonal

empathy

interpersonal

Learning not demonstrated until the organism is motivated to perform the behavior is called ___ learning.

latent

Tameka has just received her driver's license and is now ready to drive to the mall suggests that ___ has occurred.

latent learning

Victims of spousal abuse who have repeatedly failed to escape or avoid the abuse may eventually passively resign themselves to it, a condition known as ___.

learned helplessness

Wolfgang Kohler

learning by insight

According to the ___, thinking can be limited by language.

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Chad has decided to retile his kitchen floor in a design that is similar to one that he saw in a magazine . In researching the project, Chad must decide how to take up the old floor, what kind of tile to use, and so on. In making decisions relevant to the project, Chad is using which strategy?

means-end analysis.

Smallest units of meaning

morphemes

Taking a pain reliever to relieve a headache is an example of ___ reinforcement; studying to get a good grade on a test is an example of ___ reinforcement.

negative, positive

Computer systems intended to mimic the functioning of the human brain are called ___.

neural networks

Grant has been afraid of mice for as long as he can remember and his mother has the same paralyzing fear. Grant most likely acquired his fear through ___ learning.

observational

Albert Bandura

observational learning

A test that gives consistent results has ___, whereas one that measures what it claims to measure has ___.

reliability, validity

divergent thinking is associated with activity in the ___ of the brain

right frontal cortex

Fred is autistic but can play any piece of music he hears on the piano immediately after listening to it. Fred exhibits ___.

savant syndrome

Negative reinforcement ___ behavior, while punishment ___ behavior.

strengthens, suppresses

Rules about word order

syntax

Conditioning of a ___ contradicts the general principle of classical conditioning that the unconditioned stimulus that should occur immediately after the conditioned stimulus and the two should be paired repeatedly.

taste aversion

transforming the new insight into useful action

translation

Sternberg

triarchic theory of intelligence

Heuristics have both desirable and undesirable effects on decision making (true/false)

true

Imagining an action stimulates the same brain areas that are active when actually engaging in the action. (true/false)

true