Psys 100 Exam 2

A popular learning method that suggests students can figure out important principles on their own by trying out experimental materials is called __________.

discovery learning

__________ allows you to remember auditory stimuli for up to 5 or 10 seconds.

echoic memory

The auditory hallucinations of psychotics differ from those of well-functioning nonpsychotics. Among psychotics, auditory hallucinations are much more __________ and perceived to be beyond the individual's control.

Negative

As we become accustomed to a particular place, we develop a representation in our minds of how that physical space is organized. This is known as developing a __________.

cognitive map

Controlled studies of speed reading show that after a person is reading more than 400 words per minute __________.

comprehension is cut in half

Which of the following is true of the early stages in the way children learn language?

comprehension precedes production

Sigmund Freud made a distinction between what dreams seem to be about and what they were really about. He called this hidden meaning __________.

latent content

Which principle asserts that rewards will be more likely to promote repeated responses to a stimulus?

law of effect

Although some educational psychologists have claimed to boost learning by matching different instructional methods to different types of students, the theory of __________ has yet to be proven because tests have lacked reliability.

learning styles

Which of the following refers to a theory that argues that characteristics of language shape our thoughts, but does not go so far as say that language actually defines our thinking?

linguistic relativity

The connections among neurons gradually strengthen over time, and do so by means of repetitive stimulation. This process is known as __________.

long-term potentiation

What is the general progression of memory loss for patients with Alzheimer's disease?

memory for recent events fades first, with distant memories usually being the last to go

Praise, money, good grades, compliments, and applause are all examples of __________.

secondary reinforcers

Zhenya remembers that St. Paul is the capital of Minnesota. Alina remembers that she lived in St. Paul when she was 12 years old. Zhenya is demonstrating __________ memory, whereas Alina is demonstrating __________ memory.

semantic; episodic

When people need to consume increased quantities of a drug in order to get the same results they used to get from a lower dose, they have developed __________.

tolerance

Which of the following reinforcement schedules typically yields the highest rate of responding from an organism?

variable ratio

How many non-REM stages of sleep occur before the vivid dreaming stage of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep?

1 4 * 6 3

Bridgette feeds her cat canned food every night. The ritual is always the same: Bridgette takes out the electric can opener, whirs the can around the blade to open it, scoops the food into a bowl, and presents it to Zorro. Bridgette has noticed, however, that Zorro will run into the kitchen in eager anticipation as soon as she hears the sound of the cabinet door open and hears the whir of the can opener in motion. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the sound of the can opener is the __________.

CS

Latin for about a day, the __________ rhythm refers to the cyclical changes to our biological processes that occur on a 24-hour basis.

Cistercian

Which of the following describes the term "schema"?

an organized knowledge structure or mental model that we have stored in memory

Chronic heavy use of marijuana can impair __________.

attention and memory

When people rely on mental shortcuts to reach a conclusion or make a decision, they often fail to take into account how common a behavior or characteristic is in general. This kind of information is called the __________ by psychological scientists.

base rate

Sometimes people who suffer from narcolepsy also experience __________, a complete loss of muscle tone that can result in falls.

cataplexy

Without even noticing that you are doing it, what memory technique do you use to remember larger quantities of information, even though your short-term memory capacity only holds about nine bits of information?

chunking

stimulants include which of the following drugs?

cocaine

Pavlov discovered that if he repeatedly paired a neutral stimulus, such as the sound of a metronome, with a stimulus that provided an automatic response, eventually the neutral stimulus alone would produce a(n) __________.

conditioned response

Which term means a certain window of time in which a particular ability, such as language, must be learned in order for it to be learned at all?

critical period

The two primary reasons why short-term memories fade are __________ and __________.

decay; interference

There are various techniques available to help people improve their ability to recall material. For example, when you remember something new by connecting it mentally to something you already know, you are using __________.

elaborative rehearsal

Although it is presented as the most common kind of memory loss in the popular media, with depictions of someone losing all memory of his or her past, __________ is not actually the most common kind of amnesia.

generalized amnesia

Language is a system that allows us to create an infinite number of meaningful combinations of words and to communicate new ideas. This is because language is __________.

generative

Alastair has used classical conditioning to train his dog to salivate every time Ingo whistles a C#. After the dog has mastered this association, Alastair then pairs a flashing light with the sound of a whistled C#, and finds that over time, his dog now salivates to the flashing light. Which principle of classical conditioning is at work here?

higher-order conditioning

Negative reinforcement __________ the rate of behavior, whereas punishment __________ the rate of behavior.

increases; decreases

Another term for operant conditioning is __________ conditioning.

instrumental

Dee Dee has to remember 4 items that he needs at the corner market, so he visualizes the path he will take to get there. He imagines a bar of soap hanging from a large tree, envisions a roll of paper towels next to a stoplight, "sees" a packet of gum on the newspaper rack, and imagines the fire hydrant spurting out soda. Which memory strategy is Dee Dee relying on?

method of loci

Because __________ activity seems to play a central role in empathy, some psychologists speculate that defects in this area may be associated with infantile autism.

mirror neuron

Which theory suggests that dreams are complex cognitive achievements that develop as our visual imagination and other advanced cognitive abilities develop?

neurocognitive theory

The sounds of a language are called __________, whereas the smallest units of meaningful speech are called __________.

phonemes; morphemes

Experimental evidence shows that the most effective way to teach reading is for learners to be made aware of correspondences between sounds and printed letters. This method is called __________.

phonetic decomposition

Psychologists measure people's memory abilities by assessing three capacities: __________.

recall, recognition, and relearning

Spectators often marvel at shows that feature animals doing amazing stunts and complicated maneuvers. Animal trainers use __________ to accomplish this, by reinforcing behaviors that are progressively closer to the target behavior until the target behavior is achieved.

shaping

When we are not sure where a memory really came from ("Did it actually happen? Or was it all a dream?") we can use cues such as how vivid and detailed the memory is to determine the answer. This process is called __________.

source monitoring

Marjoe had trained his dog that whenever it saw a photo of the cat next door, it would receive a treat. Through multiple pairings of the photo and the treat, the dog came to salivate when the photo alone was presented. Marjoe then extinguished the salivation behavior by presenting the photo but withholding the treat. He was surprised to find that, a week later, when he happened to hold up the photo of the cat, his dog started to salivate. What is going on here?

spontaneous recovery

When a conditioned response appears to be extinct, it can sometimes come back, but will often be weaker than it was originally. This return of the CR is called __________.

spontaneous recovery

Which of the following terms refers to the grammatical rules that govern how we put words together into meaningful groups?

syntax

In the activation-synthesis model of dreaming, the "synthesis" part refers to __________.

the forebrain trying to create a meaningful narrative from signals sent to it from lower brain center