Psychology's History & Approaches

John Locke

British political philosopher & author of "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding"; coined the phrase "blank slate" to describe the state of human knowledge at birth

functionalism

William James's school of thought that stressed the adaptive and survival value of behaviors

American Psychological Association (APA)

World's largest association of psychologists with around 152,000 members including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants and students

Charles Darwin

Wrote "The Origin of Species" proposed idea of natural selection as primary means of species diversity. His influence appears in psychology's evolutionary perspective.

psychiatrist

a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders; can prescribe medication

structuralism

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

industrial-organizational psychology

application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

social-cultural perspective

approach that emphasizes how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

Mary Whiton Calkins

first female president of the APA (1905); a student of William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her sex (later, posthumously, it was granted to her)

William James

founder of functionalism; studied how humans use their abilities to function in their environments; known for being an early teacher of psychology

clinical psychologist

holds an advanced degree in psychology but is not a medical doctor; specializes in identifying and treating persons with mental illness, but does not prescribe medication

Francis Bacon

one of the founders of modern science; promoted use of scientific method & wrote about problems with (what was later known as) confirmation bias

behavioral perspective

perspective of psychology that sees psychology as an objective science without reference to mental states; sees behavior as the result of conditioning & reinforcement; dominant perspective from 1920s-1960s (a.k.a. the "learning" perspective)

basic research

pure research that aims to confirm an existing theory or to learn more about a concept or phenomenon

applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

evolutionary perspective

the application of principles of evolution, including natural selection, to explain psychological processes and phenomena.

biological perspective

the approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, genetics, and other biological functions

levels of analysis

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

nature-nurture issue

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

psychometrics

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits; also sometimes called "quantitative psychology"

personality psychology

the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting

experimental psychology

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

educational psychology

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

empiricism

the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.

Socrates & Plato

two philosophers from ancient Greece (teacher & student); believed knowledge to be innate and that the mind & body are distinct

John Watson

American psychologist who founded behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of mental processes

biopsychosocial approach

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

social psychology

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

counseling psychology

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

human factors psychology

A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

psychodynamic perspective

A branch of psychology that studies how internal conflicts and unconscious drives influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders. (Influenced by Sigmund Freud's model of psychoanalysis)

community psychology

A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

developmental psychology

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

cognitive perspective

A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior

Margaret Floy Washburn

First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd president of the APA (1921)

G. Stanley Hall

Founded the American Psychological Association (now largest organization of psychologists in the USA) and became first president

Rene Decartes

French philosopher who agreed with Socrates and Plato concerning the origins of knowledge and the separation between mind & body; speculated about how mind & body communicate

Wilhelm Wundt

German physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879

Artistotle

Greek philosopher who emphasized observation as a source of knowledge; believed mind & body to be inseparable.

E.B. Titchener

Psychologist who developed structuralism and introspection; student of Wilhelm Wundt.

humanistic perspective

The approach that suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior; influenced heavily by ideas of Rogers and Maslow