psychology unit 1 test

What are some important milestones in psychology's early development?

- William wundt established the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Germany - two early schools of psychology were structuralism and functionalism - structuralism promoted by wundt and titchener used self-reflection to learn about the Mind structure while functionalism promoted by James explored how behavior and thinking function

What is the behavioral approach?

- rewards, punishment, modeling. - flipping bird is observable behavior focused on what can be seen in measured

Brief description of structuralism

- self-reflective introspection, trained to report elements of their experience as in the five senses - Sensations, images, feeling, relativeness

Role of women in early and modern psychology Margaret Floy Washburn

She was the first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D woman now claim to 3rd or more of us psychology phds

By seeking to measure the "Atoms of the Mind," who established the first psychology Laboratory?

William wundt

What is a humanistic approach?

- emphasizing that we need others to help us reach our full potential. - Rogers theory of unconditional positive regard

Who was the key psychologist in behavioral ism?

John B Watson and BF Skinner in 1920s

Mental processes equal

Internal subjective experiences from Behavior example sensation, dreams, thoughts, beliefs

Who coined the term "tabula rasa"(Blank Slate) to help explain the impact experience has on shaping an individual?

John Locke

What is the biological approach?

- behavior and biology - our knowledge base is still relatively small like our Pinky

What is the evolutionary approach?

- traits and behaviors evolved over time

Brief description of behavioralism

-Defined psychology as the "scientific study of observable Behavior" - recording a person's Behavior as they respond to situations - our Behavior is influence by conditioning

Who was the key psychologist in structuralism?

Edward Bradford titchener in 1892

How do we Define Psychology today?

the science of behavior and mental processes

Explain the nature versus nurture debate

Plato believed we were born with our intelligence. Aristotle argued there is nothing in the mind that didn't come from external forces. In the 1600 block rejected inborn idea and believed mind is a blank slate in which experience rides. Descarte disagreed and believe some ideas or in it his views gain support from Charles Darwin two centuries later. Charles Darwin set sail in 1831 to study species later wrote Origin of Species and about natural selection which is still used today. His theory explained animal structures and behaviors.

What do psychologists today believe about the nature versus nurture debate?

Psychologist today believe that nature and nurture work together as in every psychological event is simultaneously a biological event.

Who was the founder of structuralism and what were the four foundational Concepts?

The founder of structuralism with Edward Bradford titchener- the four foundational Concepts where that he needed to engage people and self-reflective introspection, training them to report elements of their experience as they looked at a rose or sub then, what were their immediate Sensations, and how did these relate to one another?

What is the psychodynamic approach?

-represents your past - unconscious conflict in childhood

What role did Aristotle play in the development of psychology?

Aristotle proved Socrates and Plato theory that we were born with our knowledge to be wrong. He came up with the fact that knowledge grows from experience is stored in memories.

Who was the key psychologist in humanism?

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

What role did Francis Bacon play in the development of psychology?

He was the founder of an influence lingers in modern science. He foresaw a research findings on our noticing and remembering events that confirm our beliefs.

What big book did Darwin write?

On the Origin of Species which explained the diversity by proposing the evolutionary process of natural selection

What is the cognitive approach?

- process, store, and how we interpret information

Behavior equals

Anything an organism does any action

The definition of psychology change of the field evolved during the early years. Why did John B Watson object to the definition preferred by wundt, tichenor, and James? What group of psychologists did Watson's ideas influence? How did Watson redefined psychology?

- Watson's ideas influenced the behaviorist- Watson preferred learning psychology to behavior because Behavior could be observed and scientifically analyze - Watson objected to the " science of mental life" because he felt it was impossible to be scientific without observation

Georgia said to have an easy-going personality. How might the biopsychosocial approach be used to explain an easy-going personality?

- biological factors would include Georgia's genetic, physiological, and chemical makeup. For instance, Georgia's easygoing manner may be the result of brain chemistry. - psychological factors would include a discussion on how George learned got an easy going personality makes people want to spend time with them. In response, he keeps anxiety and negative feelings to himself. He has the perception that others do not want to deal with his Stress and Anxiety. - social cultural factors would include George's family or cultural upbringing and expectations. If those heater on George expecting to be relaxed and laid-back and this is what it support in his community, George will be likely to act accordingly

Brief description of humanism

- early childhood memories and conditioning - ways current environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential importance of needs for love and acceptance.

How did psychology continue to develop from the 1920s through today?

- early researchers Define psychology as "science of mental life" - in the 1920s under the influence of John B Watson and the behavioral list, the field Focus change to the "scientific study of observable Behavior" -In the 1960s, the humanistic psychologist and the cognitive psychologist revived interest in the study of mental processes - psychology is now defined as the science of behavior and mental processes

What are psychology's main subfields?

- researchers May conduct basic research to increase the field knowledge base( often in biological, developmental, cognitive, educational, Personality, and Social Psychology) or applied research to solve practical problems - psychometric psychologist study measurement method - positive psychology attempts to discover and promote traits that help people to thrive - Community psychologists work to create healthy social and physical environment

What are psychology's level of analysis and related perspectives?

- the biopsychosocial approach integrates information from three different but complementary levels of analysis: the biological, psychological, and socio-cultural - this approach offers a more complete understanding than could usually be reached by relying on only one of psychologist current perspective or historically influential perspectives

How can psychological principles help you learn and remember and do better on the AP exam?

- the testing effect shows that learning and memory are enhanced by actively retrieving rather than simply reading previous study - the sq3r study method- survey, question, read, retrieve, and review applies the principles derived from memory and research

Brief description of functionalism

- thinking develops because it was adapted for survival - encouraged exploration of emotions, memories, willpower, habits and moment-to-moment consciousness - William James tutored Mary whiton Calkins when all men dropped out and she scored higher than all the guys

What is psychologys historic big issue

-Nature versus nurture debate - Charles Darwin view that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies is an important principle in contemporary psychology - today science emphasizes the interaction of genes and experiences in specific environment

What is the socio-cultural approach?

-To understand others we must understand the cultures they come from

What is the difference between a clinical and a counseling psychologist?

A counseling psychologist help people to cope with challenges and crises including academic, vocational, and marital issues and to improve their personal and social functioning. - clinical psychologist it's it ice ask and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders ----psychiatrist are medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs in otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders

What role did Descartes play in the development of psychology?

Believed Inn at ideas and Minds being entirely distinct from body and able to survive death. Dissected animals and concluded that the fluid in their brain cavities contained Animal Spirits. Spirits flow through the nerves and muscles causing movement.

What role did John Locke play in the development of psychology?

John Locke wrote History's Greatest late papers an essay concerning human understanding and argue that the Mind At Birth is a tabula rasa also known as a blank slate in which experience writes. He helped with empiricism( experience, observation, experimentation)

The role of women in early and modern psychology Mary Whiton Calkins

Mary whiton Calkins was William James student and had the highest grade and nine from Hartford. She was apis first female president

How did psychology develop from its prehistoric roots in early understandings of mind and body to the beginnings of modern science?

Psychology traces back to ancient Hebrews Socrates Plato and Aristotle pondered whether mind and body are connected or distinct and what the human ideas are in it or result from experience. Descartes and lock re-engaged those ancient debates with lock offering his Fame and description of the Mind as a blank slate on which experience right. The ideas of bacon and Locke contribute to the development of modern empiricism.

Which philosopher proposed that nerve Pathways allowed for reflexes?

Rene descartes

Who was the key psychologist in functionalism?

William James

Summarize the story of William wundt's establishment of the first psychology laboratory in 1879.

William wundt experimented people on the amount of time they heard a ball hit a platform by pressing a telegraph key all they were conscious and unconscious of the sound. It took one tenth of a second without consciousness. It took two tenths of a second with consciousness. He was seeking to measure atoms of the Mind the fastest and simplest mental processes. He began the first psychological laboratory organized by four branches.