Psychology Unit 2

According to critics, the Strange Situation might not be able to capture important differences among infants because: as a measure of attachment, it may be culturally biased. its information is biased by observers' impressions. it is a controlled, artificial situation. there is too little control of contextual factors in it.

as a measure of attachment, it may be culturally biased.

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of ________ versus shame and doubt. dependence curiosity fear autonomy

autonomy

According to Piaget, physical activities such as sucking, grasping, and walking are examples of: mental adaptations. behavioral adaptations. behavioral schemes. mental schemes.

behavioral schemes.

The interactionist view of language development emphasizes that: both biology and experience contribute to language development. the primary language center and the biological language device are both needed for language to develop. the development of receptive language is universal, whereas the development of spoken language differs across cultures. language development occurs largely due to positive reinforcement.

both biology and experience contribute to language development.

Infants can see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk. This would indicate that they have a ________ pattern of growth. proximodistal proximocaudal cephalocaudal cephalodistal

cephalocaudal

An inhibited temperament has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT: high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain. low thyroxine level. high level of the hormone cortisol. stable heart rate.

low thyroxine level.

When you see an airplane flying away from you, it appears to get smaller. However, you know that it stays the same size. The difference between your sensation and your perception of the plane illustrates the concept of: sensory confusion. sensory consistency. perceptual disparity. perceptual constancy.

perceptual constancy.

A ________ is the basic unit of sound in a language. morpheme grapheme syntax phoneme

phoneme

Jake, age 11 months, is able to pick up cereal and bits of fruit off the tray of his high chair by grasping them with his thumb and forefinger. Jake has developed the: palmer grasp. fencing reflex. pincer grip. Moro reflex.

pincer grip.

A form of communication that is based on a system of symbols is called: grammar. syntax. language. phonology.

language

________ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas. Semantics Habits Symbols Concepts

Concepts

By the second birthday, a toddler's brain is about ________ percent of its adult weight. 75 50 95 25

75

Andy is nine months old, but seems to be struggling with following another's gaze and directing adults' attention. These could be early indicators of which diagnosis? Dyslexia Low Vision Autism ADHD

Autism

A technique that can be used to determine if an infant can see or hear is the ________ response, which involves turning one's head toward a sight or sound. tracking stimulus orienting sensory

orienting

Andy showed secure attachment as an early infant, and now he is in early childhood. Which of the following would we expect to see from Andy? Increased aggression with his peers Increased social anxiety Increased social competence with peers Greater intelligence than his peers

Increased social competence with peers

According to John Bowlby, at what age do infants or children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting? From 24 months onwards Before 6 months Between 18 to 20 months Between 12 to 18 months

From 24 months onwards

Some people take Baruti's swollen belly to be a sign that he is well-fed and healthy. However, he suffers from a condition that causes his abdomen and feet to swell with water. Baruti's thin, brittle, and colorless hair; swollen feet and stomach; and listless behavior are all tell-tale signs that he suffers from: Marasmus. Malenthorpe's disorder. Binswanger's disorder. Kwashiorkor.

Kwashiorkor

________ refers to a collection of neurons in the forebrain that are involved in pleasure. Nucleus accumbens Hippocampus Corpus callosum Amygdala

Nucleus accumbens

What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children? Patience and tolerance Enmeshment and fear Neglectfulness and indifference Overprotectiveness and criticism

Overprotectiveness and criticism

Which of the following would Erik Erikson be most likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant? Soothe the baby every other time, so that he or she does not become dependent on external comforters. Allow the infant to cry because this will encourage the development of a self-sufficient child. Do not soothe the baby because he or she will be spoiled. Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.

Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.

Peter shouts and uses profane language while speaking to his teacher. Which of the following rule systems of language is Peter disregarding? Syntax Pragmatics Morphology Phonology

Pragmatics

Which of the following is NOT a primary emotion? Joy Pride Fear Anger

Pride

List and describe the three types of temperament as classified by Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas. Provide examples of how a baby with each type might respond to meeting a new person in a new situation.

Psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament: Easy: An easy child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences. Difficult: A difficult child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change. Slow-to-warm-up: A slow-to-warm-up child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood. In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that 40 percent of the children they studied could be classified as easy, 10 percent as difficult, and 15 percent as slow to warm up. 35 percent did not fit any of the three patterns.

What is the opinion of experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, on the infant's capacity to display emotions like guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy in the first year? The excitability of the amygdala plays an important role in the development of such emotions. Cultural differences in temperament prevent Asian infants from experiencing such emotions in the first year. Infants characterized by negative affectivity are more prone to experience such emotions in the first ear. The structural immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely that such emotions can be experienced in the first year.

The structural immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely that such emotions can be experienced in the first year.

Three-year-old Jesse used to call all moving vehicles "car." He now accurately categorizes moving vehicles into trucks, cars, motorcycles, and buses. Jesse has ________ to fit new information into his existing scheme. accommodated assimilated applied amalgamated

accommodated

Kuhel is a behaviorist. In the context of language development, he is most likely to believe that language is: acquired through reinforcement. a special skill that has emerged with biological evolution. a skill controlled by the left hemisphere of the brain. learned with the learning acquisition device.

acquired through reinforcement.

Infant nighttime waking problems have consistently been linked to: extrinsic factors such as high levels of traffic noise. intrinsic factors such as an alcoholic mother. parental negligence with regard to sleep-related interactions with their infant. excessive parental involvement in sleep-related interactions with their infant.

excessive parental involvement in sleep-related interactions with their infant.

Infants usually double their birth weight by the age of: eight months. one month. one year. four months.

four months.

Clara just recently started walking, according to research, we would also expect her to: make life easier for her parents now that she can walk. be safer because she is more in control of her relationship with her environment. have an increase in language development due to interaction with more objects. show less egocentrism since she is now able to get around on her own.

have an increase in language development due to interaction with more objects.

Blanca rarely holds her baby Joey and tends to respond to his needs in an angry, irritable fashion. It is most likely that Joey will develop a(n) ________ with his mother. disorganized resistant attachment insecure avoidant attachment secure attachment insecure resistant attachment

insecure avoidant attachment

In the Strange Situation, Latoya basically ignored her mother, was not upset when she left the room, and did not seek her out when she returned. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Latoya as being: insecure avoidant. insecure antisocial. securely attached. insecure resistant.

insecure avoidant.

The adult density of synapses in the prefrontal cortex is achieved in: middle to late adolescence. early childhood. infancy. late childhood.

middle to late adolescence.

A(n) ________ is a layer of fat cells that encases and insulates many axons, and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon. astrocyte dendrite nociceptor myelin sheath

myelin sheath

The most common infant sleep-related problem reported by parents is ________. sudden infant death syndrome choking nighttime waking sleepwalking

nighttime waking

The ________ lobes in the cerebral cortex function in vision. occipital temporal frontal parietal

occipital

Most of young infants' conscious memories appear to be ________, although their implicit memory of perceptual-motor actions can be ________. long-lasting; short-lived well-developed; underdeveloped substantial; rather fragile rather fragile and short-lived; substantial

rather fragile and short-lived; substantial

When Martha wants to feed her newborn son, she gently brushes her nipple against his cheek and, in a ________ reflex, he turns his head toward the side that was touched and immediately latches on to her breast. Moro grasping rooting sucking

rooting

What is the significant finding of Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers? securely attached. solidly attached. trusting attached. agape-love attached.

securely attached.

Mario brings his mother his favorite teddy bear to comfort her when she has had a bad day at work. This demonstrates a(n) ________ emotion. primary unconscious negative self-conscious

self-conscious

Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage of development into ________ substages. five two six three

six

The two types of perceptual constancy are: speed constancy and size constancy. size constancy and shape constancy. shape constancy and color constancy. color constancy and speed constancy.

size constancy and shape constancy.

Chemical interactions in ____ connect axons and dendrites, allowing information to pass from neuron to neuron. synapses neurotransmitters myelin sheaths nephrons

synapses

Fourteen-year-old Michael Rehbein had the left hemisphere of his brain removed to end uncontrollable seizures. His right hemisphere gradually began to reorganize and take over functions that normally occur in the brain's left hemisphere. This case study is cited in the chapter in order to demonstrate that: the effects of deprived environments on the brain are irreversible. the brain is both flexible and resilient. myelination varies in different areas of the brain. the brain can adapt and function only when whole.

the brain is both flexible and resilient.

The rapid increase in an infant's vocabulary starting at about 18 months of age is called: the secular trend. telegraphic speech. the vocabulary spurt. phonetic advancement.

the vocabulary spurt.