Psychology Unit 4 Review

The current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual provides the most widely used system for __________ psychological disorders. a. curing b. classifying c. treating d. identifying the causes of

b. classifying

Research has revealed that many of the people who are diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder report __________ during childhood. a. depression b. malingering c. abuse d. loss of a parent

c. abuse

Which one of the following was a reformer who attempted to change the manner in which patients with abnormal behavior were treated? a. Dorothea Dix b. William Tuke c. Philippe Pinel d. All of these.

d. All of these.

__________ is characterized by oddities of thought and behavior but not involving bizarre psychotic behaviors. a. Antisocial personality disorder b. Paranoid personality disorder c. Paranoid schizophrenia d. Schizotypal personality disorder

d. Schizotypal personality disorder

__________ phobias are excessive, irrational fears of objects or situations such as snakes or heights a. Disordered b. Irrational c. Social d. Specific

d. Specific

How do behaviorists explain phobias? a. As conditioned fears acquired during early childhood. b. As imitated or modeled behaviors. c. As repressed impulses. d. As unconditioned responses to fears that are species specific.

a. As conditioned fears acquired during early childhood.

Which of the following racial/ethnic groups has the highest suicide rate in the United States? a. Native Americans b. African Americans c. Asian Americans d. European Americans

a. Native Americans

__________ is the traditional form of psychoanalytic therapy as pioneered by Sigmund Freud. a. Psychoanalysis b. Insight therapy c. Ego psychology d. Psychogenesis

a. Psychoanalysis

Why did the first asylums aggravate the conditions of the mentally ill? a. The conditions were overcrowded and there was no treatment. b. The doctors were cruel. c. The patients refused treatment. d. The patients were released too soon.

a. The conditions were overcrowded and there was no treatment.

Victims of rape generally experience feelings of anxiety and helplessness within a few weeks of the experience of rape. This kind of anxiety response is diagnosed as a. acute stress disorder. b. post-traumatic stress disorder. c. generalized anxiety. d. conversion disorder.

a. acute stress disorder.

According to the dopamine theory of schizophrenia, all of the following are true EXCEPT that there is a. an overproduction of dopamine. b. an overuse of dopamine. c. increased amounts of dopamine at the synapses. d. a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia.

a. an overproduction of dopamine.

Behavior therapy methods for fear reduction include all of the following EXCEPT a. aversive conditioning. b. systematic desensitization. c. flooding. d. modeling.

a. aversive conditioning.

Many antipsychotic medications are believed to act by a. blocking dopamine receptors. b. decreasing the production of serotonin. c. increasing the production of dopamine. d. increasing the use of adrenaline.

a. blocking dopamine receptors.

It is believed that __________ tend to reduce the anxiety connected with obsessions. a. compulsions b. phobias c. stressors d. physical symptoms

a. compulsions

Freud proposed that the psychic structure of the unconscious could be revealed by a patient's a. dreams. b. ego. c. superego. d. defenses.

a. dreams.

In client-centered therapy, the therapist tries to set aside his or her own values and view the world through the client's a. frame of reference. b. neurosis. c. unconscious impulses. d. wish fulfillment.

a. frame of reference.

People diagnosed with __________ insist that they are suffering from a serious disease or medical condition. They are known to seek help from many doctors, and personal relationships suffer as they expect consideration for their supposed illness. a. hypochondriasis b. pain disorder c. conversion disorder d. malingering

a. hypochondriasis

One of the most difficult consequences of agoraphobia is that those who suffer from the disorder are often unable to a. keep a job. b. enjoy pets. c. make casual conversation. d. use elevators.

a. keep a job.

Learning theory suggests that depression can result from a. learned helplessness. b. punishment. c. guilt. d. anger turned inward.

a. learned helplessness.

Men are more likely than women to complete a suicide because a. men use more drastic measures that do not allow for intervention. b. women just want attention, so they always tell someone so intervention is possible. c. both of these d. none of these

a. men use more drastic measures that do not allow for intervention.

The first mental institutions were located within a. monasteries. b. hospitals. c. castles. d. warehouses.

a. monasteries.

The __________ route is to facts and research results whereas the __________ route is to status and prestige. a. peripheral; central b. central; peripheral c. secondary; primary d. primary; secondary

b. central; peripheral

Systematized delusions of grandeur, persecution, and/or jealousy, often involving themes of persecution and wrongdoing, are observed in patients diagnosed with a. paranoid schizophrenia. b. delusional disorder. c. catatonic schizophrenia. d. disorganized schizophrenia.

a. paranoid schizophrenia.

Research has shown that mere __________ to any stimulus increases the likelihood that people will like it and react favorably to it. a. repeated exposure b. incidental similarity c. relating d. initial introduction

a. repeated exposure

If you were attempting to predict voters' choice in an election, it would be better to know their attitude toward the particular candidates rather than their party affiliation. This demonstrates the __________ factor of the A-B problem. a. specificity b. strength of attitude c. vested interest d. accessibility

a. specificity

What is the defining trait of borderline personality disorder? a. suspiciousness b. lack of guilt c. instability of moods d. delusions of grandeur

a. suspiciousness

In the present day United States, most people with psychological disorders live in a. the community. b. asylums. c. mental hospitals. d. therapeutic communities.

a. the community.

While traditional psychoanalysis focused on the client's past experiences, the humanistic therapist tends to focus on a. the present. b. the future. c. inner conflict. d. social conditions.

a. the present.

Biological factors appear to play a role in anxiety disorders as research finds a. they tend to run in families. b. people with these disorders may be cognitively biased to focus on threats. c. children tend to imitate the anxieties and fears of their parents. d. a and c

a. they tend to run in families.

A client accuses his psychoanalyst of sounding just like his father. This client is exhibiting a. transference. b. resistance. c. catharsis. d. association.

a. transference.

The idea behind __________ is to systematically expose patients to aspects of their experience in a gradual fashion so that they can confront their fears, using video game-like technology. a. virtual therapy b. virtual reality c. realism therapy d. none of these

a. virtual therapy

According to psychoanalytic therapies, what is the origin of psychological disorders? a. An inconsistent reinforcement history. b. Early childhood experiences and inner conflicts. c. Inherited predispositions. d. Too much unconditional love.

b. Early childhood experiences and inner conflicts.

What is one advantage to group therapy? a. It is better for individuals who want more personal attention. b. It is more economical. c. It is more effective. d. It is more fun.

b. It is more economical.

__________ is described as the most debilitating psychological disorder. a. Major depression b. Schizophrenia c. Bipolar disorder d. Panic disorder

b. Schizophrenia

__________ thinking can be a factor in both "run-of-the-mill" depression and major depression. a. Grandiose b. Suicidal c. Delusional d. Psychotic

b. Suicidal

Somatoform disorders are characterized by a. a disturbance in expression of emotions. b. a complaint of physical problems such as paralysis, pain, or a persistent belief that one has a serious disease when one does not exist. c. the separation of mental processes such as thoughts, emotions, identity, memory, or consciousness. d. disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood, as well as withdrawal and absorption in daydreams and fantasy.

b. a complaint of physical problems such as paralysis, pain, or a persistent belief that one has a serious disease when one does not exist.

A mental representation of a person, place, or thing that evokes an emotional response and related behavior is a. a cognition. b. an attitude. c. a stereotype. d. all of these

b. an attitude.

"Minor tranquilizer" is another term for a. antipsychotic drug. b. antianxiety drug. c. analgesic. d. antidepressant.

b. antianxiety drug.

A patient with high blood pressure is connected to a device that allows the individual to listen for the sounds of his heart rate decreasing as he practices relaxation. This is most likely a __________ training session. a. modeling b. biofeedback c. flooding d. shaping

b. biofeedback

The disorder characterized by extreme mood swings from ecstatic elation to deep depression is know by psychologists today as a. mania. b. bipolar disorder. c. minor depressive disorder. d. manic-depression.

b. bipolar disorder.

The metal lithium is a psychoactive drug used to treat symptoms of a. major depression. b. bipolar disorder. c. psychosis. d. anxiety.

b. bipolar disorder.

Freud proposed the concept of __________ to describe the spilling forth of psychic energy that had been repressed by feelings of guilt. a. resistance b. catharsis c. id d. superego

b. catharsis

A man witnessed an explosion in which a co-worker died, and afterward his vision failed. After many neurological tests, doctors could find no organic basis for the man's loss of his eyesight. A psychological explanation for this is a. malingering. b. conversion disorder. c. guilt. d. amnesia.

b. conversion disorder.

Which of the following, according to Carl Rogers, is NOT a quality of a client-centered therapist? a. genuineness b. directiveness c. unconditional positive regard d. empathy

b. directiveness

Although biological factors are very important in explaining and treating mood disorders, these factors appear to __________ learning and cognitive attributions, which also play a role in the duration and strength of symptoms. a. cause b. interact with c. trigger d. be unrelated to

b. interact with

A(n) __________ attribution is one that involves self-blame. a. external b. internal c. irrational d. specific

b. internal

The technique employed to determine the success of therapy that combines and averages the results of many individual studies is called _______. a. factor analysis b. meta-analysis c. poly-analysis d. combined analysis

b. meta-analysis

Client-centered therapy is to __________ as Gestalt therapy is to __________. a. directive; nondirective b. nondirective; directive c. objective; subjective d. present; past

b. nondirective; directive

A recurrent, intrusive thought that causes anxiety and is difficult to control is a(n) a. compulsion. b. obsession. c. disorder. d. generalization.

b. obsession.

The central feature of a generalized anxiety disorder is that the anxiety is a. attached to a specific object or event. b. persistent. c. characterized by intermittent attacks. d. based on childhood trauma.

b. persistent.

If a diagnosis of a psychological disorder is valid, then we should be able to predict the course of the disorder. This is called a. predictive reliability. b. predictive validity. c. truth in diagnosis. d. none of these.

b. predictive validity.

Which forms of therapy tend to work with well-educated, verbal, and highly motivated clients? a. social skills training b. psychodynamic and client-centered c. aversive conditioning d. classical conditioning

b. psychodynamic and client-centered

The systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that applies psychological principles to affect the client's thoughts, feelings, or behavior is a. medical therapy. b. psychotherapy. c. operant conditioning. d. extinction.

b. psychotherapy.

Intimacy and passion are to __________ as intimacy, passion and commitment are to __________. a. consummate love ; sexual arousal b. romantic love; consummate love c. attachment; short-term love d. long-term love; romantic love

b. romantic love; consummate love

Antidepressant medication tends to increase the concentration of __________ in the brain. a. dopamine b. serotonin or noradrenaline c. acetylcholine d. norepinephrine

b. serotonin or noradrenaline

What area of social psychology is concerned with first impressions, attribution theory, and ways in which we perceive other people? a. social attitude formation b. social perception c. social persuasion d. social obedience

b. social perception

Your therapist teaches you progressive muscle relaxation and then works with you to make a list of circumstances that disturb you, from the minor ones up through the worst you can imagine. She is using the behavioral technique called a. somatic sensitization. b. systematic desensitization. c. transference. d. systematic resistance.

b. systematic desensitization.

Who is more likely to attempt suicide when faced with depression and stressful events; an African American single parent or a Caucasian college student? a. the single parent b. the college student c. both are just as likely d. neither

b. the college student

Asylums are to __________ as a mental hospital is to __________. a. St. Mary's; Bedlam b. warehousing; treatment c. Bedlam; St. Mary's d. treatment; warehousing

b. warehousing; treatment

Slightly more than ______ of us will experience a psychological disorder in any given year. a. 1/3 b. 1/2 c. 1/4 d. 1/10

c. 1/4

__________ theorists suggest that antisocial personality disorder results from the improper encoding and interpretation of social information. a. Psychodynamic b. Learning c. Cognitive d. Trait

c. Cognitive

Which of the following statements would Albert Ellis agree with? a. People's problems are acquired during psychosexual stages of development. b. People's difficulties have been acquired through the learning process. c. People's problems are the result of their faulty thinking. d. a and c

c. People's problems are the result of their faulty thinking.

Which of the following suggests that mood disorders have a biological basis? a. Children model parental attitudes of pessimism. b. Depressed children often get more attention than their siblings. c. Results from twin and adoption studies show a genetic component. d. Some people are more aggressive than others.

c. Results from twin and adoption studies show a genetic component.

To treat an alcoholic, the behavior therapist prescribes a pill that the client is to take every day. This medication will cause nausea and vomiting if the client ingests alcohol. This is a(n) __________ technique. a. counter conditioning b. extinction c. aversive conditioning d. flooding

c. aversive conditioning

A therapist is helping a client ascertain what rewards are maintaining the client's drinking habit so a modification plan can be devised. This is an example of _______ therapy. a. client-centered b. cognitive c. behavioral d. psychodynamic

c. behavioral

In the classic study by Festinger & Carlsmith (1959), some people were given $1 and others were given $20 for describing a chore as interesting when it was in fact not. What was this a study in? a. selective avoidance b. selective exposure c. cognitive dissonance d. fear appeal

c. cognitive dissonance

Ego analysts focus on the __________ rather than on the __________. a. conscious behavior of id; unconscious behavior of ego. b. unconscious behavior of id; conscious behavior of ego. c. conscious behavior of ego; unconscious behavior of id. d. the superego; the ego.

c. conscious behavior of ego; unconscious behavior of id.

Efforts to prevent problems such as substance abuse and depression in Native Americans should focus on strengthening a. family cohesiveness. b. educational options. c. cultural identity, pride and cohesion. d. the image of psychoanalysis.

c. cultural identity, pride and cohesion.

The tendency to assume that others act mainly on the basis of their dispositions (e.g., personality traits) is the a. situational attribution error. b. actual attribution error. c. fundamental attribution error. d. self-serving error.

c. fundamental attribution error.

Imagery in the absence of external stimulation is the definition of __________, which are observed in people with schizophrenia. a. thought disorders b. delusions c. hallucinations d. motor tics

c. hallucinations

A(n) __________ ranks stimuli according to their capacity to elicit a fear or anxiety response. It is part of the behavioral procedure called systematic desensitization. a. relaxation response b. sensitization procedure c. hierarchy d. anxiety scale

c. hierarchy

Albert Ellis focused on the __________ quality of his clients' beliefs. a. compulsive b. depressed c. irrational d. aggressive

c. irrational

Research evidence supports the theory that __________ is a frequent characteristic of people with antisocial personality disorder. a. guilt b. hopelessness c. lack of guilt d. warmth and affection

c. lack of guilt

In the United States, by the mid-1950s, most people diagnosed with psychological disorders lived in a. the community. b. asylums. c. mental hospitals. d. therapeutic communities.

c. mental hospitals.

One of Beck's clients was laid off from her job as an airline pilot. The client assumes she must be a terrible pilot because she was one of the first to go. The client is exhibiting a. selective perception. b. magnification. c. overgeneralization. d. absolutist thinking.

c. overgeneralization.

People experiencing a __________ are often aware of cardiac sensations and often think they are having a heart attack. a. generalized anxiety disorder b. specific phobia c. panic attack d. delusion

c. panic attack

Individuals who have experienced severe trauma or victimization may experience debilitating anxiety reactions months and years after the actual traumatic experience. For example, disaster victims or war veterans often have their first symptoms many months after the actual events. These patients are diagnosed as suffering from a. generalized anxiety. b. neurosis. c. post-traumatic stress disorder. d. acute distress disorder.

c. post-traumatic stress disorder.

Important research on schizophrenia evaluates the influence of __________ in order to evaluate possible interactions between psychosocial stressors and biological factors in the disorder. a. peers b. schools c. poverty d. folklore

c. poverty

Psychotherapy treats a. only biologically based disorders. b. patients using consistent methods, no matter how the therapist was trained. c. psychological disorders, adjustment problems, and personal growth issues. d. only those clinical syndromes described in the DSM-IV-TR.

c. psychological disorders, adjustment problems, and personal growth issues.

Many criteria have been suggested to differentiate normal and abnormal behavior. All of the following are included EXCEPT a. behaviors that are rare. b. behaviors that distort reality. c. risk-taking behaviors. d. behaviors that impair functioning.

c. risk-taking behaviors.

The operant technique used to help formerly hospitalized patients live in communities is a. successive approximations. b. exposure therapy. c. social skills training. d. rapid socialization.

c. social skills training.

How are attitudes formed? a. they are innate b. through genetic transmission c. they are learned d. innately and genetically transmitted

c. they are learned

In a classroom with emotionally challenged students, the teacher gives out coupons for appropriate behavior and takes away coupons for inappropriate behavior. At the end of the day, coupons can be traded for different rewards. The teacher is employing the __________ method. a. shaping b. modeling c. token economy d. aversive conditioning

c. token economy

According to Freud, unconscious impulses tend to be expressed in dreams as a form of a. fantasy. b. resistance. c. wish fulfillment. d. repression.

c. wish fulfillment.

What does the observation that agreement rates for schizophrenia are high in identical twins suggest? a. That intense emotional bonds trigger schizophrenia. b. That schizophrenia does not really run in families because twins are so rare. c. That schizophrenia is imitated in close relationships. d. That there is a biological basis for the disorder.

d. That there is a biological basis for the disorder.

Twin studies and adoption studies are methods to discover the role of __________ factors in the development of psychological disorders. a. cognitive b. behavioral c. psychodynamic d. biological

d. biological

Which of the following therapies has shown more widespread applicability and success? a. psychodynamic b. Gestalt c. client-centered d. cognitive-behavioral

d. cognitive-behavioral

Client-centered therapy focuses on how childhood experiences create __________ which adversely affect the client's current functioning. a. positive regard b. self-efficacy c. self-actualization d. denial of self

d. denial of self

Men are viewed as more attractive by women when they are a. introverted. b. agoraphobic. c. submissive. d. fond of children.

d. fond of children.

The aim of psychodynamic treatment is a. behavioral change. b. increased self-esteem. c. peace of mind. d. insight.

d. insight.

Behavior therapy applies the principles of __________ to modify behavior. a. dynamics b. cognition c. avoidance d. learning

d. learning

Psychomotor retardation is associated with a. bipolar disorder. b. paranoid schizophrenia. c. depersonalization. d. major depression.

d. major depression.

Factors that are thought to contribute to depression in women include all of the following EXCEPT a. hormonal changes during adolescence. b. childbirth. c. the menstrual cycle. d. marriage.

d. marriage.

Ethnic minority groups are less likely to seek therapy than European Americans because of all of the following EXCEPT a. distrust of professionals. b. lack of information about service availability. c. language barriers. d. multicultural therapeutic approaches.

d. multicultural therapeutic approaches.

What does modeling rely on to help clients therapeutically? a. insight b. conditioning c. fear d. observational learning

d. observational learning

Which group is most prone to suicide? a. middle-age adults b. children c. young people age 15 to 24 d. older adults

d. older adults

Family therapists usually see the "identified patient" as the a. black sheep of the family. b. cause of the family's problem. c. key to the family system. d. scapegoat for other problems in the family.

d. scapegoat for other problems in the family.

People tend to attribute others' behaviors to dispositional factors such as personality traits. At the same time, we tend to attribute our own behavior to a. personality traits. b. dispositional factors. c. human foibles. d. situational influences.

d. situational influences.

The hierarchy used to overcome phobias with systematic desensitization is based on the principle of a. modeling. b. token economy. c. self-monitoring. d. successive approximations.

d. successive approximations.

Assuming that the behaviors associated with psychological disorders have physical or biological causes that can be identified demonstrates which perspective of psychological disorders? a. the biopsychosocial model b. the diathesis-stress model c. the demonological model d. the medical model

d. the medical model