Psychology Test: Unit 2
Marcus is really hot, so he takes off his jacket. Marcus' body temperature is a physiological state that has produced a motivational state called
a drive
Secondary reinforcer
any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
Research seems to indicate that people who _____ are more vulnerable to disease.
are recently widowed
neutral stimulus (NS)
A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest. (no stimulant occurred)
Schachter-Singer Theory
A theory of emotion that states that both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal must occur before an emotion is consciously experienced.
unconditional response (UR)
the reaction to the stimulus (blink of eye)
negative punishment
the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring
Twenty-five-year-old Jonah is wondering whether his rate of sperm cell production is within normal range. For a man his age, his doctor will likely tell him that the average rate of production is about _____ sperm per second.
1000
With repeated presentations of a bright red toy, 2-month-old Anita began to respond with less visual attention to the toy. Her decreasing responsiveness best illustrates Group of answer choices
Habituation
Which statement accurately describes the heritability of intelligence?
Heritability accounts for about 50 percent of the variation in intelligence test scores
Animals can be trained to perform many behaviors through _____; that is, by providing well-timed rewards as the animals progressively better approximate the desired behaviors. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.
Shaping
Carissa is in the middle of finals week and finds that her anxiety and stress levels are making it difficult to concentrate on her studying. She should:
Spend time petting her dog
Which statement about stress is true?
Stress depends to a large extent on how events are interpreted.
Babies prefer people who give them warmth rather than feed them. True or false?
True
Infancy you are learning?
Trust
_____ proposed that children learn by internalizing their culture's language and relying on internal speech.
Vygotsky
Classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Karen is 13 years old. She is in the midst of puberty. Karen is in a stage of development called _____.
adolescence
Which of the following is NOT a good way to build the strength of greater security in relationship attachment?
brace yourself for assuming the worst
Piano players who do drills when they are children to improve dexterity in their left hands experience:
brain changes that greatly improve dexterity.
Gabriel is 4 years old and is standing in front of the TV while watching a football game. His father is also trying to watch, but Gabriel is standing right in front of him. Gabriel doesn't realize that he is blocking his father's view. This is an example of
egocentric behavior
The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes are called _____.
genes
Evolutionary psychologists attribute the human tendency to fear of snakes and heights to:
genetic predispositions.
Those adults who feel securely attached in their relationships tend to demonstrate _________blank resilience and __________blank depression.
higher, lower
Paula smells coffee brewing in the morning and it is really the only reason she is willing to get out of bed. In this situation, the coffee is a(n):
incentive
Biology ________ gender.
influences
With respect to adolescence, biology determines:
its beginning but not its end
To what degree can natural pessimists change their level of pessimism through conscious effort?
moderately
Virtual twins are?
same-age children adopted as infants and raised as siblings.
A college instructor is expected to teach classes, assess student work, and advise students. These expectations are part of a college instructor's:
role
If a person wins a contest for a free iPad, something he or she has wished for, how happy is that person likely to be six months later?
same as prior to the contest
Makayla is a young White girl who lives in Miami, Florida. Makayla is very aware of her minority status. Her _____ has formed around her uniqueness to the area.
social identity
Sweden and Iceland exhibit little of the gender gap in mathematical abilities found in Turkey and Korea. This best illustrates that mental abilities are
socially influenced
Zajonc; LeDoux Theory
some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal
In the United States in the twenty-first century, girls are MOST likely to outperform boys in a:
spelling bee
Women have been found to score lower on math tests when they are tested alongside men. This best illustrates the impact of
stereotype threat
conditioned associations
such as a smell that triggers thoughts of a favorite place
Coyotes that have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is BEST explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon?
taste aversion
In individualistic cultures like the United States, people, when angry, are generally encouraged to:
vent anger
The human genome consists of approximately _____ genes.
20,000
In the United States, about ______ percent of all babies are walking by age 11 months, ______ percent are walking within a week after their first birthday, and about ______ percent are walking by age 15 months.
25; 50; 90
In one study of over 650,000 adults, walking 150 minutes per week predicted living _____ more years.
7
ratio schedule
A program by which reinforcement depends on the number of correct responses.
interval schedule
A program by which reinforcement depends on the time interval elapsed since the last reinforcement.
After Nadia learned that penguins can't fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of
Accomodation
Which statement is true of exercise?
Aerobic exercise increases arousal
School age children?
Competence
Five-year-old twins Keith and Kevin each have 4 ounces of juice in their glasses. Keith's glass is tall and narrow, whereas Kevin's is shorter and wider. Kevin complains that Keith has more juice, revealing his lack of:
Conservation
Pearson cut Judy's hot dog into eight pieces and Sylvia's into six pieces. Sylvia cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much hot dog as Judy. Piaget would say that Sylvia doesn't understand the principle of
Conservation
Low commitment and low exploration
Diffusion is the relative absence of exploration and commitment. Diffused individuals are often apathetic and uninterested, and lack direction.
Middle adulthood wants?
Generativity
Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that intelligence test scores are influenced by environment?
Identical twins raised apart are less similar in their intelligence scores than identical twins raised together
Operant conditioning
In operant conditioning, we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence. Thus we (and other animals) learn to repeat acts followed by good results (FIGURE 20.2) and avoid acts followed by bad results. These associations produce operant behaviors (which operate on the environment to produce a consequence).
Preschoolers learning?
Initiative
Based on findings from a Swedish study, what effect on intelligence does adoption into wealthier, better-educated families have on infants from poor backgrounds?
It raises intelligence test scores by nearly 5 points.
_____ is to a girl's sexual development as _____ is to a boy's sexual development.
Menarche, spermarche
High exploration, low commitment
Moratorium is the state of active exploration without much commitment. In developmental terms, it usually precedes identity achievement.
Yun Hee lives in New York and is concerned about her daughter, who will be 1 year old next week. Her baby is not walking yet, and Yun Hee's family is starting to comment on this. Should she be worried?
No, she should not worry. Only 50 percent of all babies in the United States are walking within a week after their first birthday.
Sensorimotor stage
0 to ~2 years learn to manipulate environment in order to meet needs stage ends with development of object permanence (beginning of representational thought)
Roughly speaking, the proportion of medical school students who are women has increased from _____ percent to _____ percent over the past 50 years.
10; 50
Toddlers learning?
Autonomy
Although not yet aware of her pregnancy, Mrs. Enriquez has conceived a single cell from the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell. This single cell is called a:
Zygote
Throughout history and ongoing today, there are cultures where men are routinely violent to loved ones and strangers alike. Yet, their progeny may be raised in a different culture and be gentle and kind. This example illustrates that behaviors are:
a combination of genetic and social.
Group differences and the stereotype threat can partially be countered by having students focus on the idea that intelligence is:
changeable
Three-year-old Kirsten was playing with a balloon she was given by her father. While playing with the balloon, it popped in her face, which frightened her and caused her to cry loudly. That weekend she was attending a birthday party and saw some balloons, began to cry, and ran out of the room. This is an example of:
classical
Because we are human, language allows us to learn things we have neither experienced nor observed. This type of learning is called:
cognitive learning
In the 1990s, Alanis Morissette sang that "a traffic jam when you're already late" is ironic. While it actually may not be ironic, this situation is indeed a(n):
daily hassle
A train is rapidly approaching and Antonio's car stalls in the middle of the railroad tracks. His emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by:
dilation of pupils
Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he is fearful of dogs; however, he is not frightened of cats. This reaction BEST illustrates:
discrimination
Mirror neurons are found in the brain's _____ lobe and are believed to be the neural basis for _____.
frontal lobe; observational learning
When compared to someone who views an event as a threat, an individual who views an event as a challenge is likely to feel _____ stressed.
less
Which of these is more likely to increase the likelihood of a heart attack victim having another attack?
major depression
Variable interval
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals (around 6 minutes you get a treat)
If research suggested that a pregnant mother's use of an artificial sweetener caused harm to the fetus, the artificial sweetener would be considered a(n)
teratogan
Positive punishment
the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring
Puberty is?
the age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction
One reason why Type A personalities may be more prone to heart disease is that they are more often "combat ready," which leads to increased activity by the sympathetic nervous system and interferes with the:
the livers ability to remove cholesterol and fat from the blood.
When people are stimulated by an exciting soccer match, their excitement can fuel and intensify anger. This effect is known as:
the spillover effect
Cannon-Bard Theory
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
James-Lange Theory
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Research on aggression indicates that
throughout the world, men are more likely than women to support and engage in war
What is one of the disadvantages of the preschool program Head Start?
The positive effects seemed to dissipate as the children aged.
Emotion is a response that includes physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience. These components may be exemplified, respectively, by:
a pounding heart, increased pace, and a sense of fear.
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Identical twins reared together have intelligence test scores that are:
almost as similar as those of a single person taking the same test twice.
With respect to parenting style, coercive is to confrontative as _____ is to _____.
authoritarian; authoritative
The topic of maturation is MOST likely to arise in a conversation concerning _____ development.
biological
Those who develop a secure attachment to caregivers as infants tend to develop insecure attachments to loved ones as adults.
false
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, the optimum level of arousal is _____ for difficult tasks.
higher for easy than
Preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Aaron cried when his mother left him in the infant nursery at church, and he was not reassured or comforted by her return a short while later. Aaron showed signs of
insecure attachment
Vanessa cares very much about her social status and income. She works hard to make extra bonuses and strives for raises. How happy is Vanessa likely to be compared to her less ambitious co-workers?
less happy
Parents in Westernized cultures are more likely than parents in Asian cultures to encourage children to value
nonconformity
An understood rule for an accepted and expected behavior is called a(n) _____.
norm
Which intervention is MOST likely to positively impact the cognitive development of students from families who live in poverty?
nutritional supplements
Both Watson and Pavlov believed that psychology should study only objective and _____ psychological phenomena.
observable
People tend to _____ the long-term emotional impact of sustaining a paralyzing physical injury and they tend to _____ the long-term emotional impact of acquiring wealth.
overestimate for both
Harry Harlow and his colleagues completed a number of studies in which baby macaque monkeys were raised with two artificial surrogate mothers. One of the mothers was made of wire, and the other was made of soft cloth. Either mother could provide food. Harlow found that when the infant monkeys were startled or frightened, they:
preferred the cloth surrogate, even if it provided no food.
Variable ratio
reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses (press a bar an average of 6 times and get a treat)
Fixed ratio
reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses *press bar 4 times and get a treat
Fixed interval
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed (5 minutes goes by you get a treat)
"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style
Authoritarian
People tend to use emotion-focused, rather than problem-focused, coping strategies when they:
Believe they can not change a stressful situation
Lacking exposure to spoken, written, or signed language before adolescence, a person will never master any language. This indicates that infancy and childhood constitute a(n)
Critical period
Marjorie has just completed an introductory course in psychology at a local community college. She would like to take another psychology course next semester. The college offers courses in developmental psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology. Marjorie is especially interested in change and growth across the life span. Based on this information, Marjorie should MOST strongly consider the course in _____ psychology.
Developmental
Pavlov's dogs stopped salivating to the tone when the food was no longer paired with the tone. This is an example of:
Extinction
Two individuals are MOST likely to differ in personality if they are _____ twins who were raised _____.
Fraternal twins, apart
classical conditioning
In classical conditioning, we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events. (A stimulus is any event or situation that evokes a response.) We learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crack of thunder; when lightning flashes nearby, we start to brace ourselves (FIGURE 20.1). We associate stimuli that we do not control, and we respond automatically (exhibiting respondent behavior).
positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
Late adulthood wants?
Integrity (live well lived)
Young adults need?
Intimacy
In general, children cannot be trained to walk before they are 10 months old. This best illustrates the importance of
Maturation
In emphasizing that heredity's effects on behavior depend on a person's home environment, psychologists are most clearly highlighting the importance of
Nature-Nurture interactions
The cognitive processes in _____ involve the organism developing an expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished with or without reinforcement. Whereas in _____ an organism develops an expectation that the conditioned stimulus signals the arrival of an unconditioned stimulus.
Operant conditioning, classical conditioning
Which statement provides evidence against the idea that human development is mostly continuous?
Our brain goes through growth spurts that correspond roughly with Jean Piaget's stages.
The importance of schemas was MOST clearly highlighted by _____ and his cognitive development theory. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished. Your answer:
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Regis thinks it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simply because he might get punished for doing so. He is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ stage of morality.
Preconventional
Michelle always drives down Hampton Avenue to go to work. One morning, Michelle discovers that Hampton Avenue is closed at Wood Street because of construction. Michelle immediately takes a different route to work. She is able to make a quick route change because:
She has formed a cognitive map of the area.
Developmental psychologists have found that one's general level of emotionality, called _____, remains fairly constant from childhood into adulthood.
Temperament
Exceptionally timid and cautious infants tend to become shy and unassertive adolescents. This best illustrates the long-term stability of
Temperament
In using operant conditioning principles to train animals to perform tricks, Keller and Marian Breland found that:
an animal's inborn or instinctive behavior patterns could interfere with the operant conditioning of new behaviors.
If chronic child abuse alters a victim's gene expression in such a fashion as to trigger depression, this would be said to illustrate
an epigenetic affect
Primary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Critical Period
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Shane's doctor suggests that he begin an aerobic exercise program in addition to the psychotherapy for his depression. As a result, Shane will experience all of these EXCEPT that he will:
become more stressed
Based on the textbook's discussion, ______ may help us better manage stress, whereas ______ may help us experience less stress in the first place.
building social support; aerobic exercise
John has just finished a brutal tour of combat in Afghanistan where he saw a lot of fighting. Several of his friends were killed, but he was able to fight despite the death around him. The two stress hormones at play were _____ and _____.
cortisol and epinephrine
People tend to use _____-focused coping strategies when they believe they cannot change a stressful situation.
emotion
Following an ugly confrontation with a co-worker, Simon seeks sympathy from his friends. Simon is practicing _____ coping.
emotion focused
The field of _____ explores how the environment affects the expression of genetic attributes.
epigenetics
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need for achievement, competence, and independence is an element of _____ needs.
esteem
Mark is driven to excel at everything he does. As a child, he received high grades in all of his classes. In Boy Scouts, he earned the rank of Eagle Scout. Now as an adult, Mark constantly beats everyone at work in reaching the monthly sales quota. Mark seems to be primarily motivated by ____ needs.
esteem
An experimenter visits a preschool with a big box of markers and paper. The children are told that they can draw as many pictures as they want. The children enjoy the task very much. On another visit, the children are told that for every picture they draw they will earn a prize. Two weeks later when the experimenter returns, he offers the markers and paper for drawing but says that no prizes will be given. The children draw very little with the markers because:
excessive rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation.
An investigation of the effects of relaxation techniques and aerobic exercise on depression revealed that:
exercise had a greater impact on depression than did relaxation.
Lacking the _____ to answer supposedly unbiased intelligence test questions about their new culture, many Eastern-Europeans were classified as feebleminded in the early 1900s.
experience
Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that people are unlikely to be motivated to obtain ________ if they are deprived of ________.
good grades in school; love and safety
Trevor believes he is increasing his intelligence by devoting a lot of time and disciplined effort into completing his schoolwork assignments. Trevor's disciplined effort is most clearly encouraged by
growth mindset
Shaping is a method used by Skinner to:
guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.
The feel-good, do-good phenomenon refers to the impact of:
happiness on helpfulness
People who are securely attached in a relationship tend to score
high in anxiety and avoidance
The body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state is known as Group of answer choices
homeostasis
Two individuals are MOST likely to be similar in personality if they are:
identical twins raised together
The process of developing a sense of _____ during adolescence was highlighted by Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory.
identity
The term gender _____ refers to the feeling or sense of being either male or female.
identity
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or [7 to 11] years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
unconditioned stimulus (US)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. (puff of air)
conditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response (tone)
conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) (blink of eye)
A(n) _____ is a complex behavior that has a fixed pattern throughout a species and is unlearned.
instinct
An experimenter visits a preschool with a big box of markers and paper. The children are told that they can draw as many pictures as they want. The children enjoy the task very much. On another visit, the children are told that for every picture they draw they will earn a prize. Two weeks later when the experimenter returns, he offers the markers and paper for drawing but says that no prizes will be given. The children draw very little with the markers because extrinsic rewards can undermine _____ motivation.
intrinsic
As compared with the time they spend in school, children in developed nations spend _____ time watching television.
more
Compared to fraternal twins, identical twins are _____ similar in risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and _____ similar in risk of divorce.
more, more
Males' reading ability scores and performance scores vary _____ than females' scores and males' math test performance scores vary _____ than females' scores.
more, more
According to the text, with respect to the nature-versus-nurture debate, temperament seems to be:
nature
Two generations ago, men in the United States were expected to initiate dates and women to select wedding gifts. This BEST illustrates aspects of gender _____.
roles
When Joan touched her infant's cheek, the baby turned his head toward the side that was touched and opened his mouth. Joan was eliciting the reflex to
root for nipple
Mary-Kate and Ashley, the Olsen twins, are widely believed to be identical. However, they are actually fraternal twins. If researchers were to study them _____ would make it more difficult for researchers to distinguish environmental and genetic influences on the sisters' development.
the unusual amount of time they spend together (shared environment)
Erik Erikson proposed that at each stage of life we face a psychosocial task that needs resolution. The first task that infants wrestle with is ____ versus ____.
trust vs mistrust
Which of these BEST describes the complex relationship between nature and nurture in the influence of human behavior?
two hands clapping. (working together)
Irwin lived through Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. Throughout the duration of the life-changing event, Irwin experienced intense distress. Such a response to catastrophes is:
typical
Recently, there was a horrible story about a 14-year-old girl who was kept in isolation by her parents and was not exposed to any type of language. Now that she is out of isolation, what is the MOST likely outcome for her language development?
unlikely to master any language
Identical twins Skyler and Sloane live with their biological parents. Skyler took an intelligence test when he was 9 years old and got a score of 100. Sloane took the same test. What would one predict Sloane's score to be?
very close to 100
Studies of identical twins who had been raised apart have most clearly increased scientific appreciation for the impact of ________ on personality development.
Epigenetic markers
Lazarus Theory
Experience of emotion depends on how the situation is labelled. We label the situation, which then leads to emotional and physiological response
High commitment, low exploration
Foreclosure represents a commitment formed without substantial prior exploration. This commitment often flows from the expectations of parents or other significant figures in the individual's life.
"If you're really concerned about the rights and dignity of women," Yigal asked his older brother, "how can you justify buying pornographic magazines?" Yigal's question indicates that he is in the ________ stage of development.
Formal operation
The tendency to emphasize the impact of parents' child-raising practices on children's personalities has been MOST characteristic of:
Freudian Psychologists
A decrease in responding to repeated stimulation is called:
Habituation
Ismael has switched his college major several times while trying to figure out what kind of work he might like to do. Erikson would have suggested that Ismael lacks
Identity
Teens struggle to find?
Identity
High commitment, High exploration
Identity achievement represents high levels of both exploration and commitment. It is the state of having committed to specific identity elements following a period of exploration.
Bree has been raised in an individualist society. Which of the following is best associated with her upbringing?
expressing ones uniqueness
Maria has always taken responsibility for preparing family meals because she learned that this was expected of women. Her behavior best illustrates the influence of
gender roles
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner found that Little Albert's conditioned fear was elicited not only by a rat but also by a number of similar objects. Little Albert's behavior BEST illustrates stimulus:
generalization
People have always responded so positively to Alyssa's good looks that she has developed a socially confident and outgoing personality. This best illustrates the interaction of
genes and environment