PTEC 2030 Final

Chronic hazards

(delayed) Include asbestos fibers, coal dust, and toxic metals such as lead or manganese. Are cumulative, frequently occur over extended period of time.

Acute hazards

(immediate) May be ingested, inhaled, injected, or absorbed.

heat exchangers

--- are commonly used to hear or cool process flows.

OSHA and EPA

--- believe that the key to preventing catastrophic emergencies is to provide adequate employee training.

Pressure relief device

--- come in three different forms: -Safety valves for gases -Relief valves for liquids -Rupture discs for both

Job hazard analysis

--- is often referred to as process to access risk.

Hearing

--- loss is painless and happens gradually over time. Once hearing loss occurs, it is permanent.

Fire

--- needs fuel, oxygen and ignition source.

Chemical spills and vapor releases

--- require different containment procedures. Most units have been designed with spill control or containment in mind. Examples: absorbents, adsorbents, curbing and diking, segregated sewers, earthen dams, and fire monitors are devices used to control chemical spills and releases.

Cutting, welding, and brazing

--- takes place frequently in the chemical processing industry. Process technicians are responsible for controlling and minimizing any potential dial hazards. The toxic fumes, generate ultraviolet radiation and electricity, and can easily start a fire. Adequate ventilation and preparation are needed before and of these occurs.

Steam generation

-Accidental release of high, medium and low pressure steam. -Throttling with valves not designed for throttling. -Rapid increase in temperature as thermal energy is quickly transferred to metal. The non-uniform heating for metal can cause thermal warp, water hammer, and thermal expansion.

Hoisting equipment

-Are used to safety raise, lower, and move loads that are too heavy to be moved manually. -The most difficult aspect of the job is estimating the load. -Loads should be suspended no longer than necessary. -Loads should be equally balanced and all personnel cleared from the area. -An inspection program should be in place to ensure that the equipment is in good working condition.

Fire Extinguisher Use

-Identify the type of material involved. -Select appropriate extinguisher. -Test extinguisher. -Approach upwind of the fire. -Aim at the base of the flames and use sweeping motion. -Back away from the fire before the extinguisher is emptied. Never turn you back on a fire.

Hazardous Waste Operations

-In the CPI involve the use of a complex incident command system. The ICS coordinates all emergency response activity. -ISC is led by an incident commander. The incident commander is responsible for organizing and coordinating response with defined roles.

Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC)

-Independent agency. -Conducts hearings on contested non-compliances issues. -Assesses penalties; conducts investigations; supports, modifies, or overturns OSHA.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

-Investigate catastrophes and fatalities. -Establish new safety and health standards and penalties. -Inspect workplaces.

Operations procedures

-Operations and maintenance -Reflect current work practices -Process properties -Hazards -Startup, shutdown -Change of chemicals

Fired furnace system

-Possibility of flame-out occurs. If this happens, the concentration of hazardous gases builds up in the furnace until explosion occurs. -Tube or coil rupture. -Flame impingement. -Internal tube erosion.

Process safety

-Process flow diagram -Equipment, process description, limitation -Consequences of deviation -Safety and relief devices -Electrical classification -Characteristics of chemicals -Process chemistry -Mixing chemicals

Employee training

-Process overview -Training records and method -Attendance and competency -Training materials reflect current work practices -Control access to unit -Refresher training -Contractors must inform and train their employees and document that training.

Pittsburgh Survey of 1907

-Provided the first statistical data on how many people had been killed or injured as a result of hazardous working conditions. (1906) -Funded by Russell Sage Foundation for workers in Pittsburgh. -Sage investigators discovered the between 1906-1907 526 people died 500 seriously injured or disabled. -Expanded outside Pittsburgh area revealed over 30,000 fatalities from industrial accidents in United States in 1906.

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

-Safety and health research. -Develop criteria for handling toxic substances. -Recommends new safety and health standards.

Four states of matter

-Solid -Liquid -Gas -Plasma

Operating Temperature and Pressure, four times

-There are significant safety factors built into most process systems. -This factor is typically --- the required number for metal thickness and pressures. -Also equipped with safety valves or rupture disc.

First Responder - Operations Level

-When a hazardous chemical release occurs, the process technicians working on the unit specific to the release will attempt to respond. -It is virtually impossible to pull a highly trained emergency response team who would know the unit a fraction as well as the technicians.

Employee participation

-Written program -How employees will access hazards identification system -identify hazards -gather information -communication system

confined space

A --- is defined as a space large enough so a person can enter, has restricted entry, and is not designed for continuous occupancy.

Legionnaires' disease

A biological hazard is a form of pneumonia caused by inhaling Legionellae bacteria. This bacteria can be found in cooling towers and heat exchangers.

Physical hazard

A chemical enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, absorption and injection.

Unsafe condition

A condition in the working environment that increases a technicians chance of having an accident.

Heatstroke

A dangerous condition in which the body is no longer able to cool itself. When this happens, the internal body temperature rises sharply and constitutes a real medical emergency.

3 to 30

A nuclear bomb would kill or seriously injury everyone within --- miles.

-Fatigue (shift work- inadequate sleep. Most of the biggest industrial disasters have taken place between 1am - 4am) -Failure to follow procedures -Poor communication -Lack of training -Poor understanding by management of ergonomic issues -The psychological state of employees

A partial list of factors that human error has cause industrial accidents include:

Emergency response

A procedure initiated by the loss of containment that results in an emergency situation requiring an immediate response. Emergency response drills are carefully planned and include preparation for worst-case scenarios.

Federal Register

A publication that (1) produces information on current OSHA standards and (2) shows all adopted amendments, deletions, insertions, and corrections to government standards.

Exothermic reaction

A reaction that produces heat.

Endothermic reaction

A reaction that requires heat.

Pumps

A simple --- system appears to have few, if any, operating hazards; however, looks can be deceiving.

flow diagram

A simplified -- of the process should be included in the section so a new employee can easily see the various steps of the process.

Flow diagram

A simplified process drawing that uses standard symbols and diagrams to identify equipment and flows.

Cold zone

A staging area where the incident command post is established.

Blinding

A term applied to the installation of slip blinds between two pipe flanges. These isolates a process stream and allows a craftsperson to work on a piece of equipment safely.

Mechanical integrity

A term that applies to the soundness of a plant process.

100 pounds, 300 feet, radioactive

A terrorist may choose to use a dirty bomb, typical made from --- of conventional explosives, bundled with cobalt-60. -The blast zone would have a --- radius. -The --- ,material would be scattered beyond the blast zone by the wind.

Anchor point

A tie-off connection device used to secure the free end of a full body harness lanyard.

Emergency response plan

A written plan that documents how specific individuals should respond during an emergency situations.

Rate-of-rise type

Activate when there is a rapid temperature increase in the area.

Fixed-temperature type

Activated when the temperature reaches a predetermined value.

OSHA and EPA

After the Bhopal incident in 1984, the Phillips plant and ERCO explosions in 1989 and 1990, --- started to work on a new standard that would limit the possibility of these events happening again.

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health) and EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

After the Phillips plant and ARCO explosions in 1989 and 1990, --- started to work on a new standard that would limit the possibility of these events happening again.

extended shutdown

Air can enter the compressor after an ---.

discharge and suction

Air must be purged from the --- prior to startup.

startup

All of the operational procedures, safety procures, and training must be in place prior to ---.

Terrorism

An attempt to change a belief or point of view through the use of a violent act.

tanks, piping line-ups, reciprocating compressors, and purging

Another type of operating hazard includes the use of ---.

Unsafe act

Any act that increases a person's chance of having an accident.

Decontamination procedure

Anything that comes into contact with a hazardous chemical is neutralized in the warm zone. Contaminated workers are first rinsed off with fresh water before doffing their protective equipment. Anything that was in the hot zone must be decontaminated or disposed of as hazardous waste.

Maintenance procedures

Apply to maintenance employees and must identify the departments' collective consensus for how a specific task should be done. The chemicals that are used in the process should be documented in the procedure. The mechanical integrity of the of the equipment must be ensured and any deficiencies identified and repaired. Any change in process requires procedures and training.

Standard operating procedures (SOPs)

Apply to process technicians and must accurately reflect current work practices, process properties, hazards, process change of chemicals, and startup and shutdown procedures.

Air-purifying respirators

Are designed to remove specific contaminants or organic vapors from the air. They are not to be used in oxygen vapors from the air. They are not to be used in oxygen deficient ( less and 19.5%) atmospheres.

Chemical asphyxiants

Are formulated to displace oxygen and interfere by not allowing the victim to utilize oxygen after it enters the respiratory system.

Chemical weapons

Are identified by how they affect the body and whether they are nerve toxins, chemical asphyxiants, respiratory irritants, skin irritants, or burning agents.

Microorganisms

Are living bacteria and viruses that have the ability to establish hazardous infections in humans that are easily spread.

Biological agents

Are made from biological toxins and micro-organisms.

Draeger pumps

Are portable vacuum-type devices used to collect a representative gas or vapor sample to check for a known contaminant.

Nuclear detector device

Are sensitive to the by-products of combustion and do not require heat to activate.

Viruses

Are smaller than bacteria, live inside cells, utilize the host for reproduction and metabolism, are costly to produce, and are extremely difficult to cure.

Explosimeters

Are used to determine whether there are sufficient concentrations of a combustible gas mixture to produce a fire or explosion.

Over 140 decibels

At what point does a person get permanent hearing loss?

-Fixed-temperature type -Rate-of-rise type -Nuclear detector device

Automatic alarm systems come in three types:

Buckles, D-rings, and Snap hooks

Auxiliary equipment found on the full body harness, lanyard, and anchor point.

6 feet long, 5,000 pounds

Basic fall protection equipment -Full body harness -Lanyard, must be a maximum of ---, have double locking snap hooks, and a shock absorbing device attached to the D-ring. -Anchor point, must support ---.

Accident prevention

Basic principles include a safe working environment, safe work practices, and effective management.

Carbon monoxide

Bond to the hemoglobin and prevent oxygen absorption.

-Gloves, special heat-resistant gloves -Boots, special heat-resistant material -Coats, special heat-resistant material -Helmet, special heat-resistant material with a face shield

Bunker gear protective clothing consist of the following:

Class A

Burning of combustible materials.

Biological toxins

Can be classified as chemical compounds produced by poisonous microbes, animals, or plants.

Carcinogens

Cancer causing substances.

manufacturers

Chemical --- are responsible for the development of MSDS.

two or more

Chemical related hazards are associated with the way --- chemicals will respond to each other under specific operational conditions.

Asphyxiant

Chemical vapor or gas reduces or removes the oxygen from the air.

Sensitizers

Chemicals that affects the nerves.

below 100 F, flammable

Chemicals with flashpoint -- are called --- substances.

Propylene

Colorless, explosive flammable, heavier than air

Ethylene

Colorless, flammable with wide explosive range with density of air

Class B

Combustible and flammable gases and liquids and grease.

Class D

Combustible metal.

Hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen cyanide

Common asphyxiants used by terrorists are ---.

Compliance audits

Conducted by OSHA auditors to ensure compliance with governmental rules and regulations.

Grounding

Connecting an object to the earth with a copper wire and a grounding wire.

Bonding

Connecting two objects together with a copper wire.

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)

Contains all of the permanent rules and regulations of OSHA and is produced in paperback format once a year.

Accidents

Defined as an unplanned disruption of normal activity resulting in injury or equipment damage.

Pressure

Defined as force or weight per unit area.

Hot work

Defined as welding, cutting, or using a spark-producing device.

Biological hazards

Described as any living organism capable of causing disease in humans. This includes insects, bacteria, fungi, and mold.

Process Safety Management (PSM)

Design tp prevent the catastrophic release of toxic, hazardous, or flammable materials that could lead to a fire, explosion, or asphyxiation.

Process Hazard Analysis

Designed to identify the causes and consequences of fires, vapor releases, and explosions.

-Determine the location of the release. -Analyze the composition of the material. -Identify other characteristics. -Report and discuss with area technicians and supervisors.

During a chemical release the identification of the material is important. Because time is critical in an emergency, the following procedures must be completed quickly and from a safe distance:

30,000

During the Pittsburgh Survey of 1907 it expanded outside Pittsburgh area revealed over --- fatalities from industrial accidents in United States in 1906.

-Risk assessments are made -Operational and safety procedures are written and tested

During the startup process phase the equipment and construction are carefully scrutinized by:

Class C

Electrical fires.

loss of containment, individual, refinery and petrochemical

Emergency Response -Emergency response is defined as a --- of a chemical or the potential for it. -Emergency response procedures are applied to every --- working for a company. ---- employees who are likely to discover or witness a chemical release fall under the scope of the awareness level while employee who take preventative measures t control and secure the release fall in the guidelines of the operations level.

-Emergency plans that impact plant employees -People who are responding to emergencies -Community, the plant, and the emergency

Emergency planning and response is a complex plan that affects the company and community. Within the company there are several levels of response:

process hazard analysis

Employees need to be involves and participate in the ---. This team effort will include employees from all levels within the company. Access to information needs to be readily available to all employees and contractors.

requires heat

Endothermic-

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Established in 1970 to develop environmentally sound policies and national standards, support research and development, and enforce environmental regulations.

Botulism, Ricin, SEB (staphylococcal enterotoxin B), T2 (trichothecene mycotoxins)

Examples of biological toxins include:

Hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen compounds

Examples of common chemical asphyxiants:

-Seals and bearings -Build up of static in moving fluids -Vapor lock -Gasket leaks

Examples of equipment and system related hazards are:

-Welding -Cutting -Using a spark producing device

Examples of hot work are:

-Pumps -Compressors -Fans -Turbines

Examples of rotating equipment hazards (loose clothing and long hair):

The Heat Stage

Excessive heat, flame, smoke toxic gases.

produces heat

Exothermic-

-Class A -Class B -Class C -Class D

Fire classification system is designed to simplify the selection of fire fighting techniques and equipment:

chemical reaction

Fire is a --- between oxygen, fuel and heat.

oxygen, fuel and heat

Fire is a chemical reaction between ---.

fire tetrahedron

Fire is a chemical reaction between oxygen, fuel and heat. This is known as the ---.

Emergency Response

First responder awareness level, first responder operation level, and hazardous materials technicians and specialist level.

-How to respond to a release and how to control, contain, and confine the release. -Communication procedure between plant personnel. -Structure of the emergency response system. -How to use PPE. -Standard emergency response and termination procedures.

First responders for the operation levels learn the following:

Draeger pumps and Explosimeters

Fixed unit monitors and Field Survey Instruments:

The Flame Stage

Flames become visible.

HAZWOPER

Government-mandated --- training is required upon initial assignment and annually each year after.

-Emergency Response -Hazardous Waste Operations -Hazard Protection, Prevention and Control

HAZWOPER is categorized as follows:

emergency response and hazardous waste operations

HAZWOPER is used to describe OSHA's Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response. It covers two important parts of the plant's operation:

least 24 hours

HAZWOPER requires all individuals who respond to an emergency situation have at --- of training.

Arthrax spores

Have the ability to lie dormant for 40 years before being inhaled or ingested, thus releasing a rapidly progressing infection that forms coal black skin lesions. 40 years ago The WHO released a study that indicated the release of 110 pounds of aerosolized --- on a city of 5 million would kill 100,000 and injure 250,000.

nine, Department of Transportation

Hazardous Materials are classified for transportation using --- different categories by the --- who regulates their shipment.

Routes of entry

Hazardous chemicals enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, absorption and injection.

1. Small hazards that does not affect the whole unit. 2. Medium-sized hazards impacts one or more operating units. 3. Large hazards impacts the plant and community.

Hazardous waste operations are classified into three categories:

Conductive, convective, and radiant

Heat transfer can be described as ---.

0.433

Height of liquid x --- x specific gravity = pressure

pounds per square inch (psi)

How is pressure measured?

Wind speed, eye pressure, and height

Hurricanes are graded by three factors:

friction

If purging does not take place air, gas, and heat from --- are present.

gas

In order for liquid or solid to burn, a --- must be present.

-Hot zone -Warm zone -Cold zone

In order to reduce the possibility of accident spread of hazardous chemicals to areas outside the affected unit, a three-zone system has been established are:

1. Assemble incident investigation team within 48 hours. 2. Address all of the findings. 3. Correct all of the actions items identified during the investigation.

Incident Investigation of the PSM standard has three parts:

Hazardous Waste Operations

Incident command system, scene safety and control, spill control and containment, decontamination procedures, emergency termination, or all clear.

The Smoldering Stage

Increased combustion, smoke, no visible flame.

First responder-awareness level

Individuals who are trained to respond to a hazardous substance release, initiate an emergency response, evacuate the area, and notify the proper authorizes.

First Responder-awareness level

Individuals who are trained to respond to a hazardous substance release, initiate emergency response, evacuate the area, and notify proper authorities.

First Responder-operations level

Individuals who are trained to respond with an aggressive posture during a chemical release by going to the point of the release and attempting to contain or stop it.

floating roof storage tanks

Internal or external --- are used for materials near atmospheric pressure and to reduce vapor loss.

Emergency preparedness

Is a complex process that takes place before construction starts.

Management of change

Is a formal system that allows for deviation from standard operational procedure.

Fall protection

Is a standard designed to reduce or eliminate injuries from falls.

Mechanical integrity

Is a term that applies to the soundness of a plant process.

Mechanical integrity

Is a tern that applies to the soundness of a plant process.

Noise abatement

Is an engineering procedure designed to reduce or limit noise through the use on modern technology.

Noise

Is defined as a valueless or unwanted sound that is measured in decibels.

Dose

Is defined as the amount of chemical entering or being administered to a subject.

Response

Is defined as the toxic effect the dose has upon the subject.

First Responder - Awareness Level

Is directed at individuals who witness or discover a hazardous chemical release and who have received emergency response training.

Bunker gear

Is required by 29 CFR 1910.120 for those employees who will respond to a major fire or vapor release.

Blind tracking

Keeps a record of all blind installations. The unit blind book prevents unit startup upsets and improves efficiency.

-Employee participation -Process safety information -Operation procedures -Employee training Others: -Process hazard analysis -Emergency planning and response -Pre-startup safety review -Mechanical integrity -Hot work permit -Management of change -Incident investigation -Contractors -Compliance audits -Trade secrets

Key elements of the PSM standard include:

equally

Liquid pressure is exerted --- in all directions.

trade secrets

Many companies have specific --- that need to be in place to protect them from competitors. This section of the standard allows companies to protect themselves by entering into confidentiality agreements with their employees.

gloves

Many of the --- used by chemical technicians have a wide variety of operational limitations; one type of glove cannot be used for every job.

hazard analysis and pre-startup section

Mechanical integrity is monitored during the --- of this standard and during operational rounds and routine maintenance.

operational rounds and routine maintenance

Mechanical integrity is monitored during the hazard analysis and pre-startup section of this standard and during ---.

Smallpox, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Viral hemorrhagic fever

Military research has been conducted on the following:

Air Force, Navy, Marines, and Army weapons

Military weapons can be grouped into four areas:

The Incipient Stage

No smoke or flame little heat.

key to preventing catastrophic emergencies is to provide adequate employee training

OSHA and EPA believe that the ---.

opening meeting, a walk-through, documentation, closing meeting

OSHA inspectors will verify compliance of each section of the PSM standard. A typical compliance audit has an --- and --- to observe on site conditions. The auditor will require --- for a records review and will select one or more areas to conduct employee interviews. A --- will be held to discuss findings.

Permissible exposure limits (PEL)

OSHA-mandated regulatory limits.

Hydrogen

Oderless, colorless, explosive, flammable gas that is difficult to contain due to its small molecular size

Safety

Often described as an attitude that includes careful planning, following safety rules, safe work practices, and the use of personal protective equipment.

worst industrial accidents

On April 16, 1947 Texas City residents experienced one of the --- to occur in the U.S. Killed 581 bystanders, ship's crew and firefighters.

megaton nuclear bomb

One --- is capable of destroying the largest city in the world.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

One of the three primary agencies created under the Occupational Safety and Health Act. (NIOSH)

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

One of the three primary agencies created under the Occupational Safety and Health Act. (OSHA)

Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission

One of the three primary agencies created under the Occupational Safety and Health Act. (OSHRC)

-Equipment and system related -Weather related -Chemistry and chemical related

Operating hazards can be classified as:

-Fires and explosions -Leaks- gasket, valve, instruments, piping, and pumps -Pressure surges -Loss of cooling water -Steam valve stuck in open position -Exothermic reaction occurs in the column -Instrument failure -Power failure

Operational hazards associated with distillation include the following:

-Terrorist airplane flight into a chemical plant or refinery -Terrorist entry into CPI workforce -Use of a conventional bomb -Use of a nuclear bomb -Suicide bomber

Potential risks of weapons of mass destruction include:

higher, greater

Pressure is directly proportional to height: The --- the atmosphere, gas, or liquid the --- the pressure.

-Safety valves for gases -Relief valves for liquids -rupture discs for both

Pressure relief devices come in three different forms:

Administrative controls

Programs and activities used to control industrial hazards.

-Process for removing air from process equipment. -Use of natural gas, or inert gas such as nitrogen. -Each plant has its on purging procedures.

Purging procedures are:

Hazard Communication Standard

Purpose of --- is to ensure that the hazards associated with the handling, transport, and storage of chemicals in a plant are evaluated and transmitted to affected personnel.

chemical bonds

Reactors are used to make new products by making or breaking ---.

Hydrogen sulfide

Rotten egg smell, toxic, overpowers the sense of smell

526, 500

Sage investigators discovered in the Pittsburgh Survey of 1907 that between 1906-1907 --- people died and --- seriously injured or disabled.

Saffir

Simpson scale.

Incident Investigation

Takes place when a near catastrophic or catastrophic event occurs.

Hazard Protection, Prevention and Control

Terms and definitions, PPE levels, identifying hazardous materials an hazards initiating an emergency response avoiding hazards, entry of hazardous materials into the human body, and use of field monitors and field survey instruments.

Donning and doffing

Terms used to describe putting on and taking off personal protective equipment.

-Location -Quantity of materials -Physical and chemical hazards -Direction of the wind -Safety instrumentation -Potential for catastrophic effects -Domino effect with other industries -Economic effect on community

Terrorist would need to know the following about a chemical processing facility:

three

The --- agencies responsible for the administration of the Occupational Safety and Health Act.

atmosphere

The --- is composed of 78.1% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, and 0.9% argon, and the rest is carbon dioxide and other gases.

process hazard analysis section

The --- is designed to identify the causes and consequences of fires, vapor releases, and explosions. All of the hazards on a unit need to be identified.

fundamental principle

The --- of the Hazardous Communication Standard is informed technicians are less likely to be injured by chemical and processes than uniformed technicians.

lockout/tagout

The --- procedure is designed to isolate a piece of equipment from its energy source and prevent the accidental startup.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The --- was established in 1970 to protect the environment from pollution. Initially this was focused on recycling and cleaning up open dump sites. Today the government has passed many environmental law that impact air, water, and land. These laws go from cradle to grave. This regulates water quality, pesticides used on farms, oil spills, everything that goes into the ground, and any other things.

Saffir-Simpson

The CPI uses the --- hurricane wind scale. This scale uses wind speed as its primary factor.

-First responder - awareness level -First responder - operations level -Hazardous materials technician level -Hazardous material specialist -On-scene incident commander

The HAZWOPER standard defines five levels for emergency responders:

Management of Change

The PSM standard requires that a formal system be in place that makes deviation from standard operational procedures very strutted with layers of approval required. This system must be documented and the proper training set in place for each employee.

Written action plans

The PSM standard requires that these sections be documented and appropriate training completed. --- are required.

-Employee participation -Operations procedures -Process safety -Employee training

The Process Safety Management standard:

Hot zone

The area around the incident where contamination has occurred.

-Identification of unacceptable risks -The process used to eliminate or control these risks.

The basic steps in job hazard analysis include:

Central Nervous System

The brain and spinal cord.

-The Incipient Stage -The Smoldering Stage -The Flame Stage -The Heat Stage

The development of a fire can be traced to these stages:

-Increase in molecular activity -Change of state -Chemical change -Energy movement from hot to cold -Radiant heat transfer -Electrical transfer, thermocouple -Increase in volume -Increase in temperature

The effects of absorbed heat:

1. How you will identify hazards 2. How you will gather crucial process and hazard information 3. How you will communicate crucial process and hazard information 4. The written procedure and how employees will access it.

The employee participation section has four important parts:

1. Process overview 2. Training records and method used to administer training 3. Chemicals used in the process 4. Description of how access to and from the process unit is controlled 5. Training materials that reflect current work practices 6. Refresher training provided 7. Contractors must inform and train their employees and document that training

The employee training aspect of the PSM standard includes Deven sections:

6 feet or higher

The fall protection standard requires fall protection to be used when a technician needs access, movement, or works at an elevation of ---. The most common for, of fall protection are guardrails.

Pneumonic and bubonic plague

The first to kill 55% of the population of North Africa, Europe, and Central and Southern Asia. The second killed 33% of the population of European nations and 13 million in China.

1. The technician immediately radios his/her supervisor about the release. 2. Front line supervisor and operators confirm situation. 3. Operator begin evacuation of their units. 4. Accountability is taken and reported to incident commander. 5. Technicians trained to respond to fire and release. 6. When situation is contained the all-clear is given.

The following steps are typically followed during and emergency situation:

Cavitation

The formation and collapse of air pockets inside the pumping chamber.

Kelvin (K), Fahrenheit (F), Celsius (C), Rankine (R)

The four most common temperature systems process technicians use:

-Process flow diagram -Equipment and process description -Operational limits of equipment -Consequences of deviations -Safety and relief system design -Electrical classifications -Physical characteristics of chemical: toxic, reactive, corrosive, explosive, limits -Process chemistry -Inadvertent mixing of chemicals under a variety of conditions: temperature, pressure, flow rates

The items that should be included in the process safety information include:

Flashpoint

The lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid will produce a rich enough vapor concentration to ignite in the presence of an ignition source.

35%, 50%, 15%

The megaton nuclear bomb's energy is --- released as heat, --- in the initial blast, and --- as nuclear radiation.

improper line-up, lack of understanding

The most common hazard is --- and --- of how pumps operates.

handrails

The most common type of fall protection is ---.

evaluation

The pre-startup safety review and process hazard analysis work together during the --- of the startup process.

hot work permit

The primary purpose of the --- is to protect personnel from fires and explosions that could result from hot work that is preformed in their area.

Designated equipment owner

The process technician who operates a piece of equipment or process.

the hazardous energy standard

The purpose of --- is to protect employees from the hazards associated with the accidental release of uncontrolled energy.

-Remove known hazards from the workplace that could lead to serious injury or death. -Ensure safe and healthful working conditions for American workers.

The purpose of the Occupational Safety and Health Act is to:

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970

The purpose of this act is to (1) remove known hazards from the workplace that could lead to serious injury or death and (2) ensure safe and healthful working conditions for American workers. The Occupational Safety and Health Act applies to four broad categories: agriculture, construction, general industry, and maritime. There are three primary agencies responsible for the administration of the Occupational Safety and Health Act: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC).

Auto ignition

The temperature at which a liquid will spontaneously ignite without a spark or flame.

-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) -Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC) -Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

The three agencies responsible for the administration of the Occupational Safety and Health Act are:

Valves, piping, heat exchangers, compressors, boilers furnaces, reactors, and distillation columns

The types of equipment and systems that can cause an operating hazards include:

-Community colleges that offer certificates and degrees to enter the workplace -Engineering programs -Chemistry at the bachelor, master's, and Ph.D. levels -Other areas of specialized training are offered in instrumentation, electrical, safety, and construction management

There are many programs that provide an avenue into the CPI:

Biological toxins

These types of toxins are more toxic than toxins produced in industry.

Lanyard

This must be a maximum of 6 feet long, have double locking snap hooks, and a shock absorbing device attached to the D-ring.

Anchor point

This must support 5,000 pounds.

300,000 C

Typical temperatures in a nuclear explosion exceed ---.

Cholera

Typically enters the body through consumption of food or water. The infection takes 12- 72 hours of exposure, followed by intestinal cramping, vomiting, diarrhea, headache and loss of fluids. Treatment includes the aggressive use of IV fluids and antibiotics.

1969

Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, In --- there were 2.5 million disabling injuries and 14,000 deaths that were directly linked to safety and health violations.

2.5 million disabling injuries

Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, In 1969 there were --- and 14,000 deaths that were directly linked to safety and health violations.

14,000 deaths

Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, In 1969 there were 2.5 million disabling injuries and --- that were directly linked to safety and health violations.

federal law

Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, In 1970, a landmark piece of legislation was passed that required the chemical processing industry to make safety and health on the job a matter of ---.

contractors

Under the law, --- fall under the same requirements for the PSM standard as company employees.

Fujita scale

Used to classify Tornados.

Biological toxins

Used to contaminate fresh water supplies, food sources populations.

Warm zone

Used to decontaminate technicians leaving the hot zone.

Black lung

Was a disease that coal miners contracted from long exposure to coal dust. Life expectancy was short due to the variety of hazards they were exposed to.

Phossy jaw

Was a disease worker contracted from breathing white or yellow phosphorus. It was characterized by painful swelling of the jaw that produced severe scarring and disfigurement.

flammability limits, slow, spark

Watching --- is important when equipment containing air is purged using gas. If gas enters too --- a flammable mixture is formed. If it enters too fast it can produce a ---.

85 decibels

What is a persons trigger point?

equals 14.7 psi

What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?

human error

What is the most common cause of industrial accidents?

-If a threat is considered real a bomb threat alarm is sounded -Authorities are notified -Cell phones should not be used -A quick visual check of the area is made -The operating unit is placed in a safe condition -Return occurs after the all clear is sounded

When a bomb threat is received by a chemical plant or refinery a number of steps are followed:

-List what can go wrong -Identify the consequences -Explain how it could arise or occur -Select the contributing factor -Determine the frequency that the hazard occurs

When conducting a JHA, a cross section of employees can produce good results. The following detective work is required when conducting JHA:

Spark

When electricity jumps a gap.

line-up

When selecting a gas to purge with piping --- is critical.

-Operating -Maintenance

Written procedures fall into two specific categories: