PUBHEPI 2410 Exam 1

A long term care facility that houses 80 residents has an outbreak of an adenovirus. Of those residents, 24 (or 0.3) of the residents have been infected. This is an example of: a. rate b. proportion c. count d. ratio

b. proportion

An exposure associated with a disease is known as a: a. cause b. risk factor c. effect d. disease rate

b. risk factor

The system devised by which man is the antecedent of the modern International Classification of Diseases, which categorizes diseases and causes of death? a. James Lind b. John Graunt c. William Farr d. Robert Koch

c. William Farr

T/F: Death rates are the same across different age groups.

False

T/F: Socioeconomic factors do not affect the occurrence of disease

False

T/F: Because incidence measures a person's transition from a healthy to disease state, time must pass for this change to occur and be observed.

True

T/F: Descriptive epidemiology evaluates the impact of disease by identifying trends in a population

True

T/F: Disease rates are different for different racial groups.

True

T/F: Epidemiology is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health related states.

True

In the definition of epidemiology, "distribution" refers to (select all that apply): a. where b. why c. when d. who

a, c, d (where, when, who)

In the definition of epidemiology, "determinants" generally includes: (check all that apply) a. causes b. control measures c. where the disease occurs d. risk factors

a, d (causes, risk factors)

In January 2000 you began a one-year study of tuberculosis (TB) in a subsidized housing community in the Lower East Side of New York City. You enrolled 500 residents in your study and checked on their TB status on a monthly basis. At the start of your study on January 1st, you screened all 500 residents. Upon screening, you found that 20 of the healthy residents were immigrants who were vaccinated for TB and so were not at risk. Another 30 residents already had existing cases of TB on January 1st. On February 1st, 5 residents developed TB. On April 1st, 5 more residents developed TB. On June 1st, 10 healthy residents moved away from New York City were lost to follow-up. On July 1st, 10 of the residents who had existing TB on January 1st died from their disease. The study ended on December 31, 2000. Assume that once a person gets TB, they have it for the duration of the study, and assume that all remaining residents stayed healthy and were not lost to follow-up What was the prevalence of TB in the screened community on January 1st? a. 6.0% b. 4.5% c. 9.3% d. 8.2%

a. 6.0%

This city in Massachusetts is the site of one of the largest studies on cardiovascular health. a. Framingham b. Farhampton c. Boston d. Deerfield

a. Framingham

Which of the following, mandated by the National Health Survey Act of 1956, is currently the principal source of information on the health of the civilian non-institutionalized population of the United States? a. National Health Interview Survey b. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System c. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey d. National Survey of Family Growth

a. National Health Interview Survey

Epidemiologists are concerned with learning about_________ a. All answers are correct b. the frequency and geographic distribution of disease c. the causal relationships between diseases d. the causes of disease and how to cure or control the,

a. all answers are correct

What component of Hill's Aspects of Association asks if the same health effect is observed from an agent at different times, in different locations and under different circumstances. a. consistency b. temporality c. specificity d. coherence

a. consistency

Increases and decreases in the frequency of a disease or other phenomenon within each year are: a. cyclic fluctuations b. common source epidemics c. secular trends d. point epidemics

a. cyclic fluctuations

An industrial town along the shore of Lake Michigan is known for having poor air quality due to factories and shipping industry near residential areas. This would be an example of what kind of descriptive variable? a. environmental b. health related outcomes c. demographic and social d. community infrastructure

a. environmental

Which measure is most useful for evaluating the effectiveness of programs that try to prevent disease from occurring in the first place? a. incidence b. prevalence c. mortality d. morbidity

a. incidence

Epidemiologists examine a health event by looking at what three things? a. person, place, time b. disease, timeline, intervention c. incidence, prevalence, morbidity d. risk factors, mode of transmission, mortality

a. person, place, time

Child car seats would be an example of: a. primary prevention b. tertiary prevention c. secondary prevention d. quaternary prevention

a. primary prevention

Which of the following are NOT one of Robert Koch's four postulates? a. the microorganism must reproduce the disease in an animal every time b. the culture should reproduce the disease in an animal c. microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture d. the microorganism must be observed in, and recovered from, the experimentally diseased animal e. microorganism must be observed in every case

a. the microorganism must reproduce the disease in an animal every time

The epidemiologic transition refers to the observation that: a. the rate of communicable or infectious diseases is decreasing b. the rate of communicable or infectious diseases is increasing c. the rate of non-communicable or chronic diseases is decreasing d. none of the above

a. the rate of communicable or infectious diseases is decreasing

Descriptive epidemiology involves all of the following questions EXCEPT: a. why? b. what? c. where? d. when? e. who?

a. why?

A group of 150 healthy women was followed prospectively for 10 years. All subjects entered the study on January 1, 1990 and all women were followed until December 31, 1999. None were lost to follow-up. During this period, 5 subjects were diagnosed with breast cancer, but they all survived to the end of the study. The time at which these 5 subjects developed cancer is shown in this table. Assume that each diagnosis occurred exactly half way through the year. What was the prevalence of breast cancer "survivors" on December 31, 1999? a. 95% b. 3.3% c. 5.0% d. 20%

b. 3.3%

A population of 1,600 healthy, at risk people is monitored for one year starting on January 1st and the development of chicken pox cases is noted. No one has chicken pox at the start of the investigation. Twenty people develop chicken pox on June 30th and forty people develop chicken pox on September 30th. Twenty-four people were lost to follow-up on March 31st and twenty-four people were lost to follow-up on November 30th. None of those lost to follow-up had developed chicken pox prior to becoming lost. Assume that you can get chicken pox only once. What is the person-time incidence rate of chicken pox in this population during the one-year period from January 1st through December 31st per 1,000 person years? a. 40.2 per 1,000 person-years b. 38.5 per 1,000 person-years c. 37.5 per 1,000 person-years d. 37.7 per 1,000 person-years

b. 38.5 per 1,000 person-years

The incidence rate is the: a. number of deaths from a particular disease divided by the total population b. number of new cases of a disease divided by the total population at risk c. number of deaths from a disease in a specific period of time divided by the number of people with the disease d. number of deaths in a year divided by the total population

b. number of new cases of a disease divided by the total population at risk

The number of accidental deaths among females aged 15-19 years is separated by race. There were 1,333 deaths between African-American females and white females in the age group. Two-hundred and twenty-seven (227), or 17% of these deaths were African-Americans. This calculation of 17% is an example of: a. count b. proportion c. ratio d. rate

b. proportion

Point epidemics and clustering are examples of disease occurrence according to: a. place b. time c. person d. determinant

b. time

Consider a group of 1,000 newborn infants. 100 infants were born with serious birth defects and 20 of these 100 died during the first year of life. 90 of the 900 remaining infants without any birth defects also died during the first year of life. Calculate the overall crude mortality rate in this population (per 1,000). a. 20 per 1,000 b. 100 per 1,000 c. 110 per 1,000 d. 90 per 1,000

c. 110 per 1,000

This person first put forth the theory of epidemiologic transition. a. Ahmad Hamdan b. Jerry Morris c. Abdel Omran d. Austin Bradford Hill

c. Abdel Omran

Who was the English physician who removed the pump handle from the Broad Street pump during the Cholera outbreak in London during the mid-19th Century? a. Timothy Bisley b. Edward Jenner c. John Snow d. Alexander Flemming e. John Graunt

c. John Snow

Descriptive epidemiology a. is the study of the distribution of disease by characteristics of person, place and time b. makes use of readily available information from vital statistics and censuses c. all of the above d. none of the above e. can be used to identify specific etiological factors that are investigated in analytical studies

c. all of the above

Which measure of disease frequency is usually reserved for infectious disease outbreaks? a. morbidity rate b. survival rate c. attack rate d. incidence rate

c. attack rate

Which of the following can be thought of as the average risk of getting a disease over a certain period of time? a. point prevalence b. period prevalence c. cumulative incidence d. incidence rate

c. cumulative incidence

A person conducting interviews for the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System questionnaire collects information on the age, gender and race/ethnicity of an individual. This is an example of what kind of descriptive variables? a. community infrastructure b. health related outcomes c. demographic and social d. environmental

c. demographic and social

Membership of which type of population is always defined by a life event? a. catchment population b. dynamic population c. fixed population d. candidate population

c. fixed population

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) defines which type of disease as "one for which regular, frequent, and timely information regarding individual cases is considered necessary for the prevention and control of the disease"? a. noncommunicable disease b. infectious disease c. notifiable disease d. nosocomial disease

c. notifiable disease

Race/Ethnicity is an example of a: a. common source b. clustering c. person variable d. secular trend

c. person variable

In the mid-1700's, James Lind conducted one of the earliest experimental studies on the treatment of which condition, a common disease and cause of death at the time? a. smallpox b. dysentery c. scurvy d. cholera

c. scurvy

Among 13,963,753 males and 14,272,325 females there were 20,734 cases of prostate cancer and 19,107 cases of female breast cancer. What is the incidence of prostate cancer per 100,000? (Hint: Only males have prostates). a. 120.5 per 100,000 b. 73.4 per 100,000 c. 133.9 per 100,000 d. 148.5 per 100,000

d. 148.5 per 100,000

During this age we would expect high mortality, low life-expectency, and unstable population growth a. Age of Receding Pandemics b. Age of Chronic Morbidity c. Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases d. Age of Pestilence and Famine

d. Age of Pestilence and Famine

Which of the following is a telephone survey of adults in each state? a. National Health Interview Survey b. National Survey of Family Growth c. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey d. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey

d. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey

What survey would be most useful in examining alcohol consumption in the United States by adults? a. Death certificate data file b. National Health Care Surveys c. Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses d. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

d. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Which survey includes both a home interview and health tests done in a mobile examination center? a. National Health Interview Survey b. National Immunization Survey c. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System d. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

d. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Vaccination data on vaccinations such as diphtheria and tetanus, pertussis, polio, and measles are collected through the use of which survey? a. Survey of Vaccinations in the U.S. b. Vaccination Surveillance Research Program c. National Survey of Fertility and Growth d. National Immunization Survey

d. National Immunization Survey

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program collects data based on a mandate by which piece of legislation? a. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act b. The National Health Survey Act of 1956 c. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act d. The National Cancer Act

d. The National Cancer Act

What is the primary objective of descriptive epidemiology? a. to identify problems to be studied by analytic methods and to suggest areas that may be fruitful for investigation b. to permit evaluation of trends and diseases among countries and subgroups within countries c. to provide a basis for planning, provision, and evaluation of health services d. all are objectives of descriptive epidemiology

d. all are objectives of epidemiology

Which of the following is true of the prevalence measure of morbidity? a. it gives health departments and hospital administrators information for health planning b. it does not give an estimate of the risk of developing a disease c. it is good for describing a health burden d. all of the above are true

d. all of the above are true

A researcher is looking at the possible association between a chemical compound and a disease condition. The researcher observes that as exposure increased, so did the risk of developing disease. Which criterion of judgement is the researcher assessing? a. consistency b. experiment c. analogy d. biological gradient

d. biological gradient

The National Vital Statistics System collects data on which of the following outcomes? a. births b. deaths c. none of the above d. both of the above

d. both of the above (births & deaths)

During the summer 2014 Ebola outbreak, the number of new cases was 579 in Guinea and 972 in Liberia. Which country had a higher cumulative incidence of Ebola during the summer 2014 outbreak? a. Liberia b. the countries had the same cumulative incidence c. Guinea d. can't be determined based on the information given

d. can't be determined based on the information given

The National Cancer Institute recently conducted a lung cancer screening program. This is an example of: a. tertiary prevention b. quaternary prevention c. primary prevention d. secondary prevention

d. secondary prevention