Psychology Test Questions
Match each part of the brain with its probable effect on behavior (see test for diagram) 1. Occipital lobe 2. Reticular formation 3. Frontal lobe 4. Temporal lobe 5. Cerebellum 6. Parietal lobe 7. Hypothalamus 8. Corpus callosum
1. vision disorder 2. sleep/arousal disorder 3. motor paralysis 4. hearing problem 5. lack of coordination 6. insensitivity to touch 7. abnormal hunger 8. split brain
Izard believes there are _______ basic emotions.
10
Concerning the evidence for subliminal stimulation, which of the following is the best answer? The brain processes some information without our awareness Stimuli too weak to cross our thresholds for awareness may trigger a response in our sense receptors Because the "absolute" threshold is a statistical average, we are able to detect weaker stimuli some of the time All of these statements are true
All of these statements are true
What most accurately summarizes the findings of the 40-year fox-breeding study described in the text?
By selecting and mating the tamest males and females, the researches have produced affectionate, unassertive offspring
You always rattle the box of dog biscuits before giving your dog a treat. As you do so, your dog salivates. Rattling the box has become a ________; your dog's salivation is a _________.
CS;CR
Concluding his presentation on levels of information processing, Miguel states that a. Humans processes both conscious and unconscious information in parallel b. Conscious processing occurs in parallel, while unconscious processing is serial c. Conscious processing is serial, while unconscious processing is parallel d. All information processing is serial in nature
Conscious processing is serial, while unconscious processing is parallel
Which of the following is NOT one of the techniques psychologists use to observe and describe behavior? a. Case study b. Naturalistic observation c. Correlation research d. A phone survey
Correlation research
Which of the following statements best describes the effects of sensory restriction? It has more damaging effects when experienced during infancy It has greater effects on adults than on children It produces functional blindness when experienced for any length of time at any age It has greater effects on humans than on animals
It has more damaging effects when experienced during infancy
Which of the following is INCONSISTENT with the drive-reduction theory of motivation? A person becomes hungry when body weight falls below its biological set point Monkeys will work puzzles even if not given a food reward A person is driven to seek a drink when his or her cellular water level drops below its optimum point When body temperature drops below 98.6 Fahrenheit, blood vessels constrict to preserve warmth
Monkeys will work puzzles even if not given a food reward
If shoe size and IQ are negatively correlated, which of the following is true? a. People with large feet tend to have high IQ's b. People with small feet tend to have high IQ's c. People with small feet tend to have low IQ's d. IQ is unpredictable based on a person's shoe size
People with small feet tend to have high IQ's
Regarding the relationship between thinking and language, which of the following most accurately reflects the position taken in the text? a. Language determines everything about our thinking b. Language determines the way we think c. Thinking without language is not possible d. Thinking affects our language, which then affects our thoughts
Thinking affects our language, which then affects our thoughts
Researchers Friedman and Rosenman refer to individuals who are very time-conscious, super-motivated, verbally aggressive, and easily anger as
Type A
In Watson and Rayner's experiment, the loud noise was the _________ and the white rat was the __________. US;CR CS;CR NS;US US;NS
US; NS
I am a rat whose cortex is lighter and thinner than my litter mates. What happened to me?
You were raised in a deprived environment
Most experts view intelligence as a person's a. ability to perform well on intelligence tests b. innate mental capacity c. ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations d. diverse skills acquired throughout life
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations
Given normal sensory ability, a person standing atop a mountain on a dark, clear night can see a candle flame atop a mountain 30 miles away. This is a description of vision's
absolute threshold
A common problem in everyday reasoning is our tendency to a. accept as logical those conclusions that agree with our own opinions b. accept as logical those conclusions that disagree with out own opnions c. underestimate the accuracy of our knowledge d. accept as logical conclusions that involve unfamiliar concepts
accept as logical those conclusions that agree with our own opinions
The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the ________ gland(s) in response to stimulation by the ____________ branch of the nervous system.
adrenal, sympathetic
In order, the sequence of phases in the general adaptation syndrome is (exhaustion, alarm reaction, resistance)
alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion
Which of the following is NOT a stimulant? amphetamines caffeine nicotine alcohol
alcohol
Which of the following is classified as a depressant? a. Methamphetamine b. LSD c. Marijuana d. Alcohol
alcohol
A psychologist working from the evolutionary perspective is likely to suggest people are biologically predisposed to a. protect their offspring b. fear heights c. be attracted to fertile-looking members of the opposite sex d. all of the above
all of the above
Skinner and other behaviorists have argued that langage development is the result of a. imitation b. enforcement c. association d. all of these
all of these
To which of the following is a person most likely to develop phobias: a. heights b. being in public c. being dirty d. all of these are equally likely
all of these are equally likely
Punishment is a controversial way of controlling behavior because punishing stimuli often create fear punishment often increases aggressiveness behavior is not forgotten and may return of all of these reasons
all these reasons
Psychoactive drugs affect behavior and perception through
alteration of neural activity in the brain
Personality is defined as...
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
According to the text, language acquisition is best described as Points: 1.0 a. the result of conditioning and reinforcement b. a biological process of maturation c. an interaction between biology and experience d. a mystery of which researchers have no real understanding
an interaction between biology and experience
Identify the four major parts of the neuron (see test)
and cell body/nucleus
The inner ear contains receptors for
audition and the vestibular sense
Which parenting style is most likely to be associated with physical discipline and strict rules/demands?
authoritarian
The first thing Karen did when she discovered that she had misplaced her keys was to re-create in her mind the day's events. That she has little difficulty in doing so illustrates
automatic processing
A person whose EEG shows a high proportion of alpha waves is most likely
awake and relaxed
After detailed study of a gunshot wound victim, a psychologist concludes that the brain region destroyed is likely to be important for memory functions. Which type of research did the psychologist use to deduce this?
case study
Three-year old Jack is inhibited and shy. As an adult, Jack is lily to be
cautious and unassertive
The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement is the:
cerebellum
Which area of the brain is most important in the processing of implicit memories?
cerebellum
One way to increase the amount of information in memory is to group it into larger, familiar units. This process is referred to as
chunking
You would not use a test of hearing acuity as an intelligence test because it would lack Points: 1.0 a. content reliability b. predictive reliabilty c. predictive validity d. content validity
content validity
Walking through the halls of his high school 10 years after graduation, Tom experienced a flood of old memories. Tom's experience showed the role of
context effects
Which of the following is the correct order of structures through which light passes after entering the eye? lens, pupil, cornea, retina cornea, pupil, lens, retina pupil, lens, cornea, retina pupil, cornea, lens, retina
cornea, pupil, lens, retina
A person's accumulation of stored information is called _______ intelligence. This ability generally _______ with age.
crystallized; increases
The three broad categories of drugs discussed in the text include _______, which tend to slow body functions; _______, which speed body functions; and ______ which alter perception. These drugs all work by mimicking, stimulating, or inhibiting the activity of the brains _______. Psychologically, our culturally influenced ______ also plays a role.
depressants; stimulants; hallucinogens; neurotransmitters; expectations
What is the most pervasive of the psychological disorders?
depression
In shopping for a new stereo, you discover that you cannot differentiate between the sounds of models X and Y. The difference between X and Y is below your
difference threshold
Melissa has just completed running a marathon. She is so elated that she feels little fatigue or discomfort. Her lack of pain is probably the result of the release of:
endorphins
Reported racial gaps in average intelligence scores are most likely attributable to a. the use of biased tests of intelligence b. the use of unreliable tests of intelligence c. genetic factors d. environmental factors
environmental factors
Because you have a relatively low level of brain arousal, a trait theorist would suggest that you are an ________ who would naturally seek _________.
extravert, stimualtion
A student who completes learning tasks in order to earn stars on her paper is motivated by
extrinsic factors
Experiments on taste-aversion learning demonstrate what: for the conditioning of certain stimuli, the US need not immediately follow the CS all animals are biologically primed to associate illness with the taste of a tainted food any perceivable stimulus can become a CS all of these statements are true
for the conditioning of certain stimuli, the US need not immediately follow the CS
According to Piaget, the ability to think logically about abstraction indicates
formal operational thought
Judging and planning are enable by the ________ lobes.
frontal
The neural structure that most directly regulates eating drinking, and body temperature is the:
hypothalamus
A psychoanalyst would characterize a person who is impulsive and self-indulgent as possessing a strong ______ and a weak _______.
id; superego
Of the following, the best way to separate the effects of genes and environment is to study: a. fraternal twins b. identical twins c. adopted children and their adoptive parents d. identical twins raised in different environments
identical twins raised in different environments
Studies of the visual cliff have provided evidence that much of depth perception is
innate
In general, women are more vulnerable than men to a. external disorders such as anxiety b. internal disorders such as depression c. external disorders such as antisocial conduct d. internal disorders such as alcohol dependency
internal disorders such as depression
Increases in insulin will
lower blood sugar and trigger hunger
Nine-month old Nicole's left frontal lobe is more active than her right frontal lobe. We can expect that, all other things being equal, Nicole a. may suffer from mild depression for most of her life b. may have trouble "turning off" upsetting feelings later in life c. may be more cheerful that those with more active right frontal lobes d. may have trouble expressing her feelings later in life
may be more cheerful that those with more active right frontal lobes
The type of learning associated with Skinner is
operant conditioning
Shaping is a(n) ________ technique for _________ a behavior. respondent; suppressing operant; suppressing operant; establishing respondent; establishing
operant; establishing
I am a cell in the thalamus that is excited by red and inhibited by green. I am a(n)
opponent-processing cell
The linguistic determinism hypothesis is challenged by the finding that a. chimps can learn to communicate spontaneously by using sign language b. people with no word for a certain color will still perceive that color accurately c. The Eskimo language contains a number of words for snow, whereas English has only one d. infant's babbling contains many phonemes that do not occur int heir own language and they therefore cannot have learned
people with no word for a certain color will still perceive that color accurately
Each time you see your car, it projects a different image on the retinas of your eyes, yet you do not perceive it as changing. This is because of
perceptual constancy
The phenomenon that refers to the ways in which an individual's expectations influence perceptions is called
perceptual set
To which of Kohlberg's levels would moral reasoning based on the existence of fundamental human rights pertain?
postconventional morality
Of the 4 distinct skin senses, the only one that has definable receptors is
pressure
Providing a child with a stimulating educational environment in early childhood is likely to
prevent neural connections from degenerating
The term used to describe humans' desire for life-sustaining supports such as food and water is:
primary need
In an effort to remember the name of the classmate who sat behind her in 5th grade, Martina mentally recited the names of other classmates who sat near her. Martina's effort to refresh her memory by activating related associations is an examples of
priming
Genes direct our physical development by synthesizing:
protein
Complete the following analogy: Rose is to flower as a. concept is to prototype b. prototype is to concept c. concept is to hierarchy d. hierarchy is to concept
prototype is to concept
By age 65, a person would be most likely to experience a cognitive decline in the ability to a. recall and list important terms and concepts in a chapter b. select the correct definition in a multiple-choice question c. evaluate whether a statement is true or false d. exercise sound judgement in answering an essay question
recall and list important terms and concepts in a chapter
Complete this analogy: Fill-in-the-blank test questions are to multiple choice questions as storage is to encoding recognition is to recall recall is to recognition encoding is to storage
recall is to recognition
Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer? putting on a coat on a cold day relief from pain after the dentist stops drilling your teeth receiving a cool drink after washing your mother's car on a hot day receiving an approving nod from the boss for a job well done
receiving an approving nod from the boss for a job well done
When asked what makes life meaningful, most people first mention
satisfying relationships
"A very low intelligence score accompanied by one extraordinary skill" most likely describes an individual with a. autism b. savant syndrome c. down syndrome d. intellectual disability
savant syndrome
Researchers taught the chimpanzee Washoe and the gorilla Koko communication by using a. various methods b. plastic symbols of various shapes and colors c. sign language d. all of these methods
sign language
The phenomenon of size constancy is based on the close connection between an object's perceived _____ and its perceived_____.
size; distance
Current intelligence tests compute an individual's intelligence score as a. the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100 b. the ratio of chronological age to mental age multiplied by 100 c. the amount by which the test-taker's performance deviates from the average performance of others the same age d. the ratio of test-taker's verbal intelligence score to his or her nonverbal intelligence score
the amount by which the test-taker's performance deviates from the average performance of others the same age
Airline reservations typically decline after a highly publicized airplane crash because people overestimate the incidence of such disasters. in such instances, their decisions are being influenced by a. belief perseverance b. the availability heuristic c. the representativeness heuristic d. fixation
the availability heuristic
In a series of experiments the Harlow's found that the monkeys raised with artificial mothers tended, when afraid to cling to
the cloth mother
Classical conditioning experiments by Rescorla and Wagner demonstrate that an important factor in conditioning is
the predictability of an association
The fertilized will develop into a boy if, at conception,
the sperm contributes a Y chromosome
______ processing refers to how our knowledge and expectations influence perception.
top-down
Generally speaking, memory for random digits is better than memory for random letters. True or False?
true
Erik son's psychological developmental stage in which success is achieved by having secure social attachment with a caregiver is known as:
trust versus mistrust
The highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by a ____________ schedule.
variable-ratio
The brain area that when stimulated suppresses eating is the
ventromedial hypothalamus
Dao, who suffered accidental damage to the right side of her hippocampus, has trouble remembering
visual designs
Which of the following is NOT typical of both anorexia and bulimia? weight significantly and noticeably outside normal ranges low self-esteem and feelings of depression preoccupation with food and fear of being overweight far more frequent occurrence in women than in men
weight significantly and noticeably outside normal ranges
After an initial rapid weight loss, a person on a diet loses weight much more slowly. This slow-down occurs because
when a person diets, metabolism decreases
Match each structure or term with its function or description 1. Right hemisphere 2. Brainstem 3. Temporal lobes 4. Occipital lobes 5. Plasticity 6. Neurogenesis 7. Aphasia 8. Limbic system 9. Association areas 10. Left Hemisphere 11. Broca's Area a. formation of new neurons b. specializes in rationalizing reactions c. controls speech production d. specializes in spatial relations e. brain areas containing the auditory cortex f. brain areas containing the visual cortex g. oldest part of the brain h. regulates emotion i. brain's capacity for modification j. language disorder k. brain areas involved in higher mental functions
1. d 2. g 3. e 4. f 5. i 6. a 7. j 8. h 9. k 10. b 11. c
Matching 1. Surface meaning of dreams 2. sleep disorder in which breathing stops 3. Hallucinogen 4. brain-wave activity during stage 2 sleep 5. Stimulant 6. Disorder in which sleep attacks occur 7. twilight stage of sleep associated with imagery resembling hallucinations 8. deeper meaning of dreams 9. sleep disorder occurring in stage 4 of sleep 10. neurotransmitter that LSD resembles 11. drugs that reduce anxiety and depress central nervous system activity 12. stages of sleep associated with delta waves a. night terrors b. marijuana c. stages 3 and 4 sleep d. cocaine e. sleep spindle f. barbiturates g. manifest content h. narcolepsy i. stage 1 sleep j. latent content k. sleep apnea j. serotonin
1. g 2. k 3. b 4. e 5. d 6. h 7. i 8. j 9. a 10. l 11. f 12. c
Echoic memories fade after approximately
3 to 4 seconds
Most people's earliest memories do not predate_______ of age.
3 years
Our short-term memory span is approximately ____items.
7
MSG excites the part of your brain that's in charge of your fat programs and is what's known as an excitotoxin. It is also used to fatten up mice for scientific study. According to the documentary "hungry for change" what percent of MSG is added to all flavored foods?
80%
A neurotransmitter that is important in muscle contraction is ______; it is also important in learning and _________.
ACh; memory
Which of the following illustrates the constructive nature of memory? Janice keeps calling her new boyfriend by her old boyfriend's name Although Mrs. Harvey, who has Alzheimer's disease, has many gaps in her memory, she invents sensible accounts of her activities so that her family will not worry After studying all afternoon and then getting drunk in the evening, Don can't remember the material he studied After getting some good news, elated Kareem has a flood of good memories from his younger years
Although Mrs. Harvey, who has Alzheimer's disease, has many gaps in her memory, she invents sensible accounts of her activities so that her family will not worry
Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses?
Behavioral
Seventy-year-old Mrs. Martinez finds that she must spice her food heavily or she cannot taste it. Unfortunately, her son often finds her cooking inedible because it is so spicy. What is the most likely explanation for their taste differences?
Being 70 years old, Mrs. Martinez probably has fewer taste buds than her son
Randy, who has been under a lot of stress lately, has intense cravings for sugary junk foods, which tend to make him feel more relaxed. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for his craving? Randy feels that he deserves to pamper himself with sweets because of the stress he is under The extra sugar tends to lower blood insulin level, which promotes relaxation Carbohydrates boost levels of serotonin, which has a calming effect The extra sugar gives Randy the energy he needs to cope with the demands of daily life
Carbohydrates boost levels of serotonin, which has a calming effect
Which of the following is the most accurate description of how we process color? Red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white opponent processes operate throughout the visual system. Color processing occurs in two stages: (1) an opponent-process system in the retina and (2) a 3-color system en route to the visual cortex. Color processing occurs in two stages: (1) a 3-color system in the retina and (2) opponent-process cells en route to the visual cortex. Throughout the visual system, color processing divided into separate red, green, and blue systems.
Color processing occurs in two stages: (1) a 3-color system in the retina and (2) opponent-process cells en route to the visual cortex.
The manager of a manufacturing plant wishes to use positive reinforcement to increase the productivity of workers. Which of the following procedures would probably be the most effective? A productivity goal that seems attainable, yet is unrealistic, is set for each employee. Employees who fail to meet standards of productivity receive pay cuts. Employees are given immediate bonuses for specific behaviors related to productivity. Deserving employees are given a general merit bonus at the end of each fiscal year.
Employees are given immediate bonuses for specific behaviors related to productivity.
Which of the following best describes the hindsight bias? a. Events seem more predictable before they have occurred b. Events seem more predictable after they have occurred c. A person's intuition is usually correct d. A person's intuition is usually not correct
Events seem more predictable after they have occured
Name the four lobes of the brain and describe briefly what they do
Frontal: contains the motor cortex and is involved in planning and decision making Parietal: contains the sensory cortex and is involved in the sense of touch throughout the body Occipital: contains the visual cortex, coordinates eyesight, and processes visual information Temporal: contains the auditory cortex, coordinates hearing, and processes audio information
A researcher wants to determine whether noise level affects the blood pressure of elderly people. In one group she varies the level of noise in the environment and records participant's blood pressure. In this experiment, the level of nose is the:
Independent variable
Which of the following is NOT true of babbling? a. It is imitation of adult speech b. It is in the same in all cultures c. It typically occurs from about age 4 months to 1 year d. Babbling increasingly comes to resemble a particular language
It is imitation of adult speech
Which of the following teens is most likely to delay the initiation of sex? Ron, who regularly volunteers his time in community service Jason, who is not religiously active It is impossible to predict Jack, who has below-average intelligence
It is impossible to predict
Of the following individuals, who is likely to be the most hypnotically suggestible? a. Bill, a reality-oriented stockbroker b. Janice, an actress with a rich imagination c. Meghan. a sixth-grader who has trouble focusing her attention on a task d. Darren, who has never been able to really "get involved" in movies or novels
Janice
Which of the following is NOT cited as evidence of the reciprocal relationship between schooling and intelligence? a. Neither education level nor intelligence scores accurately predict income b. Intelligence scores tend to rise during the school year c. High school graduates have higher intelligence scores than do those who drop out early d. High intelligence scores correlate with prolonged schooling
Neither education level nor intelligence scores accurately predict income
Which of the following statements regarding REM sleep is true? a. adults spend more time than infants in REM sleep b. REM sleep deprivation results in REM rebound c. People deprived of REM sleep adapt easily d. Sleeping medications tend to increase REM sleep
REM sleep deprivations results in REM rebound
Which of the following statements concerning homosexuality is true? As children, most homosexuals were molested by an adult homosexual Research indicates that sexual orientation may be at least partly physiological Homosexuals have abnormal hormone levels Homosexuals had a domineering opposite-sex parent
Research indicates that sexual orientation may be at least partly physiological
What are 4 of the steps of the SQ3R study method?
Survey, Question, Read, Review
Dan has recently begun using an addictive euphoria producing drug. Which of the following will probably occur if he repeatedly uses this drug? a. As tolerance develops, Dan will experience increasing pleasurable "highs" b. The dosage needed to produce the desired effect will increase c. After each use, he will become more and more elated d. Dependence will become less of a problem
The dosage needed to produce the desired effect will increase
Which of the following statements is consistent with the Gestalt theory of perception? Perception results directly from sensation Perception develops largely through learning The mind organizations sensations into meaningful perceptions Perception is the product of heredity
The mind organizations sensations into meaningful perceptions
The term critical period refers to
a restricted time for learning
Research evidence links the brain abnormalities of schizophrenia to __________ during prenatal development.
a viral infection contracted
Stress has been demonstrated to place a person at increased risk of a. cancer b. progressing from HIV infections to AIDS c. bacterial infections d. all of these conditions
all of these conditions
The number of fat cells a person has is influenced by genetic predisposition adulthood eating patterns childhood eating patterns all of these factors
all of these factors
According to Maslow's theory the most basic motives are based on physiological needs needs are satisfied in a specified order the highest motives relate to self-transcendence all of these statements are true
all of these statements are true
The disease- and infection-fighting cells of the immune system are a. B lymphocytes b. T lymphocytes c. Macrophages d. All of these types of cells
all of these types of cells
Evolutionary explanations of gender differences in sexuality have been criticized because a. they offer "after-the-fact" explanations b. standards of attractiveness vary with time and place c. they underestimate cultural influences on sexuality d. all these reasons
all these reasons
Phobias and obsessive-compulsive behaviors are classified as
anxiety disorders
A car accident damaged areas in Cliff's left temporal and frontal lobes, causing him to have difficulties speaking and understanding language. Cliff's disorder is called:
aphasia
Compared with men, women a. have stronger immune systems b. are less susceptible to infections c. are more susceptible to self-attacking diseases such as MS d. have all for these characteristics
are more susceptible to self-attacking diseases such as MS
Assume that congress is considering revising its approach to welfare and to this end is hearing a range of testimony. A member of congress who uses the availability heuristics would be most likely to Points: 1.0 a. want to experiment with numerous possible approaches to see which of these seems to work the best b. want to cling to approaches to welfare that seem to have had some success in the past c. refuse to be budged from his or her beliefs despite persuasive testimony to the contrary d. base his or her ideas on the most vivid, memorable testimony given, even though many of the statistics presented run counter to this testimony.
base his or her ideas on the most vivid, memorable testimony given, even though many of the statistics presented run counter to this testimony.
Adoption studies show the personalities of adopted children
bear more similarities to their biological rather than adoptive parents
Studies of adopted children and their biological and adoptive families demonstrate that with age, genetic influences on intelligence a. become more apparent b. become less apparent c. become more difficult to disentangle from environmental influences d. become easier to disentangle from environmental influences
become more apparent
Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus will cause an animal to
begin eating
Psychology is the scientific study of _______ and _________ processes.
behavior; mental
When Gordon Bower presented words grouped by category or in random order, recall was improved when participants developed their own mnemonic devices the same for all words better for random words better for categorized words
better for categorized words
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic tastes? umami sweet salty bland
bland
Individuals who score high on Kinesthetic intelligence learn best by a. by doing b. by hearing c. by using texts and watching videos d. in calm, quiet surroundings
by doing
What explains why a rose appears equally red in bright and dim light?
color constancy
A mental grouping of similar things, events, ideas, or people is called a(n) a. prototype b. concept c. algorithm d. heuristic
concept
The basic units of cognition are a. algorithms b. concepts c. prototypes d. heuristics
concepts
Children acquire mental operations necessary to understand conservation during the
concrete operational stage
As the football game continued into the night, LeVar noticed that he was having difficulty distinguishing the colors of the player's uniforms. This is because the ______, which enable color vision, have a _______ absolute threshold for brightness than the available light intensity.
cones; higher
Personal space differs from culture to culture. These differences are examples of
cultural norms
Which of the following is NOT true regarding cultural diversity: a. culture influences emotional repressiveness b. culture influences personal space c. culture does not have a strong influence on how strictly social roles are defined d. all cultures evolve their own norms
culture does not have a strong influence on how strictly social roles are defined
Which of the following is true concerning abnormal behavior a. definitions of abnormal behavior are culture-dependent b. a behavior cannot be defined as abnormal unless it is considered harmful to society c. abnormal behavior can be defined as any behavior that is distressful d. definitions of abnormal behavior are based on physiological factors
definitions of abnormal behavior are culture-dependent
The extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the ________.
dendrites
The spacing effect means that
distributed study yields better retention than cramming
One shortcoming of the instinct theory of motivation is that it
does not explain human behavior; it simply names them
Which of the following is NOT a theory of dreaming mentioned in the text? a. dreams facilitate information-processing b. dreaming stimulates the developing brain c. dreams result from random neuronal activity originating in the brainstem d. dreaming is an attempt to escape from social stimulation
dreaming is an attempt to escape from social stimulation
A child can be born a drug addict becuase
drugs used by the mother will pass into the child's bloodstream to the placenta
Each cell of the human body has a total of a. 23 genes b. 23 chromosomal pairs c. 46 genes d. 46 chromosomes e. Both b and d
e. 23 pairs and 46 chromosomes
Compared with her counterparts of 30 years ago, a north american adult today is likely to
eat a higher-fat, higher-sugar diet
Body organs first begin to form and function during the period of the ________; within 6 months, during the period of the _________, the organs are sufficiently functional to allow a chance of survival
embryo; fetus
Ricardo has been unable to resolve a stressful relationship with a family member. To cope, he turns to a close friend for social support. Ricardo's coping strategy is an example of
emotion-focused coping
Normal levels o stimulation are important during infancy and early childhood because during these years
experience activates and preserve neural connections that might otherwise die from disuse
Concerning the catharsis hypothesis, which of the following is true? a. expressing anger can be temporarily calming if it does not leave one feeling guilty or anxious b. the arousal that accompanies unexpressed anger never dissipates c. expressing one;s anger always calms one down d. psychologists agree under no circumstance is catharsis beneficial
expressing anger can be temporarily calming if it does not leave one feeling guilty or anxious
Of the following parents are most likely to influence their children's a. temperament b. personality c. faith d. emotional reactivity
faith
T/F: authoritarian parents have children with the highest self-esteem and social confidence
false
T/F: most abused children later become abusive parents
false
T/F: the sequence in which children develop motor skills varies by culture
false
Objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as ____ due to the principle of ______.
farther away; relative height
Which of the following is NOT an example of homeostasis? feeling hungry and eating to restore the level of blood glucose to normal feeling hungry at the sight of appetizing food perspiring in order to restore normal body temperature all of these are examples of homeostasis
feeling hungry at the sight of appetizing food
Leon's psychology instructor has scheduled an exam every third week of the term. Leon will probably study the most just before an exam and the least just after an exam. This is because the schedule of exams is reinforcing studying according to which schedule?
fixed-interval
Between the ages of 3 and 6, the human brain experiences the greatest growth in the _______ lobes, which we use for rational planning, and which continue developing at least into adolescence
frontal
Mirror neurons are found in the brain's _______ and are believed to be the neural basis for _________.
frontal lobe; observational learning
The bell-shaped distribution of intelligence scores in the general population is called a a. g distibution b. standardization curve c. bimodal distribution d. normal distribution
g distibution
Bill once had a blue car that was in the shop more than it was out. Since then he will not even consider owning blue- or green-colored cars. Bill's aversion to green cars is an example of
generalization
The nature-nurture issue is the controversy over the relative contributions of ________ and ___________.
genetics; experience
Collectivist cultures (traits)
give priority to the goals of their groups, value the maintenance of social harmony, foster social interdependence (all of the above)
Hearing voices would be a(n) ___________; believing that you are Napoleon would be a(n) ________.
hallucination; delusion
In promoting observational learning, the most effective models are those that we perceive as having any of these characteristics similar to ourselves succesful respected and admired
having any of these characteristics
Ali's parents have tried hard to minimize their son's exposure to sweet, fattening foods. If Ali has the occasion to taste sweet foods in the future, which of the following is likely? he will display a preference for sweet tastes he will have a neutral reaction to sweet foods it is impossible to predict Ali's reaction he will have a strong aversion to such foods
he will display a preference for sweet tastes
Amnesia victims typically have experienced damage to the _____ of the brain.
hippocampus
Wavelength is to _________ as __________ is to brightness.
hue; intensity
According to Erikson, the central psychological challenges pertaining to adolescence, young adulthood, and middle age, respectively, are
identity formation; intimacy; generativity
For operant conditioning to be the most effective, when should the reinforces be resented in relation to the desired response?
immediately after
Elderly Mr. Flanagan, a retired electrician, can easily remember how to wire a light switch, but he cannot remember the name of the present of the United States. Evidently, Mr. Flanagan's ____memory if better than his _____ memory.
implicit; explicit
In which of the following may classical conditioning play a role? helping drug addicts emotional problems the body's immune system in all of these cases in none of these cases
in all of these cases
One difference between classical and operant conditioning is that in operant conditioning, the responses are reflexive in classical conditioning, the responses are automatically triggered by stimuli in classical conditioning, the responses operate on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli in operant conditioning, the responses are triggered by preceding stimuli
in classical conditioning, the responses are automatically triggered by stimuli
According to the serial position effect, when recalling a list of words you should have the greatest difficulty with those
in the middle of the list
Failing to see a visible object when our attention is focused elsewhere is called ______.
inattentional blindness
Alicia;s doctor, who thinks that Alicia's depression has a biochemical cause, prescribes a drug that
increases norepinephrine
Chad who grew up in the US is more likely to encourage _______ in his future children than Asian-born Hidiyaki, who is more likely to encourage _________.
independence; emotional-closeness
The factor that is being manipulated in an experiment is called the _________ variable. The measurable factor that may change as a result of these manipulations is called the ___________ variable.
independent; dependent
Most human traits are
influenced by many genes acting together
People who heard unusual phrases prior to sleep were awakened each time they began REM sleep. The fact that they remembered less the next morning provides support for the ________ theory of dreaming.
information-processing
Which of the following is NOT true regard schizophrenia? a. it occurs more frequently in people born in the winter and spring months b. it occurs less frequently as infectious disease rates have declined c. it occurs more frequently in lightly populated areas d. it usually appears during adolescence or early childhood
it occurs more frequently in lightly populated areas
What enables you to feel yourself wriggling your toes even with your eyes closed?
kinesthesis
Seligman has found that humans and animals who are exposed to adverse events they cannot escape may developed
learned helplessness
In a study on context cues, people learned words while on land or when they were underwater. In a later test of recall, those with the best retention had
learned the words and been tested on them in the same context
People who are exuberant and persistently cheerful show increased activity in the brain's __________, which is rich in receptors for the neurotransmitter _____________. a. right frontal lobe; dopamine b. left frontal lobe; dopamine c. amygdala, serotonin d. thalamus, serotonin
left frontal lobe, dopamine
Of the relatively few genetic differences among humans, _______ are differences among population groups.
less than 10%
The misinformation effect provides evidence that memory
may be reconstructed during recall according to how questions are framed
Which of the following influences on hunger motivation does NOT belong with the others? attraction to sweet and salty tastes reduced production of ghrelin after stomach bypass surgery memory of time elapsed since your last meal set/setting point
memory of time elapsed since your last mea
Being in a bad mood after a hard day of work, Susan could think of nothing positive in her life. This is best explained as an example of
mood-congruent memory
Research on locus of control indicates that internals are ________ than externals
more able to cope with stress
Repression is an example of motivated forgetting encoding failure memory decay all of these things
motivated forgetting
Which of the following constructs of intelligence is proposed by Gardener? a. biopsychological b. crystallized c. cultural d. naturalistic
naturalistic
Carrie's mother takes away her allowance after she behaves inappropriately one a recent shopping trip. This is an example of
negative punishment
Jack finally takes out the garbage in order to get his father to stop pestering him. Jack's behavior is being influenced by a primary reinforcer punishment negative reinforcement positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
If your level of text anxiety goes down as your time spent studying goes up, would you say these events are positively or negatively correlated?
negatively correlated
In the brain, learning occurs as experience strengthens certain connections in cell work groups called:
neural networks
Which neurotransmitter is in overabundance during the manic phase of bipolar disorder?
norepinephrine
14 year old Cassandra feels freer and more open with her friends than with her family. Knowing this is this case, Cassandra's parents should a. be concerned b. encourage Cassandra to find new friends c. seek family counseling d. not worry
not worry, since adolescence is typically a time of growing peer influence and diminishing parental influence
D'Andre was 5 months old, he looked at a toy train, when his view of the train was blocked, he did not search for it. Now that he is 9 months old he does look for it, reflecting the presence of:
object permanence
In the absence of perceptual constancy depth perception would be impossible depth perception would be based exclusively on binocular cues objects would appear to change size as their distance from us changed depth perception would be based exclusively on monocular cues
objects would appear to change size as their distance from us changed
Research on obesity indicates that pound for pound, fat tissue requires more calories to maintain than lean tissue when hunger drops below the set point, hunger and metabolism also decrease once fat cells are acquired they are never lost, no matter how rigorously one diets one pound of weight is lost for every 3500-calorie reduction in diet
once fat cells are acquired they are never lost, no matter how rigorously one diets
On an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given
only some of the time
Five personality factors
openness, conscience, extro/introversion, agreeability, neuroticism
The behavior of many people has been described in terms of a spotlight effect. This means they
overestimate the extent to which other people are noticing them
"Rest and digest" is to the ________ nervous system, as "Fight or flight" is to the _______ nervous system.
parasympathetic; sympathetic
According to the documentary "dying to be thin", what is a character trait that many bulimic and anorexic individuals have in common? humorous pessimistic reserved perfectionistic
perfectionistic
The most influential gland is the _________, which helps regulate ________ and the release of hormones by other endocrine glands.
pituitary; growth
During sleep a growth hormone is released by the _______ gland. Adults spend (more/less) time in deep sleep than children and so release (more/less) growth hormone.
pituitary; less; less
Which of the following is an example of the use of heuristics? Points: 1.0 a. trying every possible letter ordering when unscrambling a word b. considering each possible move when playing chess c. using the formula "area=length x width" to find the area of a rectangle d. playing chess using a defensive strategy that haas often been successful for you
playing chess using a defensive strategy that haas often been successful for you
Connie's therapist suggests that her depression stems from unresolved anger towards her parents. Evidently, Connie's therapist is working within the ___________ perspective.
psychoanalytic
Well-done surveys measure attitudes in a representative subset, or _______, of an entire group, or __________.
random sample; population
Suzy bought a used, high-mileage automobile because it was all she could afford. Attempting to justify her purpose, she raves to her friends about the car's attractiveness, good acceleration, and stereo. According to Freud, Suzy is using the defense mechanism of
rationalization
Information is maintained in short-term memory only briefly unless it is
rehearsed
The depth cue that occurs when we watch stable objects at different distances as we are moving is
relative motion
A pair of adopted children or identical twins reared in the same home are most likely to have similar a. temperaments b. personalities c. religious beliefs d. emotional reactivity
religious beliefs
Lashley's studies, in which rats learned a maze and then had various parts of their brains surgically removed, showed that memory (experiment in chapter of book) was lost when surgery took place within 1 hour of learning was lost when surgery took place within 24 hours of learning was lost when any region of the brain was removed remained no matter which area of the brain was tampered with
remained no matter which area of the brain was tampered with
"new learning interferes with previous knowledge" is the definition for what?
retroactive interference
If a fraternal twin develops schizophrenia, the likelihood of the other twin developing serous mental illness is much lower than that of identical twins. This suggests that
schizophrenia is influenced by genes
An example of self-serving bias is the tendency of people to a. see themselves as average on nearly every desirable dimension b. accept more responsibilities for successes than failures c. be overly critical of other people d. exhibit heightened racial prejudice
see themselves as average on nearly every desirable dimension
The selection effect in peer influence refers to the tendency of children and youth to
seek out friends with similar attitudes and interests
As a well-educated and highly esteemed businesswoman, Delores feels she has accomplished a great deal in her life. She decides that she would like to give back to the community, so she makes a sizable endowment to the local conservatory. She is also using her professional influence to draw the public's attention to the needs of children who have cancer. Abraham Maslow would probably say that Delores has reached the __________________ stage of his need hierarchy.
self-actualization
According to Kohlberg, pre conventional morality focuses on __________; conventional morality is more concerned with ___________.
self-interesting; upholding laws and social rules
James attributes his failing grade in chemistry to an unfair final exam. His attitude exemplifies
self-serving bias
Kandel and Schwartz have found that when learning occurs, more of the neurotransmitter _____is released into synapses
serotonin
The division of the peripheral nervous system that enables voluntary control of the skeletal muscles is the _________ nervous system.
somatic
When Sandy scalded her toe in a tub of hot water, the pain message was carried to her spinal cord by the _______ nervous system.
somatic
Faced with a new babysitter, an 8-month old infant shows distress, a behavior referred to as
stranger anxiety
Effect of stress on the body is to
suppress the immune system
Which of the following is an example of an interaction a. swimmers swim fastest during competition against other swimmers b. swimmers with certain personality traits swim fastest during competitions, while those with other personality traits swim fastest during solo time trials c. as the average daily temperature increases, sales of ice cream decrease d. as the average daily temperature increases, sales of lemonade increase
swimmers with certain personality traits swim fastest during competitions, while those with other personality traits swim fastest during solo time trials
Mrs Ramirez often tells her children that it is important to buckle their seat belts while riding in the car, but she rarely does so herself. Her children will probably learn to
tells others it is important to use seat belts but rarely use them themselves
In relation to ground beef, consumers respond more positively to an ad describing it as "75 percent lean" than to one referring to its "25 percent fat" content. This is an example of a. the framing effect b. confirmation bias c. mental set d. overconfidence
the framing effect
Long-term potentiation refers to
the increased efficiency of synaptic transmission between certain neurons following learning
In his study of men on a semi-starvation diet, Keys found that the metabolic rate of the men increased the men eventually lost interest in food the men became obsessed with food the men's behavior directly contradicted predictions made by Maslow's hierarchy of needs
the men became obsessed with food
While competing in the Olympic trials, marathoner Kirsten O'Brien suffered a stress fracture in her left leg. That she not experience significant pain until the race was over is probably attributable to the fact that during the race
the pain gate in her spinal cord was closed by information coming from her brain
You hear that one of the Smith children is an outstanding Little League player and immediately conclude it's their one son rather than any of their four daughters. You reached your quite possibly erroneous conclusion as the result of a. the confirmation bias b. the availability heuristic c. the representativeness heuristic d. belief perseverance
the representativeness heuristic
Compared with when he was younger, 4-year old Antonio is better able to empathize with his friend's feelings. This growing ability to take another's perspective indicates Antonio is acquiring a
theory of mind
Which of the following was NOT found by the Harlow's in socially deprived monkeys? a. they had difficulty mating b. they showed extreme fear or aggression c. they showed abnormal physical development d. the females were abusive mothers
they showed abnormal physical development
Which of the following was NOT identified as a contributing factor in the high rate of unprotected sex among adolescents? mass media sexual norms ignorance thrill-seeking alcohol use
thrill-seeking
According to evolutionary psychology, men are drawn sexually to women who seem________, while women are attracted to men who seem _________.
youthful and fertile; mature and affluent