Public Health 1 Final Review
Of the following, which FOUR must be reported to the local health department if diagnosed?
1. measles 2. Rabies 3. Hepatitis C 4.Malaria
An epidemiologist must have a clear definition of a disease to be sure the study participants are actually presenting with the specific disease of interest. If the disease is fairly nonspecific, meaning not every patient with the disease has the same symptoms, and symptoms can overlap with many other types of diseases, then it is best to include:
A biomarker specific to the disease of interest
Which distinction separates addiction from substance use?
Addiction is the inability to control the impulse to use drugs
all of the following have a legal right to medical care in the US except for:
American citizens
Which of the following did Dr. Noymer discuss with regard to human factors that can amplify or reduce viral infection rates?
Anything that amplifies or reduces human-t0-human contact will, amplify or reduce viral infection rates
Mental health problems include behaviors, thoughts, and inner experiences that are what?
Atypical, distressful, dysfunctional, and can be dangerous at times
Of the reasons below, select the BEST two that explain why non-immunized school-age children in the US are often protected from diseases such as diphtheria, measles, polio, and smallpox A. Because they are still protected by maternal antibodies B. Because the vast majority of the other children have received mandated vaccines C. Because some of these diseases have been eradicated D. Because such diseases exist only in underdeveloped countries E. Because they are not part of the group targeted by these infectious microbes
B&C
Of the conditions and disorders that the US recommends all children be screened for, the two with the highest annual incidents are: A. Phenylketonuria (PKU) B. Hearing Loss C. Sickle Cell anemia D. Cystic Fibrosis E. Primary Congenital Hypothyroidism
B&E
[blank] is a systematic error that may be introduced into a study in a number of ways
Bias
With the pandemic onset in 2020 in the U.S., what patterns are we seeing for disorders pertaining to mental health and substance use?
Both are going up in prevalence
Which of the following is NOT true about the MDR TB? A. The most important risk factor is breathing. B. It was the cause for the reintroduction of medical screening of immigrants to the US in 2011 C. Directly observed therapy, while effective, is prohibitively expensive as a public health intervention. D. Nearly 20% of TB cases in the US are now MDR TB E. The mortality rate can exceed 50%
C&D
What agency oversees water-borne disease outbreaks?
Center for Disease Control
The percentage of children who are uninsured has declined to less than 10 percent because of [blank]
Children's Health Insurance Program
From the assigned reading, "The Rights of Nature..." All of the following are evidence-based points to illustrate how climate change directly impacts human health. EXCEPT:
Climate change costs humans money and that creates financial strain, and therefore psychological stress
Which of the following are future challenges of public health?
Climate change, renewed threats from infectious diseases, rising costs of medical care for an aging population
The Superfund, a trust fund set by Congress to pay for cleanups of particularly bad hazardous waste sites, is less than super. Which of the following is NOT a reason?
Congress has repeatedly raided the fund to pay for other projects.
Which of the following can reduce foodborne illness? MARK ALL THAT APPLY
Cooking food to proper temperatures, cleaning food properly, separating raw meat from produce, chilling food
At a family BBQ, Polly said she doesn't approve of her daughter Patricia dating Kareem, because Patricia is white and Kareem is Black. This is an example of what kind(s) of discrimination?
De facto and interpersonal
From lecture, which perspective describes how risk or resilience factors during fetal development may have significant consequences on that individual's short and long term physical and mental health?
Developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD)
From the lecture on perspectives, how does the metaphor of building a house explain the impact of the TIMING of risk and resilience factors on health?
Early foundational development imparts future risk or resilience later in life
Mental health and substance use disorders often co-occur. Which comes first?
Either can precede the other, and sometimes they can co-occur and impact each other
Which agency oversees the regulation of both mercury and leaded gasoline?
Environmental Protection Agency
What term refers to "an increase in the frequency of a disease above the usual and expected
Epidemic
Because of budgetary constraints, how often can the FDA inspect food-processing facilities under its jurisdiction?
Every 10 years
Which of the following is NOT a common risk factor for both substance use disorders and mental illness?
Family structure
Which agency oversees the regulation of makeup and new drugs?
Food and Drug Administration
Which agency oversees the regulation of turkeys, sheep, and pigs?
Food and Drug Administration
Which of the following is NOT considered a cause of major epidemic diseases?
Fungi
What virus is frequently transmitted by food handlers who are careless about hygiene?
Hepatitis A virus
Which of the following is NOT a vaccine-preventable disease?
Hepatitis C
What are some benefits of electronic medical/health records systems?
Increase coordination of care, reduces medical errors, reduce administrative costs, and improve efficiency and quality of health care
Some forms of medical care are more important to the health of the community than others. Which form of medical care is not of high priority to protect the health of those in the community?
Life-saving surgery for newborns with Down Syndrome
From the lectures, which perspective suggests that we can more deeply understand a health outcome when we try to study how it changes across life stages, interacts with other factors, and how it can be viewed across multiple subdivisions of knowledge?
Lifespan
Which of the following, released by microbial activity in the intestines of cattle and in paddy fields where rice is grown, also contributes to the greenhouse effect?
Methane
What is false about the attempts to repeal the Affordable Care Act?
Most Republicans now support adding a public option
Smoking leads to cardiovascular disease [BLANK] raises your blood pressure and increases irritability of your heart and blood vessels. While [blank] blocks your hemoglobin's ability to carry oxygen through your body, stressing your heart and blood vessels.
Nicotine, carbon monoxide
When a disease becomes recognizable and is designated with the status of being a [blank' disease, it becomes easier to diagnose and intervene rapidly
Notifiable
The DSM diagnostic tool organizes mental disorders based on what?
Number and types of symptoms
Which was the first state to allow doctors to assist terminally ill patients to commit suicide?
Oregon
which was the first state to allow doctors to assist terminally ill patients commit suicide?
Oregon
Regulation of which of the following saves hundreds of thousands of lives in the US every year
PCBs CAFOs Particulate matter POPs
All are the reasons that local environmental regulations are insufficient and national and international environmental regulations needed except:
Population doesn't grow
Which link in the chain of infection is the intervention described below meant to break? "N95 respirators reduce the wearer's exposure to airborne particles, from small particle aerosols to large droplets. N95 respirator are tight-fitting respirators that filter out at least 95% of particles in the air, including large and small particles."
Portal of entry
Which link in the chain of infection is the intervention described below meant to break? Having moderate-to-severe asthma may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19. Actions you take should include: Follow your Asthma Action Plan. Continue your current medicines, including any inhalers with steroids in them. Make sure that you have at least a 30 day supply of your medicines. Avoid your asthma triggered.
Portal of entry OR susceptible host (don't remember which one)
Epidemiological statistical methods can help understand:
Potential human risk to communicable diseases via elucidating patterns of animal behaviors
These panels from an old comic book depict Tony Stark(Iron man) confronting Carol Danvers (better known as Captain Marvel) about her drinking. Based on this interaction, at which stage of the transtheoretical model is Carol?
Pre-contemplation
The overlap between medical care and public health is now obvious to most and these two domains are becoming increasingly cooperative. However, the history between medicine and public health has been more turbulent. Below are statements about the history between medicine and public health, and all are true except one. Which statement is false?
Public health has been historically led by medical providers, until recently
Should Public Health have a direct role in medical care? This is a huge question, and subject to debate. However, if you look around today and in our US history, you will see that public health already plays many direct roles in medical care. Which of the following examples DOES NOT demonstrate how public health already plays a direct role in medical care in the US?
Public health officials manage all hospitals in their district.
Which of the following are true?
Rachel Carson did not want a complete ban on pesticides DDT's popularity grew because of its widespread use against mosquito-born illnesses during WWII
[blank] studies tend to be the most convincing type of clinical trials.
Randomized double-blind
The "Gold Standard" in epidemiological research design is
Randomized-Controlled Trials
You are conducting a retrospective study on the use of plastics and the prevalence of current medical problems in Public Health students. You hypothesize that participants who used more plastic cups in high school will exhibit more medical problems today. You ask all PH1 students to recall how many times they drank out of plastic cups in high school. You know that PH students have received more education than the average person on how plastics can leak harmful chemicals with wear and tear. Your study design will likely be negatively impacted by:
Recall bias
Sharing needles or tattooing with a dirty needle affects all of the following parts of the chain of infection except:
Reservoir
From lectures, the seesaw metaphor for risk/resilience would suggest that:
Risk and resilience factors interact in a dynamic way to impact health outcomes
What federal agency is primarily responsible for funding direct services to communities to prevent and reduce the impact of mental illness and substance abuse?
SAMHSA
Grandpa A and Grandpa B are both turning 80 this year. Both were former heavy smokers earlier in life but have now quit. The grandpas with see their primary care providers around their 80th birthdays. Grandpa A is told that his general health status for his age is very poor, while grandpa B is told his general health status for his age is very good. Using the lifespan perspective, what are the two factors that could possibly explain the different health statuses of the grandpas who shared the same major health risk factor (chronic heavy smoking?) it could be prenatal risk factors in one but not the other grandpa and genetic vulnerability. T/F?
TRUE
Testing those at high risk for HCV on a regular bases is a secondary prevention T/F?
TRUE
Which federal act resulted in the banning of open dumps?
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Which of the following is the biggest drawback of using sanitary landfills as a method of waste disposal?
They take up a lot of space
From lecture, you learned that patterns of alcohol use within the US have changed since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The amount of alcohol consumption has increased by 40% in the US among women of child bearing age (who already drank alcohol pre-pandemic). What is one reason this statistic may warn us of a future major public health problem?
This may result in a spike in incidence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
Fetus A and B are developing within their own biological mothers who are unrelated . Fetus A and Fetus B both experiences 3 weeks of very high blood levels: a known teratogen. After birth, Baby A is relatively healthy and appears to be unaffected by the high fetal BALs its experienced. However, Baby B is exhibiting clear signs of birth defects and development delays. The two reasons why Baby A and bABY b may have been differently impacted by this teratogen are maternal BMI and other co-teratogen exposures. T/F?
True
Historically, people often only discovered occupational exposure to a chemical was dangerous after workers developed cancers or other illnesses. The trend will likely continue because the vast majority of new industrial chemicals are not tested for safety. T/F
True
which agency oversees regulation of turkeys, sheep and pigs
United States department of agriculture
When plotting data, it is standard to list one variable on the [blank] and the other on the [blank] of the graph:
X axis, Y axis
which distinction separates addiction from substance abuse?
addiction is the inability to control the impulse to use drugs
The leading cause of water pollution in the US is
agricultural run off
The leading cause of water pollution in the U.S. is
agricultural run-off
The discovery of which of the following allowed medicine to gain the power to work miracles of healing, leading to a period of rapidly growing influence?
antibiotics
Which of the following is actually regulated by the federal government?
arsenic
which of the following is actually regulated by the federal government?
arsenic
mental health problems include behaviors, thoughts, and inner experiences that are what?
atypical, distressful, dysfunctional, and can be dangerous at times
with the pandemic onset in 2020, in the US, what patterns are we seeing for disorders pertaining to mental health and substance use?
both are going up in prevalence
Which of the following is especially harmful to patients with cardiovascular disease, who are more likely to suffer heart attacks when exposed to higher concentrations of the pollutant?
carbon monoxide
what agency oversees water-borne outbreaks
center for disease control
From the public health perspective, it is more effective to
change the social environment to influence healthy behavior
Which of the following substances can have public health benefits but also have the capability to harm public health?
chlorine DDT Plastics Mercury
At which level of the Ecological Model is the following quote focused upon? From the website of Los Angeles county parks and recreation: "Parks are a perfect place to exercise and stay fit. Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune system and helps prevent diseases such as heart disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. Health care providers often call exercise the "miracle" or "wonder" drug because of the wide variety of proven benefits that it provides. Get started in your exercise program today at your local park"
community
The superfund, a trust fund set up by congress to pay for cleanups of particularly bad hazardous waste sites, is less than super. Which of the following is NOT a reason?
congress has repeatedly raided the fund to pay for projects
The Clean Air Act and its amendments require monitoring and regulation of six common air pollutants called
criteria air pollutants
The Clean Air Act and its amendments require monitoring and regulation of six common air pollutants called [blank]
criteria air pollutants
From the lecture, which perspective would best explain how risk or resilience factors experienced by a parent via the grandmother during pregnancy could impact the grandchild?
cross-generational
You currently work at a country health department and have discovered through your assessment that there has been a spike in overdose deaths during the last 6 months. Which next step should you take to address this issue?
determine and build capacity
Stress due to the adverse physical and social conditions associated with lower________________ status may act directly by affecting physiological processes and indirectly by influencing behavior.
economic and social status
Stress due to the adverse physical and social conditions associated with lower [blank] may act directly by affecting physiological processes and indirectly by influencing behavior
economic and social staus
which of the following is not at all determined by where you live
eligibility for medicare
which agency oversees regulation of both mercury and leaded gasoline?
environmental protection agency
3 major risk factors were discovered for heart disease. Which of the following is NOT one these 3 major risk factors?
exercise
Prevalence refers to [blank] cases whereas incidence refers to [blank] cases
existing; new
Prevalence refers to [blank] cases whereas incidence refers to [blank] cases.
existing; new
which agency oversees regulation of makeup and new drugs
food and drug administration
which agency oversees regulation of restaurants?
food and drug administration
[blank] behaviors may be maintained and reinforced by aspects of the social environment that are beyond the individual's control
health
based on the [blank] model, the public health approach to changing behavior would be to convince people that they are vulnerable, that is the threat is severe, and that certain actions are effective preventative measures
health belief
Which of the following is the most common route of transmission of the HIV virus in developing countries?
heterosexual sexual relations
Freedoms that ensure that all people can live a life of security, dignity, and well-being are referred to as:
human rights
The U.S. Supreme Court decided that women have a constitutional right to abortion, but [blank]
individual states can limit and regulate how women access that right
At which level of the Ecological Model is the following quote focused on? "Now a new study carried out at the University of California. San Francisco, has documented the health impact of a soda sales ban on its employees. Ten months after a sales ban went into effect, UCSF workers who tended to drink a lot of the surgery beverages had cut their daily intake by about half. By the end of the study period, the group had, on average, reduced their waist sizes and belly fat, though they did not see any changes in their body mass index"
institutional
At which level of the Ecological Model is the following quote focused upon? "Several studies have emphasized significance of including both adults diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and their family members to improve diabetes outcomes. 20-22 Lifestyle modification programs including family support and tailored to Hispanic culture demonstrated improvement in patients' self efficacy, perceived support, knowledge, and self care
inter-personal
At which level of the Ecological Model is the following quote focused upon? "I started to put on weight by the time I was seven. There was no obesity in the family and I played out of doors getting plenty of exercise. I was encouraged not to overeat, though surrounded by energetic brothers I liked to compete with them in everything, including meal sizes. I weighed nine stone [126 pounds] when I was nine and was quite proud to be the heaviest girl in the class, but ashamed when I was 13 stone [182 pounds] at 13. I've had weight/eating problems ever since"
intrapersonal
From the assigned reading, "The Rights of Nature..." Chilton and Jones (2020) recommend a path for moving forward in public health. They recommend that "when we work for the health of the public we must include all of the public." What do they mean by "all of the public"?
lakes, oceans, rivers, trees, plants, insects, animals, humans
the most common food borne illness is
likely norovirus
which of the following, released by microbial activity in the intestine of cattle and in paddy fields where rice is grown, also contributes to the greenhouse effect?
methane
The best way to prevent HCV is:
minimize exposure
genetics does not predispose a person to
minority stress
which is false about the attempts to repeal the affordable care act
most republicans now support adding a public option
This picture likely depicts a city that likely suffers from all the criteria air pollutants, but which is the most visible here? (picture of buildings, lots of smoke/fog, and a highway with cars)
nitrogen oxide
The DSM diagnostic tool organizes mental disorders based on what?
number and types of symptoms
What are the concerns about the success of future COVID-19 vaccines, according to the lectures? All are correct except:
over-promising effectiveness
Check ALL significant p values from the list below:
p<0.05, p≤0.01, p≤0.05
Which for the following is the most visible form of air pollution?
particulate matter
all are the reasons that local environmental regulations are insufficient and national and international environmental regulations needed except:
population doesn't grow
after the historical event of the barrage barge in 1987, rapid awareness of waste and environmental health resulted. The three R's became more widely known and practiced. The three R's stand for
reduce, reuse, recycle
phase 1 of FDA clinical trial tests what
safety drugs
Phase 1 of FDA clinical trails tests what?
safety of drugs
In some HIV prevention interventions, peer leaders role-play asking their partners their HIV status, negotiating condom use, and discussing consent. This can help other participants increase their
self-efficacy
Which of the following can reduce food borne illnesses? MARK ALL THAT APPLY
separating raw meat from produce cleaning food property cooking food to proper temperatures chilling food
Which of the following work to buffer the impact of daily stresses?
social support a high income health insurance education
which agency oversees the enforcement of shellfish regulations
state health departments
A confidential registry was established that allows match makers to avoid arranging marriages between carriers of [blank] and several other debilitating conditions
tay-sacks disease
A [blank] may cause [blank]
teratogen, birth defects
birth defects may be caused by a variety of environmental agents, called [blank], which include some bacteria and viruses, various drugs including alcohol, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and radiation
teratogens
From the lecture, the metaphor of the balance scale tries to facilitate the communication of what?
the complex interactions of risk and resilience factors for influencing future health outcomes
Which of the following is an increasing concern about access to fresh water?
the cost of desalination the presence of pharmaceuticals and hormones in the water changing weather patterns bringing rain to new places and taking it away from others political conflicts over fresh water source
which agency oversees regulation of most industrial chemicals and homeopathy that is ingested via skin or orally
these are unregulated
which of the following is the biggest drawback of using sanitary landfills as a method of waste disposal?
they take up a lot of space
Research is often conducted on rodents before humans, or in parallel to a human phenols that is not understood well. But wait, humans and rodents VERY different, so how could we possibly benefit from a rodent model? (select the BEST answer)
to discover clear answers to biological cause and effect
[blank] is best prevented by education-warning pregnant women about the risks of contracting the disease through gardening and contact with litter boxes
toxoplasmosis
Historically, people often only discovered occupational exposure to a chemical was dangerous after workers developed cancers or other illnesses. The trend will likely continue because the vast majority of new industrial chemicals are not tested for safety. T/F?
true
Patients who view their disease as an "enemy" tend to have higher levels of depression and anxiety T/F?
true
The Clean Air Act is state regulation that explains the change depicted in these images (1968, 2005, 2020)
true
suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death among people aged 15-19/ T/F?
true
Eradication of some communicable diseases is possible. What do we need for the eradication?
vaccine and human reservoir
Dr. Noymer talked about some of public health's successes, as well as failures regarding infectious diseases. Which of the following is false?
vaccines are the biggest success story in public health, starting with the eradication of smallpox
Federal regulation do not cover
well water
Federal regulation do not cover [blank]
well water, rain water
