Psychology Unit 1 ch 1

Personality psychology

focuses on the relatively enduring characteristics of individuals (traits, goals, motives, genetics, personality development, well-being, etc.).

Dr. Klein observes how children react to receiving an allowance for completing chores at home each week. Dr. Klein is most likely a ___________ psychologist. cognitive psychodynamic behavioral humanistic

behavioral

According to the definition of psychology, which of the following is NOT a behavior? smiling at a newborn baby watching a flock of geese fly overhead sleeping through a lecture being overweight

being overweight

Temira tells her roommate, Carmella, that she recently read that people who paint their rooms blue get better grades. Carmella knows that painting their room will be a lot of work. Therefore, she asks Temira where she got her information and what evidence her sources had for their conclusion. She also wonders if there might not be another reason that people with blue rooms have higher grades—for example, maybe smart people prefer the color blue. What skill is Carmella using? basic research applied research critical thinking behaviorism

critical thinking

Social psychology

deals with people's social interactions, relationships, social perceptions, social cognitions, and attitudes. Researchers are interested in how groups or individuals influence the behavior of others.

Humanistic approach

emphasizes a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny. Humanistic psychologists stress that people have the ability to control their lives and avoid being manipulated by the environment. Topics such as altruism and optimism are largely studied under this approach.

While reading a magazine, Jordan sees an advertisement that claims that a new weight-loss pill will help anyone lose weight without exercising. The advertisement includes a picture of a woman when she was obese and another picture of her looking thin and fit. Though the pictures are very compelling, Jordan knows that she needs to examine advertisements critically. Which of the following questions BEST represents critical thinking? Why would a woman agree to be in this advertisement? Is this woman a professional model? What would my friends think about my taking a weight-loss pill? Are there other possible explanations for the woman's weight loss, other than the pill being advertised?

Are there other possible explanations for the woman's weight loss, other than the pill being advertised?

_________ psychologists examine the differences between automatic and controlled processes in thinking. Biological Behavioral Humanistic Cognitive

Cognitive

Why is psychology considered a science? It focuses on internal mental processes. It classifies mental disorders. It focuses on observation, drawing conclusions, and prediction through systematic methods. It focuses on behavior.

It focuses on observation, drawing conclusions, and prediction through systematic methods.

Which best depicts John B. Watson's belief about studying human behavior? Adult behaviors must be understood through examining childhood experiences. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Only visible behavior can be measured and understood. The mind can be understood through the use of introspection.

Only visible behavior can be measured and understood.

Psychology of Women and Gender

Psychology of women and gender studies psychological, social, and cultural influences on women's development and behavior while also addressing interests in the broader topic of gender and the ways our biological sex influences our ideas of ourselves as men and women.

According to Buss, _____ is a necessity to avoid extinction. intelligence stagnation adaptation ignorance

adaptation

Forensic psychology

applies psychological concepts to the legal system. Forensic psychologists are often hired by legal teams to provide input about aspects of trials such as jury selection and to testify as expects in such trials.

Sport psychology

applies psychology's principles to improving sport performance and enjoying participation.

Mental processes

are the internal thoughts, feelings, and motives that cannot be directly observed.

According to Buss, human development is shaped by nature. nurture. neither nature or nurture. both nature and nurture.

both nature and nurture.

School and educational psychology

centrally concerns children's learning and adjustment in school.

Clinical and counseling psychologists

diagnose and treat people with psychological problems. Clinical psychologists are interested in psychopathology, which is the scientific study of psychological disorders, the treatment of these disorders, and the development of diagnostic categories of mental health.

Health psychology

emphasizes psychological factors, lifestyle, and the nature of the health-care delivery system.

Cognitive approach

emphasizes the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, how we perceive, how we remember, and how we think and solve problems. Often scientists who adopt this approach focus on information processing, the way the human mind interprets information, stores it, and applies it to decision-making.

Behavioral approach

emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants. John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner were the first behaviorists. Behaviorism dominated psychological research during the first half of the 20th century.

Biological approach

emphasizes the study of the body, especially the brain and nervous system. Neuroscience is the scientific study of the structure, function, development, genetics, and biochemistry of the nervous system. It emphasizes that the brain and nervous system are central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion and has spread to many other research areas including developmental neuroscience, social neuroscience, and behavioral neuroscience as examples.

Sociocultural approach

emphasizes the ways in which the social and cultural environments influence behavior. With the rise of cultural diversity in the United States, research on the influence of culture on behavior has led to important findings in the role that culture plays in our sense of self.

Psychodynamic approach

emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between biological instincts and society's demands, and early family experiences. Sigmund Freud was the founder of the psychodynamic approach. He believed that a person's early interactions with the parents were the major factor that shaped an individual's personality.

Sensation and Perception

focus on both the physical systems and the psychological processes that allow individuals to experience the world.

Cross-cultural psychology

focuses on a culture's role in understanding behavior, thought, and emotion.

Community psychology

focuses on accessible care for people with psychological problems. Community psychologists may work in community-based mental health centers and provide outreach programs to people in need.

Motivation and Emotion

focuses on how individuals attain goals and how rewards affect the experience of motivation. Emotion centers on the physiological and brain processes that underlie emotional experiences, the emotional expression of health, and the possibility that emotions are universal.

Physiological Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience

focuses on the physical processes that underlie mental processes. Behavioral neuroscience focuses also on biological processes, specifically how the brain affects behavior.

Industrial/organizational psychology

focuses on the workplace, both the workers themselves and the organization that employs them. The main areas of industrial psychology focus on personnel matters and human resource management, while the main area of organizational psychology focuses on the social influence in the organization.

Cognitive psychology

is a broad field that includes examples such as attention, consciousness, information processing, and memory. Researchers in this area are often called experimental psychologists.

Functionalism

is concerned with the functions and purposes of the mind in individuals' adaptation to the environment. Structuralists were looking inside the mind, while functionalists were focused on how humans interacted with the outside world. A core question in functionalism is "why is human thought adaptive?"

Behavior

is everything that a person does that can be directly observed.

Pseudoscience

is information that is presented as if it were scientific but is not actually supported by sound scientific research.

Learning

is the complex process by which behavior changes in response to changing circumstances.

Critical thinking

is the process of reflecting deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence.

Environmental psychology

is the study of the interactions between people and the physical environment.

Manny has suffered several episodes of depression over his lifetime. Manny wonders if his depressive episodes might have been triggered by a neurotransmitter deficiency. To answer his questions, Manny would likely visit a neuroscientist. behaviorist. humanist. cognitive psychologist.

neuroscientist.

Spencer is always forgetting to complete his homework before class. Although Spencer cannot pinpoint why this happens, a ____________ would wonder if Spencer was forgetting due to unconscious forces. behavioral psychologist psychodynamic psychologist evolutionary psychologist neuropsychologist

psychodynamic psychologist

Developmental psychology

studies how individuals change, both as a result of biology and environment from birth through death. Developmental psychologists' inquiries range across the biological, cognitive, and social domains of life.

Evolutionary approach

uses evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors. Evolutionary psychologists believe that their approach provides an umbrella that unifies the diverse fields of psychology.

Structuralism

was first studied by Wundt and his collaborators. They focused on the basic elements or structures of mental processes.

Introspection

was the method used to study these mental structures and relies entirely on the person's conscious reflection. Individuals were asked to think about what was occurring mentally as events were taking place. These studies focused mainly on sensation and perception because they were the aspects that could be broken down into component parts.