Public Health 150 Final?

The core theory states that public health efforts should be focused on: A. the entire population B. a select few at-risk individuals C. at-risk core group D. predisposed families

C. core groups that are more likely to be affected by the disease

Women of which ethnicity are more likely to have fibroids? A. African Americans B. Hispanics C. Asians D. All are equal

D. All are equal, but African Americans show first

Over half of the population of the world currently lives in urban areas: a. True b. False

a. True

Elderly Hispanic-Americans are ________________ likely to vote for Democrats than/as elderly European-Americans: a. less b. more c. equally as

b. more

The most common first language globally is: a. English b. Spanish c. Mandarin d. Arabic e. Tagolog

c. Mandarin

The period of greatest growth in the world's population was: a. 1750-1849 b. 1850-1899 c. 1900-1950 d. 1950-2000

d. 1950-2000

Epidemiology studies the: a. Frequency of disease b. Distribution of disease c. Molecular profile of an infectious agent d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

e. a. and b. above

The risk of autism is higher in: a. Males b. Females c. Higher socioeconomic groups d. In children of young parents e. a. and c. above

e. a. and c. above

Key elements of surveillance include: a. Timely analysis b. Dissemination of results c. Action based on results d. Accurate diagnosis e. a., b., and c. above

e. a. b. and c. above

Low health literacy: a. Can cause people to wait longer to seek medical care b. Can lead to misuse of medication c. Is associated with a better overall health status d. Can lead to overuse of emergency care e. a., b., and d. above

e. a., b., and d.

Epidemiology is: a. A body of knowledge b. A methodology c. The core science of clinical medicine d. The core strategy of public health e. b. and d. above

e. b. and d. above

The average American diet has very little: a. Calories b. Red meat c. Fruits d. Vegetables e. c. and d. above

e. c. and d. above

Acheson Report said that the definition of public health are what (3) things?

*The science and art of preventing disease *Prolonging life *Promoting health through the organized efforts of society.

How much money is spent on social services per $1 spent on healthcare in the US? A. $0.55 B. $0.75 C. $1.00 D. $2.00

A. $0.55

At what income level does the life expectancy essentially not depend on income anymore? (i.e. the minimum income for the max life expectancy at birth) A. $60,000+ B. $75,000+ C. $90,000 D. $150,000+

A. $60,000

What percentage of women die within the first year? A. 11% B. 23% C. 34% D. 55%

A. 11%

Which age group of women have the highest prevalence of chlamydia? A. 14-19 B. 20-24 C. 25-29 D. 30-34

A. 14-19

What percentage of the uninsured non-elderly are children? A. 16% B. 25% C. 51% D. 59%

A. 16%

When was health insurance first implemented? (Not including worker's comp) A,. 1929 B. 1945 C. 1970 D. 1997

A. 1929

What percentage of Californians live in Los Angeles County? A. 26% B. 31% C. 38% D. 41%

A. 26%

Approximately how many people in the US identify as LGBTQ+? A. 4% B. 8% C. 12% D. 16%

A. 4%

How many premature deaths are a result of the health impacts of air pollution? A. 6,500 B. 9,000 C. 1,300,000 D. 1,700,000

A. 6,500

Women of which ethnicity develop breasts at the earliest age? A. African American B. Hispanics C. Asians D. Caucasians

A. African Americans

Women of which ethnicity have the lowest pre-natal care rates? A. African Americans B. Caucasians C. Hispanics D. Asians

A. African Americans

What are the (3) core functions that define public health? A. Assessment, Policy Development. Assurance B. Community Health, Local Health, International health C. Local communities, Education, Policy Development D. Assessment, Maintenance, Criticisms

A. Assessment, Policy Development, and Assurance

What became the #1 cause of death in the US in 2014? A. Cancer B. Heart disease C. Chronic lower respiratory disease D. Cerebrovascular disease

A. Cancer

Which cause of death has been steadily increasing since 1973 in China? A. Cerebro-cardiovascular disease B. Cancer C. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease D. Injuries

A. Cerobro-cardiovascular

What tests for STI should be done annually on sexually active females younger than 25? A. Chlamydia and gonorrhea B. Chlamydia and herpes C. Herpes and PAP smears D. Gonorrhea and herpes

A. Chlamydia and gonorrhea

Which of the following is the #1 leading cause of death and premature death in LA County? A. Coronary heart disease B. Diabetes C. Stroke D. Lung cancer

A. Coronary heart disease

What disease topped all other diseases in the SEARO and WPRO regions in 2004, accounting for 4.8% of all DALYS worldwide due to both infectious and non-infectious diseases? A. Diarrheal B. Tuberculosis C. Cardiovascular D. Cancer

A. Diarrheal

Which disease is the 3rd leading cause of mortality and morbidity after lower respiratory infections and cardiovascular diseases? A. Diarrheal B. Tuberculosis C. Liver D. Cancer

A. Diarrheal

What new people qualified for Medicare in 1972 and 2001, respectively? A. Disabled individuals who qualify for SS benefits, and end-stage renal patients; ALS patients B. Children of the primarily insured individuals; grandchildren C. Individuals 65+ with no significant other; their immediate family D. Disabled individuals who qualify for SS benefits, and terminally ill patients; ALS patients

A. Disabled individuals who qualify for SS benefits, and end-stage renal patients; ALS patients

What type of deaths now exceed motor vehicle mortality in the US? A. Drug abuse B. Cancer C. Homicide D. Suicide

A. Drug abuse

Where do the richest quintile of 65+ people receive most of their income? A. Earnings B. Social Security C. Assests D. Pensions

A. Earnings

What outbreak happened recently in the US that required Obama to increase the response rate since fatality was close to 100%? A. Ebola B. MRSA C. West Nile D. HIV

A. Ebola outbreak

From largest to smallest percentage of HI coverage, what kind plays the largest role? A. Employer > Medicare > Medicaid > Private B. Medicare > Employer > Medicaid > Private C. Private > Medicare > Medicaid > Employer D. Medicare > Medicaid > Private > Employer

A. Employer > Medicare > Medicaid > Private

By what is endometriosis affected? A. Estrogen B. Luteinizing hormone C. Access to health services D. Presence of fibroids

A. Estrogen

Which gender is more likely to be obese? Overweight? A. Females; Males B. Female; Female C. Males; Males D. Males; Females

A. Females; Males

What is the most common gynecology tumor in women of reproductive age? A. Fibroids B. Cysts C. Benign masses D. Scar tissue

A. Fibroids

Which country is most likely to have same-day or next-day appointments? A. Germany B. Canada C. Netherlands D. Norway

A. Germany

What type of STI case increased the most? A. HPV B. Chlamydia C. Gonorrhea D. Syphillis

A. HPV has the most number of new cases

What is the difference between healthcare disparities and health status disparities? A. Healthcare is access/availability of facilities and service; status if the variation in rates of disease occurrence and SES groups B. Healthcare is the variation in rates of disease and SES; status is access to or availability of facilities and services

A. Healthcare is access to or availability of facilities and services; status is rate of diseases and SES group differences

Which of the following one of the leading causes of premature death? A. Homocide B. Pneumonia C. Colorectal cancer D. Hypertension

A. Homocide

Where is most of the money spent on healthcare going? A. Hospitals B. Clinics C. Drugs D. Dental

A. Hospitals

When do factors start affecting a woman's health during pregnancy? A. In utero B. Infancy C. Puberty D. Fertilization

A. In utero

Which of the following resources were not mentioned by Detel's definition of public health? A. Individual B. Local C. State/Provincial D. National/International

A. Individual

Which of the following is one of the leading causes of death in LA County? A. Liver disease B. Suicide C. Breast Cancer D. Drug overdose

A. Liver disease

What is the difference between Medicare A and Medicare B? A,. Medicare A is not optional, and if you receive a payroll, you pay into it; Medicare B is optional and accessible for 65+ if they pay a monthly premium B. Medicare B is not optional, and if you receive a payroll, you pay into it; Medicare A is optional and accessible for 65+ if they pay a monthly premium C. Both are essentially the same except that part B was determined to include disabled individuals and those with end-stage renal disease patients D. Both A and B require payments into the system, but you can access more healthcare benefits after 75+ with part B

A. Medicare A is not optional, and if you receive a payroll, you pay into it; Medicare B is optional and accessible for 65+ if they pay a monthly premium

What service has had the largest reduction in the uninsured after its implementation? A. Medicare and Medicaid B. Affordable Care Act C. CHIP D. Private insurance

A. Medicare and Medicaid

Which of the following is not one the the criteria for creating and maintaining a healthy community? A. Meets basic needs of children B. Provides quality and sustainable environment C. Promotes health D. Maintains adequate levels of economic and social development E. Fosters social relationships that are supportive and respectful

A. Meets basic needs of children (Should be basic needs of all)

Which of the following is not a protective factor for MMR? A. Parity B. Prenatal care C. Education D. Marriage

A. Parity

To what factor are most health improvement due? A. Policy/Laws B. Collective mindset change C. Newly discovered severe consequences D. Improved technology for treatment

A. Policy/Laws

What was the goal of Healthy People 2000? A. Reduce health disparities among Americans B. Eliminate + reduce health disparities C. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve health of all groups D. All of the above

A. Reduce health disparities among Americans

Which country has the shortest wait time for access to a specialist appointment? A. Switzerland B. Germany C. Canada D. US

A. Switzerland

Which country has the highest percentage of women who do cervical screenings? A. US B. UK C. Japan D. Canada

A. US

How do most cases of genital herpes present themselves? A. Unrecognized B. Mouth Sores C. Genital warts D. Genital discharge

A. Unrecognized

By how many years does the current rate of obesity reduce life expectancy? A. 0.13-0.43 B. 0.33-0.75 C. 0.44-0.82 D. 1-1.2

B. 0.33-0.75

How many prevalent cases of STIs are currently in the US? A. 75 million B. 110 million C. 200 million D. 225 million

B. 110 million prevalent cases of STIs occur right now in the US

How many months should be in between pregnancies to ensure prime health for a woman's body? A. 12-18 months B. 18-24 months C. 24-36 months D. 1.5-2 yrs

B. 18-24 months

What year was Medicare, Medicaid, CHIP, and ACA implemented? A,. All in 1965; 2010 B. 1965; 1965; 1997; 2010 C. 1965; 1997; 1997; 2010 D. All in 1997; 2010

B. 1965; 1965; 1997; 2010

If the current rates of obesity and diabetes continue, by how many years will the life expectancy be reduced? A. 1-3 B. 2-5 C. 3-5 D. 4-5

B. 2-5

Approximately how many people in the US not living in nursing homes/care facilities had a disability? A. 10% B. 20% C. 30% D. 40%

B. 20%

What percentage has the prevalence of adult obesity risen to in LAC in 2015? A. 20% B. 23% C. 28% D. 31%

B. 23%

Which group has the highest prevalence of smoking in LAC 2011? A. 18-24 B. 25-29 C. 30-39 D. 50-59

B. 25-29

By what percentage did hospitalizations increase between 2006-2013? A. 15% B. 30% C. 85% D. 171%

B. 30%

Below what %FDL were the most uninsured people found? A. 400% B. 300% C. 200% D. 100%

B. 300%

When does the fertility for women significantly drop? A. Early 30's B. 35 C. Early 40's D 45

B. 35

What percentage of LA County high school students have used marijuana? A. 25% B. 35% C. 45% D. 55%

B. 35%

What percentage of expenditures for Medicaid were those who used long-term services and supports? A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 80%

B. 50%

How many people are estimated to be living with HIV in LA County? A. 58,000 B. 59,500 C. 60,000 D. 60,500

B. 59,000

What was the purpose of the ACA? A. To implement a program that covers some of the "holes" left in the current insurance system B. A law that expands some of the access to the current system C. Giving control of health insurance coverage over to individual states D. Decrease private health insurance markets so allow more government assistance

B. A law that expands some of the access to the current system

When is the HPV vaccine most effective for women? A. Ages 9-11 B. Ages 12-13 C. Ages 14-17 D. Ages 18-26

B. Ages 12-13

What is one of the biggest elder health problems? A. Stroke B. Alzheimer's C. Coronary heart disease D. Type 2 diabetes

B. Alzheimer's

What ethnicity has the highest rate of reported cases of gonorrhea? A. Hispanics B. Blacks C. Multirace D. Asian

B. Blacks have the highest rate of reported cases in the US

Women of which ethnicity have the lowest birth rates? A. African Americans B. Caucasians C. Hispanics D. Asians

B. Caucasians

What population does CHIP serve? A. Children over 19 who are orphaned B. Children less than 19 with families above Medicaid eligibilities C. Children between 0-14 with families above Medicaid eligibilities D. Children between 19-24 who do not qualify for dependent or independent status

B. Children younger than 19 with families above Medicaid eligibitilies

What is one way to shut down a law without needing the majority vote for repeals? A. The president can veto the law B. Congress can vote to stop funding the programs C. The house can vote to repeal the law instead D. Popular vote can repeal a law

B. Congress can defund a programs thereby essentially killing it

Where did the West Nile virus epidemic begin in the US? A. Southeast B. East Coast C. West Coast D. Northwest

B. East coast

When was the prescription drug benefit added to Medicare terms, and what part was it? A. Effective in 2003, Part D B. Effective in 2006, Part D C. Effective in 1997, Part C D. Revised in 2003, Part C

B. Effective in 2006; Part D

What was the goal of Healthy People 2010? A. Reduce health disparities among Americans B. Eliminate + reduce health disparities C. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve health of all groups D. All of the above

B. Eliminate + reduce health disparities

What event lead to a large increase in cigarette consumption in the US? A. Great Depression B. End of WWII C. Beginning of advertisements D. End of the Great Depression

B. End of WWII

What cause of death has decreased the most in LAC since 2009? A. Coronary heart disease B. HIV/AIDS C. Homicide D. Lung cancer

B. HIV/AIDS

What STI rates can be lowered by circumcision? A. HSV-1 and HPV B. HSV-2 and HPV C. HPV and syphilis D. HSV-1 and HSV-2

B. HSV-2 and HPV

What was the most common opioid prescribed between 2007-2012? A. Oxycodone B. Hydrocodon C. Codeine D. Opioid

B. Hydrocodone

What is not one of the top (10) accomplishments of public health during the 20th century? A. Recognizing tobacco use is harmful B. Increasing funding for children's healthcare C. Developing motor-vehicle safety policies D. Improving health for mothers and babies

B. Increasing funding for children's health

What is the second most common chronic disease that comes after cancer? A. Diabetes B. Mental Disorders C. Heart disease D. Hypertension

B. Mental disorder

Which areas in California have seen increases in the west nile virus? A. LA and OC B. OC and San Fernando C. LA and SGV D. SF and Norcal

B. OC and San Fernando

How many deaths were due to Ebola through Sept. 2014? A. Over 1,000 B. Over 2,000 C. Over 3,000 D. Over 4,000

B. Over 2,000

What programs was launched in 2007 that was essentially in charge of meeting the basic needs of all? A. CHIP B. PLACE C. ACA D. PAGE

B. PLACE

What was the purpose of Part C addition to Medicare coverage? A. Prescription drug benefits B. Paying monthly premium to healthcare organizations C. Allowing ALS patients to have coverage D. Allowing pre-existing condition patients to have coverage

B. Paying monthly premium to health care organizations

What is one result of people living in countries marked by sprawling development? A. People walk more in their leisure time because of unattainable health ideals B. People are more like to have high blood pressure C. People are more likely to be obese D. People are likely to have lower body mass indexes

B. People are more likely to have high blood pressure

What does the acronym PAGA mean? A. Public Assistance Guidelines for Americans B. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans C. Pediatric Guidelines for Americans D. Physical Addiction Guidelines for Americans

B. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans

What was not a major element of the ACA? A. Mandates to prevent cost-shifting and "free rider" from opting out on insurance until necessary B. Providing children under 19 who have families above Medicaid requirements from accessing healthcare C. Subsidies to make insurance more affordable to low and middle income families and expansion of Medicaid D. Insurance market reforms that prevent private insurers from avoiding "high-risk" members

B. Providing children under 19 who have families above Medicaid requirements from accessing healthcare

Which of the following is not one of the major public health responsibilities? A. Preventing and controlling disease B. Reducing healthcare costs C. Promoting good health D. Protecting health with safe and healthy environments

B. Reducing healthcare costs

Where do the poorest quintile of 65+ people receive most of their income? A. Earnings B. Social Security C. Assets D. Pensions

B. Social Security

Which country has the highest rate of new cases of HPV transmission at 1000/day? A. Australia B. South Africa C. US

B. South Africa has about 1000 cases/day (Australia is ~1000/year and US is ~1000/week)

What time periods does the WHO advocate that women should visit providers for care? A. The 4 rule (4 hrs, days, weeks, and months) B. The 6 rule (6 hrs, days, weeks, and months) C. The 8 rule (8 hrs, days, weeks, and months) D. The 12 rule (12hrs, days, weeks, and months)

B. The 6 rule (6hrs, days, weeks, and months)

Why are cases for syphilis so much higher in men? A. Men are less likely to notice primary symptoms B. Men participate in the "MWM" subset C. Treatment is more effective for women D. Men are more likely to report cases

B. The core group of men having sex with men are undergoing an epidemic

What is the single most preventable cause of death at 10 million annual deaths by 2030? A. Diabetes B. Tobacco C. Coronary heart disease D. Suicide

B. Tobacco

Which ethnicity is growing at the fastest rate in LA County? A. Hispanic/Latinx B. Two or more races C. Asian D. African American

B. Two or more races

What country has the highest healthcare spending as a % of GDP? A. United Kingdom B. United States C. Sweden D. New Zealand

B. United States

Why did HI take off so quickly during WWII? A,. Families wanted to protect against potential war injuries B. Wages were on a freeze so this was a new incentive for jobs C. People wanted to secure care for when they got older D. Injuries were becoming more common and people could not afford all of the hospital bills

B. Wages were frozen so HI was a new incentive

What city/community has the highest prevalence of obesity? A. Manhattan Beach B. Walnut Park C. South El Monte D. Calabasas

B. Walnut Park (Manhattan has the lowest)

What indicators can be used to indicate the health of a population? A. Local health B. Women's health C. Men's health D. Community health

B. Women's health

When the reproductive number (Ro) = B*c*d is greater than 1, that means that the infection rate will: A. lead to extinction B. lead to an epidemic C. is at a steady rate

B. lead to an epidemic

What is the goal of public health according to Detels? The biologic, physical, and ____ well-being of all members of the _____ _____, regardless of ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, country, or political views.

Biologic, physical, and mental well-being of all members of the global society.

How often does herpes occur in the population? A. 1 in 4 B. 1 in 5 C. 1 in 6 D. 1 in 7

C. 1 in 6

How many people were newly enrolled in Medicaid after the implementation of the ACA? A. 10.5 million B. 12.5 million C. 14 million D. 20 million

C. 14 million

What percentage of people are uninsured in the non-elderly population? A. 17% B. 18% C. 19% D. 20%

C. 18%

What is the maximum about of employees a company may have before needing to supply HI for its employees? A. 100 B. 150 C. 200 D. 250

C. 200+ employees will require HI

What year did CD4+ T-cell reporting begin? A. 2002 B. 2006 C. 2008 D. 2010

C. 2008

How many levels are mentioned in reducing the overall disease and injury burden? A. 1 (Treating) B. 2 (^ + Reducing) C. 3 (^ + Underlying determinants) D. 4 (^ + Research and application)

C. 3 levels (Treating, Reducing risk factors, underlying determinants)

What percentage of deaths are estimated to be preventable or as a result of health system limitations? A. 15-30% B. 20-40% C. 30-50% D. 40-60%

C. 30-50%

What percentage of women die within 24hrs of ending pregnancy? A. 15% B. 24% C. 34% D. 40%

C. 34%

Approximately how many people in the US identified themselves as belonging to a racial or ethnic minority? A. 30% B. 40% C. 50% D. 60%

C. 50%

What ranking is US in terms of maternal mortality? A. 40/59 B. 45/59 C. 50/59 D. 52/59

C. 50/59

By how much does a child's risk for obseity increase with every additional daily serving of soda? A. 40% B. 50% C. 60% D. 70%

C. 60%

What are the respective %s for adults meeting the PAGA? (Self-reported ; Objectively measured) A. 72% ; 5.4% B. 81% ; 6.9% C. 62% ; 9.6% D. 53% ; 11.3%

C. 62% ; 9.6%

How many deaths are chronic diseases responsible for out of every 10 deaths? A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8

C. 7

How many children were provided health insurance coverage in 2014? A. 1.3 million B. 2.4 million C. 8.1 million D. 10.2 million

C. 8.1 million

By what percentage was transmission of gonorrhea decreased when condoms were used correctly? A. 70% B. 80% C. 90% D. 100%

C. 90%

What percentage of families would need to breastfeed in order to reduce expenses by $471 million annually, and prevent 33 excess deaths? (Current rate is 88.1%) A. 89% B. 90% C. 91% D. 95%

C. 91%

Which of the following is not a part of the mission of the LACDPH? A. Protect health B. Prevent health C. Access to all D. Promote health and well-being

C. Access to all

What was the goal of Healthy People 2020? A. Reduce health disparities among Americans B. Eliminate + reduce health disparities C. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve health of all groups D. All of the above

C. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve health of all groups

Women of which ethnicity are more likely to have endometriosis? A. African Americans B. Hispanics C. Asians D. All are equal

C. Asians

What ethnicity has the highest rate of coronary heart disease mortality? A. White B. Hispanic C. Black D. Asian/Pacific Islander

C. Black

Which of the following is not a large subset of the things that affect health factors in the modal of population health? A. Clinical care B. Physical environment C. Educational level D. Health behaviors

C. Educational level

Who funds Medicaid? A. Government only B. States only C. Government and states D. Private insurance companies

C. Government and states

What defined a health disparity as "a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage"? A. NIH B. LACDPH C. Healthy People 2020 D. Detels

C. Healthy People 2020

What was cause of the spike in crude death rates in 1918? A. West nile virus B. Great Depression lead to poor sanitation C. Influenza pandemic D. Emergence of resistance parasites

C. Influenza pandemic

What country has the highest number of physician visits annually per capita? A. US B. New Zealand C. Japan D. Germany

C. Japan

What level does "supporting anti-poverty programs so people can afford to eat healthfully" fall under in reducing the overall disease and injury burden? A. Level 1 (treating disease conditions) B. Level 2 (reducing risk factors and promoting protective factors) C. Level 3 (focus on underlying determinants) D. All of the above

C. Level 3 (focusing on determinants)

Which of the following does not count as one of the criteria for meeting PAGA? A. Vigorous activity for 20+ min, >3days/wk B. Moderate Activity for 30+ min >5days/wk C. Light Activity for 40+ min >6days/wk D. A combination of vigorous and moderate activity meeting time criteria for >5days/wk

C. Light activity does not exist

What happened to China in 2008 that caused severe damage in children? A. Extreme amounts of lead were found in the paint for sippy cups B. The pollution reached such levels that caused severe lung infections C. Melamine, a compound used in making plastics, was in infant formula D. Mercury was leaking from thermometers used for children

C. Melamine was in infant formula.

In what country(s) does every $1 spent on healthcare services equal $2 spent on social services? A. Japan B. Switzerland C. OECD D. US

C. OECD

What is the difference between primary care and tertiary care? A. Primary care deals with issues when someone is near death; tertiary includes preventative services B. Primary care addresses issues such as assisted living and hospice; tertiary includes school health C. Primary care includes clinical preventative services and school health; tertiary care includes disease management and hospital systems D. Both types of care are necessary, but you must see a tertiary care service before a primary service.

C. Primary case includes clinical preventative services and school health; tertiary includes disease management and hospital services

What is one of the side effects for the only working drug against malaria? A. Depression B. Alzheimer's C. Schizophrenia D. Auto-immune disorders

C. Schizophrenia

What is the biggest contributor to health factors out of the (4) factors below? A. Health Behaviors B. Clinical Care C. Social and Economic Factors D. Physical Environment

C. Social and Economic Factors

What determinants is the most important? A. Individual health B. Collective health C. Social and physical environment D. Global health

C. Social and physical environment

What is the second leading cause of death across all ethnicities except caucasians in 2010? A. Coronary heart disease B. Lung cancer C. Stroke D. Alzheimer's

C. Stroke

What is the largest single source of added sugar and calories in the American diet? A. Junk food B. Artificially sweetened candy C. Sugar sweetened beverages D. Sugar sweetened desserts

C. Sugar sweetened beverages

The majority of healthcare investment goes into what services for Type 2 Diabetes? A. Primary Care (Behavioral interventions to reduce screen time, etc.) B. Secondary care (Worksite programs for overwieght and obesity) C. Tertiary care (Dialysis, disease management, controlling blood pressure, etc.) D. Quaternary care (self-management education of home and community, etc.)

C. Tertiary care ( dialysis, disease management, etc.)

What is the equation for calculating the number of new infections per case? A. Transmission rate*contact efficiency*duration of infectiousness B. Transmission duration*contact efficiency*rate of infection C. Transmission efficiency*contact rate*duration of infectiousness

C. Transmission efficiency*contact rate*duration of infectiousness

Why does the US have such a high rate of spending on healthcare? A. US uses more healthcare services B. US has poor prevention programs C. US healthcare costs more per unit D. Other countries are more efficient

C. US healthcare costs more per unit

What was not one of the top (3) leading causes of death in the US between 2005-2011? A. Heart Disease B. Cancer (Malignant neoplasms) C. Unintentional injuries D. Chronic lower respiratory disease

C. Unintentional injuries

Which of the following is not a reason maternal mortality is increasing? A. Delayed childbearing (older at more risk) B. Increased prevalence of chronic conditions (also related to age) C. Increased the range to be considered as maternal mortality by a year D. More women are drinking alcohol after to cope with the depression

D.

What are the differences between HSV-1 and HSV-2? A. 1 is more around genitals and doesn't reoccur B. 2 is more around the mouth and doesn't reoccur C. 1 is more around mouth and high reoccurrence D. 2 is more around genitals and high reoccurrence

D. 2 is around genitals with high reoccurrence (1 is around mouth and doesn't reoccur)

Which ethnicity has the second highest infant mortality rate after African Americans? A. Asians B. Hispanics C. Caucasians D. 2+ races

D. 2+ races

How many lost workdays are a result of the health impacts of air pollution? A. 9,000 B. 1,300,000 C. 1,700,000 D. 2,800,000

D. 2,800,000

How many new cases of STIs occur each year? A. 5 million B. 10 million C. 15 million D. 20 million

D. 20 million new cases of STIs each year

Approximately how many people in the US live in rural vs urban areas? A. 50/50 B. 40/60 C. 30/70 D. 20/80

D. 20/80

What is the cutoff of BMI to be considered as obese? A. 15 B. 20 C. 25 D. 30

D. 30

What percentage of people that are uninsured in the non-elderly population fall under 138% FDL? A. 48% B. 49% C. 50% D. 51%

D. 51%

What is the 2011 projected for cost of being overweight, obesity, and physical activity predicted for CA in 2006? A. 25.7 million B. 25.7 billion C. 52.7 million D. 52.7 billion

D. 52.7 billion

What percentage of women die within 6 weeks? A. 23% B. 34% C. 46% D. 55%

D. 55%

What age group has the highest percentage of overweights? A. 18-24 B. 25-29 C. 40-49 D. 65+

D. 65+

What is the most recent life expectancy age if someone was born in 2012? A. 74.7 B. 75.8 C. 77.6 D. 78.8

D. 78.8

How accurate is genital warts diagnosis just by physical examination? A. 50% B. 60% C. 70% D. 80%

D. 80% accurate

How many times more likely are African American men 20-24 to get gonorrhea and chlamydia than white peers? A. 2x B. 4x C. 6x D. 8x

D. 8x

Why is pregnancy a good time to address other health concerns? A. Pregnant are most open to health behavior changes B. Pregnancy is the only period when some women have coverage C. Most families will encourage healthy habits for pregnant women D. A and B

D. A and B

Which of the following is not addressed by the NIH in its definition of health disparities? A. Incidence and prevalence of disease B. Mortality of disease C. Burden of disease D. Access to healthcare

D. Access to healthcare

What ethnicity has the highest percentage of people living below the federal poverty level? A. African Americans B. American Indians C. Hispanics D. A and B E. All of the above

D. African americans and American Indians

Women of which ethnicity are more likely to have early menopause? A. African Americans B. Hispanics C. Asians D. All are equal

D. All are equal

Education of the mother affects all but which of the following? A. Poverty levels B. Life expectancy C. Life expectancy of infants D. All of the above

D. All of the above

What is one of the most important tasks for providing quality and sustainable environments? A. Clean air, soil, and water B. Tobacco and smoke free C. Preserve natural and open spaces D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Where are common secondary locations for syphilis symptoms to appear? A. Trunk B. Hands/Feet C. Mucus patches on mouth and anus D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following is one of the (10) great public health achievements since 1990? A. Identification of tobacco as a health hazard B. Success of smoking cessation public health campaign C. Decrease in deaths from CAD and stroke D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following is one of the top (10) causes of year of potential life lost (YPLL) that were not also one of the top (10) causes on death in the US between 2005-2011? A. Diabetes mellitus B. Kidney Disease C. Alzheimer's D. All of the above are both leading causes of YPLL and deaths

D. All of the above

What ethnicity has the highest % of overweight? A. Blacks B. Hispanics C. Latinx D. American Indian

D. American Indian

Women of which ethnicity are more likely to have incontinence? A. African Americans B. Hispanics C. Asians D. Caucasians

D. Caucasians

What is not one of the problems contributing to the current state of nutrition? A. Increased marketing of junk food, tobacco, and alcohol B. Decreased access to fresh, nutritious, and affordable food C. Proliferation of fast food restaurants D. Decreased time to prepare healthy and nutritious food options for children

D. Decreased time to prep food

What is not one of the top (10) accomplishments of public health during the 20th century? A. Developing vaccinations B. Ensuring safer workplaces C. Controlling infectious Diseases D. Increasing exercise habits

D. Increasing exercise habits

Which countries were not affected by the melamine incident in China? A. Japan B. Hong Kong C. Singapore D. India

D. India

Which of the following were not required categorically eligibility requirements for Medicaid? A. Children and adults who would qualified for AFDC as of July 1996 B. Pregnant women and children <6 with income <133%FPL; all children <19 with income <100%FPL C. Low-income seniors, blind, and disabled individuals who qualify for federal SSI D. Pregnant women with income >133%FPL

D. Individuals who fall into above categories, but do not qualify for mandatory since they are above the mandatory income threshold

Prior to the Affordable Healthcare Act, which states were the only ones to require health insurance for their employees? A. Michigan B. Hawaii C. California D. A and B

D. Michigan and Hawaii

What country has the lowest healthcare spending per capita? A. United Kingdom B. United States C. Sweden D. New Zealand

D. New Zealand

What is not one of the top (10) accomplishments of public health during the 20th century? A. Decreasing deaths from heart disease/stroke B. Ensuring safer and healthier foods C. Increasing family planning options D. Reducing the amount of pollution

D. Reducing the amount of pollution

Which of the following is not mentioned as a way contributing towards public health? A. Using preventative medicine to reduce the community risk for various disease B. Educating the public about things they can do to improve their health C. Monitoring environmental hazards D. Reducing the cost of easily accessible healthcare measures

D. Reducing the cost of easily accessible healthcare measures

Which of the following are not ways to prevent and reduce STDs? A. Vaccination B. Male circumcision C. Partner treatment D. Self-treatment

D. Self-treatment

What was the most common error in condom use? A. Fillping the condom over B. Condom slippage or breakage C. Taking off condom before finishing sex D. Starting sex without a condom

D. Starting sex without a condom

What is not mentioned as a thing that the CDC says Americans can do in order to prevent up to an estimated 40-80% of the most common diseases? A. Stop smoking B. Start eating healthy C. Get in shape D. Stop drinking

D. Stop drinking

What was not one of the top (10) leading causes of death in the US between 2005-2011? A. Nephritis B. Suicide C. Stroke D. Tuberculosis

D. Tuberculosis

Why are African American women at higher risks for MMR? A. Differences in diagnosis B. SES factors C. Poor initial health conditions D. Unknown

D. Unknown

Which area was not one of the (5) PLACE grantees? A. El Monte B. Culver City C. Long Beach D. Walnut Park

D. Walnut Park

Women of which ethnicity have the highest rates of miscarriages? A. African Americans B. Caucasians C. Hispanics D. Asians E. All are equal

E. All are equal

Which of the following is one of the (10) great public health achievements since 1990? A. Safer workplaces B. Healthier moms and babies C. Family planning D. Flouridation of water E. All of the above are acheievements

E. All of the above are achievements

Which of the following is one of the (10) great public health achievements since 1990? A. Vaccinations B. Motor vehicle safety C. Control of infectious diseases D. Decrease in deaths from CAD and stroke E. All of the above are achievements

E. All of the above are achievements

The objective of public health is to guarantee the health of all, regardless of ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, country, or political views: a. True b. False

False

T/F: Public health creates and guarantees the optimal health and conditions under which it can be achieved by society.

False, it can create the conditions, but cannot guarantee.

T/F: The fundamental maxim of public health is that the health of the individual is best ensured by maintaining and improving the health of that person. (Satcher)

False, it is by maintaining the health of the community.

What is one of the problems that affects globally? Why?

Malaria. Artemisinin resistance is spreading, so a lot of drugs aren't working anymore.

What are the types of preventions? Primary: Secondary: Tertiary:

Primary: Prevention Secondary: Detection + Treatment Tertiary: Treatment after health problem

The top cause of death among African-American males aged 15-24 years is: a. Homicide b. Suicide c. Heart disease d. Cancer e. Diabetes

a Homocide

Over half of mental illnesses have onset during which of the following age periods? a. 5-24 years b. 25-34 years c. 35-44 years d. 45-54 years e. >54 years

a. 5-24 years

Between 1950 and 2015, the only region whose share of the global population did NOT decline was: a. Africa b. Asia c. Europe d. North America e. Latin America

a. Africa

.One of the two main concepts of epidemiology is: a. Agent, host, environment b. Agent, host, person c. Agent, environment, setting of host d. Agent, time, place e. Time, place environment

a. Agent, host, environment

The onset of most mental illnesses occurs: a. Before 24 years of age b. Midlife (25-54 years) c. Early elderly (55-79 years) d. 80+ years

a. Before 24 years of age

The cost of occupational injuries in the United States in the 1990's is exceeded only by the cost of: a. Cancer b. Chronic obstructive lung disease c. HIV/AIDS d. Diabetes e. Cerebrovascular disease

a. Cancer

The largest proportion of chronic diseases is/are: a. Cardiovascular b. Malignancies c. Diabetes d. Chronic obstructive respiratory disease e. Chlamydia

a. Cardiovascular

Diseases which are spread by the fecal/oral route usually infect primarily: a. Children under 5 years b. Adults above 65 years c. Young adults d. Middle-age adults

a. Children under 5 years

In the last 30 years, union membership has: a. Declined b. Increased c. Remained stable

a. Declined

Compromised mental health is best measured by which of the following metrics? a. Disability adjusted life years b. Mortality c. Years of productive life lost d. Prevalence e. Incidence

a. Disability adjusted life years

Completed suicide is ranked most highly as a cause of death among which of the following ethnic/age groups? a. European-American males 15-24 years b. African-American males 15-24 years c. Asian-American youth 15-24 years d. European-American females 25-44 years e. African-American females 15-24 years

a. European-American males 15-24 years

Obesity rates in the United States are lowest among: a. European-Americans b. Hispanic-Americans c. African-Americans d. Asian-Americans

a. European-Americans

A major source of lead for low-income children is: a. Flaking paint from old buildings painted years ago b. Ground lead c. Lead from waste dump sites d. Increasing levels of lead in well water e. Lead in fruits imported from developing countries

a. Flaking paint from old buildings painted years ago

The first step in implementing community change is to: a. Get the community to recognize the problem b. Getting the community to take responsibility for implementing change c. Changing community norms d. Imposing intervention strategies that have been proven to work in the United States

a. Get the community to recognize the problem

The concept of health promotion can be presented as an intersection of: a. Health education, prevention, and health protection b. Behavioral intervention, structural intervention, and biomedical intervention c. Health inspection, health literacy, and health education d. None of the above

a. Health education, prevention, and health protection

What was the most common disability among elderly Americans in 2010-20111? a. Hypertension b. Diabetes c. Stroke d. Asthma e. Heart disease

a. Hypertension

The most cost-effective strategy to reduce childhood obesity is: a. Improved nutritional standards for school lunches b. Tax on products with high sugar content c. Restaurant menu labeling d. Early care and education

a. Improved nutritional standards for school lunches

Which of the following metrics should be used to measure the spread of an epidemic? a. Incidence b. Prevalence c. Disability adjusted life years d. Years of potential life lost e. Morbidity

a. Incidence

The country with the largest proportion of the global extremely poor is: a. India b. China c. Brazil d. Indonesia e. United States

a. India

What can lead to decreases in spread of respiratory diseases? a. Less crowding b. Better quality of food c. Year-round access to vegetables and fruit d. All of the above

a. Less crowding

The lifetime probability of developing tumors is higher for: a. Males b. Females

a. Males

The risk of ischemic heart disease is highest in: a. Males b. Females

a. Males

In terms of weight distribution, is it healthier to be a pear or an apple? a. Pear b. Apple

a. Pear

The hierarchy of controls for occupational health and safety in order of increasing effectiveness is: a. Personal protective equipment, administrative controls, engineering controls, isolation, substitution, elimination b. Elimination, engineering controls, isolation, substitution, personal protective equipment, administrative controls c. Isolation, substitution, personal protective equipment, administrative controls, elimination, engineering controls d. Administrative controls, isolations, engineering controls, isolation, substitution, elimination

a. Personal protective equipment, administrative controls, engineering controls, isolation, substitution, elimination

The denominator for point incidence is: a. Population at risk at a single point in time b. Population at risk during a specified time period c. The population at the beginning of the interval being studied d. The population at the end of the interval being studied

a. Population at risk at a single point in time

Farming food organically is an example of: a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. Quaternary prevention

a. Primary prevention

Immunization of elderly persons is an example of : a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. Cure

a. Primary prevention

Promoting physical activity for the elderly is an example of: a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. Sadism e. Unwarranted optimism

a. Primary prevention

Putting a "funnel lock" to prevent burns from multiple coffee makers is an example of: a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. Quaternary prevention

a. Primary prevention

The segment of the labor market that has increased most rapidly from 1970 to 2005 has been: a. Self-employed workers b. Part-time workers c. Temporary workers d. Multiple-job holders e. Occasional workers

a. Self-employed workers

Which of the following diseases has been eradicated globally? a. Smallpox b. Ebola c. Dracunculus d. Polio e. Measles

a. Smallpox

The leading cause of death among rural women in China is: a. Swallowing pesticides b. Firearms c. Suffocation d. None of the above

a. Swallowing pesticides

Which of the following sexually transmitted infections disproportionally affects men who have sex with other men in Los Angeles? a. Syphilis b. Gonorrhea c. Chlamydia d. Papilloma

a. Syphilis

Concern about social norms is a component of: a. The Theory of Planned Behavior b. The Extended Parallel Process Model c. The Transtheoretical Model of Change d. Health education e. Health literacy

a. The Theory of Planned Behavior

Physician fees are highest in: a. The United States b. Germany c. Austria d. United Kingdom

a. The United States

The lifetime prevalence of diagnosed mental disorders is highest in which of the following countries? a. The United States b. Mexico c. New Zealand d. Ukraine e. South Africa

a. The United States

The proportion of the population covered under public health care programs in 2011 was lowest in: a. The United States b. Canada c. France d. Germany e. Netherlands

a. The United States

Which of the following countries has the most hours worked annually? a. The United States b. Japan c. Canada d. Britain e. Norway

a. The United States

The epidemiologist investigating an outbreak establishes a hypothesis regarding the disease in the order of: a. The probability of the hypothesis being correct commensurate with the observed characteristics of the health problem under investigation b. The time interval involved c. The characteristics of the persons most frequently involved d. The place characteristics of the health problem e. The time interval in which the health problem occurs

a. The probability of the hypothesis being correct commensurate with the observed characteristics of the health problem under investigation

The "predictive value positive" is: a. The proportion of persons testing positive who truly have the disease b. The proportion of persons with the disease who were tested c. The proportion of persons with the factor who test positive d. The proportion of persons testing negative who have the factor

a. The proportion of persons testing positive who truly have the disease

A high proportion of the homeless in Los Angeles suffer from mental disorders: a. True b. False

a. True

Although alcohol is considered to be a major risk factor for several chronic diseases, 1-2 glasses of red wine with dinner have been shown to reduce cardiovascular disease risk: a. True b. False

a. True

Although different methods to purify the water supply are used in different localities in the United States, the standards for drinking quality water are similar: a. True b. False

a. True

Behavioral Interventions directly target individuals to change their behavior: a. True b. False

a. True

Biostatistics is based on the principles of probability: a. True b. False

a. True

Confusion between health education and health promotion is one of the challenges for providing effective health education: a. True b. False

a. True

County hospitals are the last resource for health care for the uninsured in the United States: a. True b. False

a. True

Diabetes-related death rates among African-Americans in California are more than double those in European-Americans: a. True b. False

a. True

Dust, damp, wood smoke, and pollen are naturally occurring pollutants: a. True b. False

a. True

Epidemiology can be used to evaluate strategies used in implementation "science". a. True b. False

a. True

Exposure of the mother to high levels of ozone and associated pollutants is associated with elevated risk of poor reproductive outcome: a. True b. False

a. True

Folic acid supplementation for pregnant women reduces their risk of having a baby with spina birida, but can increase the mother's cancer risk: a. True b. False

a. True

Half of all health care dollars in the US go to 5% of the population: a. True b. False

a. True

Health is the result of a dynamic equilibrium involving agent, host and environment: a. True b. False

a. True

Health policy in the United States is largely determined by what health insurances pay: a. True b. False

a. True

Herpes infection is for life, unlike love, but treatment can suppress the likelihood of infecting others: a. True b. False

a. True

In the first decade of the 21st century, there was virtually no change in the low proportion of Americans who eat five varieties of fruits and vegetables per day: a. True b. False

a. True

Indoor pollutants cause more DALYs globally than outdoor pollutants: a. True b. False

a. True

Inducing anxiety regarding a health issue is an essential public health tool: a. True b. False

a. True

Measuring of lead levels in the blood can now be conducted in the home, workplace and other sites: a. True b. False

a. True

One problem with using averages in statistics is that they hide disparities. a. True b. False

a. True

Over 20% of persons with high blood pressure are unaware of their condition. a. True b. False

a. True

Over 20% of the women in the world will experience physical and/or sexual violence this year: a. True b. False

a. True

Power relationships in the workplace reflect power relationships in society: a. True b. False

a. True

Randomization is a strategy to reduce bias due to variations in individuals: a. True b. False

a. True

Rationing of health care in the United States is due to demand rather than supply: a. True b. False

a. True

Regardless of the outcome of the next election in the United States, the major components of the Affordable Care Act are unlikely to change dramatically: a. True b. False

a. True

Sentinel surveillance can be used for advocacy to stimulate action: a. True b. False

a. True

Skepticism is one of the core principles of science: a. True b. False

a. True

Surveillance is useful for evaluating the impact of community intervention programs. a. True b. False

a. True

Syphilis is relatively easier to treat than other STIs: a. True b. False

a. True

The "healthy penis" is a positive way to frame the topic of syphilis prevention and resulted in an increase in syphilis testing in San Francisco: a. True b. False

a. True

The Christian faith has more adherents than any other religion globally: a. True b. False

a. True

The cardiovascular disease *death rate* tends to be higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries: a. True b. False

a. True

The global population is predicted to reach at least 9 billion in the future: a. True b. False

a. True

The new frontier in nutrition research is identifying the interaction of the gut microbiome with different foods: a. True b. False

a. True

The populations of poor countries globally in 2050 is estimated to be 6 times higher than the population of wealthy countries: a. True b. False

a. True

The rapid growth of international travel has promoted spread of infectious diseases: a. True b. False

a. True

The risk of autism spectrum disorder increases as the parents' age at conception increases: a. True b. False

a. True

The very high co-prevalence of schizophrenia in identical twins suggests that genetic factors play a role in risk of the illness: a. True b. False

a. True

Under the "Affordable Health Care Act (Obama-Care), physicians are required to reveal payments from drug companies and other health related organizations: a. True b. False

a. True

Which of the countries below spends the highest percent of GDP on health care and has the lowest percent of the population older than 65 years? a. United States b. Spain c. Italy d. United Kingdom e. Japan

a. United States

Which of the following testing strategies most strongly guarantees anonymity? a. Unlinked anonymous b. Voluntary confidential c. Mandatory d. Routine confidential e. Compulsory

a. Unlinked anonymous

Which is the most dangerous risk factor for cardiovascular disease? a. Visceral (belly) fat b. Butt fat c. Excess weight

a. Visceral (belly) fat

Which of the following has the highest proportion of Americans whose usual intake is below recommended levels? a. Vitamin D b. Vitamin E c. Vitamin C d. Niacin e. Vitamin B12

a. Vitamin D

Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used to classify underweight, overweight and obesity in adults. It is defined as: a. Weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kilograms/meters2) b. Weight in pounds divided by the square of the height in feet (pounds/feet2) c. Height in meters divided by the square of the weight in kilograms (meters/kilograms2) d. Height in feet divided by the square of the weight in pounds (feet/pounds2) e. None of the above

a. Weight (kg) / height (m)^2

Los Angeles is currently experiencing an epidemic of what arboviral (mosquito)-born virus? a. West Nile b. Japanese encephalitis c. Chikungunya d. Dengue e. Rift Valley fever

a. West Nile

The Environmental Protection Agency initiated more law suits under: a. William (Bill) Clinton b. George Bush c. Hilary Clinton d. Donald Trump

a. William (Bill) Clinton

The most recent epidemic confronting public health is: a. Zika b. MERS c. Ebola d. Measles e. Cholera

a. Zika

Most logical interventions are successful and don't need to be evaluated. a. True b. False

b False

The hypothesis used to explain the Hispanic Paradox that states that immigrants migrate back to where they originated from is the: a. Data Reliability Hypothesis b. "Salmon Bias" Hypothesis c. Healthy Migrant Hypothesis d. Risk Factor Hypothesis

b. "Salmon Bias" Hypothesis

Gonorrhea and chlamydia rates in the United States are highest in which age group? a. 15-19 year-olds b. 20-24 year-olds c. 25-29 year-olds d. 30-39 year-olds e. 75-80 year-olds

b. 20-24 year-olds

The human brain grows in size until: a. 1 year of age b. 4 years of age c. 10 years of age d. 25 years of age e. 80 years of age

b. 4 years of age

Epidemiology is: a. A body of knowledge b. A strategy/methodology for studying disease occurrence c. Primarily applicable to the clinical sciences d. All of the above e. a. and c. above

b. A strategy/methodology for studying disease occurrence

Removal of the pump handle in Golden Square by John Snow is an example of: a. The theoretical model of change b. A structural intervention c. Legislative intervention d. Behavior modification e. Malice

b. A structural intervention

The prevalence of obesity in the United States is highest among which of the following groups? a. European-Americans b. African-American women c. African-American men d. Asian-American men e. Hispanic-American women

b. African-American women

The prevalence of self-reported obesity is highest among which of the following groups in the United States? a. European-Americans b. African-Americans c. Hispanic-Americans d. Asian-Americans

b. African-Americans

In epidemiology, health can be described as an equilibrium between: a. Time, place and person b. Agent, host and environment c. Genetic and environment factors d. All of the above e. a. and c. above

b. Agent, host and environment

Cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of death among women in all of the ethnic groups below EXCEPT: a. African-Americans b. Asian-Americans c. European-Americans d. Hispanic-Americans

b. Asian-Americans

What can lead to decreases in gastrointestinal and chronic diseases? a. Less crowding b. Better quality of food c. Year-round access to vegetables and fruit d. All of the above

b. Better quality of food

Which of the following countries has the longest wait times to see a specialist? a. United States b. Canada c. Netherlands d. United Kingdom e. New Zealand

b. Canada

The death rates for which of the following diseases in Los Angeles is declining most rapidly? a. Diabetes b. Cardiovascular diseases c. Mental disorders d. Cancer e. Unintentional injuries

b. Cardiovascular diseases

If data can be organized in a 2X2 table, the appropriate test of significance is: a. Correlation analysis b. Chi square test c. Multiple regression analysis d. Logistic regression analysis

b. Chi square test

Which of the following surveillance strategies provides the least biased sample? a. Unlinked anonymous b. Compulsory c. Voluntary confidential d. Voluntary anonymous e. Voluntary participation

b. Compulsory

Disability rates among those older than 65 years in the United States are: a. Increasing b. Decreasing c. Remaining steady

b. Decreasing

Which disease is close to being eradicated next? a. Smallpox b. Dracunculus c. Polio d. Measles

b. Dracunculus

Which of the following interventions reduce drug use and risk of infection with HIV, HBV and HCV? a. Needle exchange programs b. Drug substitution programs c. Health promotion programs d. Overdose treatment programs

b. Drug substitution programs

The percent of Americans voting for Democratic candidates is declining among: a. Hispanic-Americans b. European-Americans c. African-Americans

b. European-Americans

Obesity is defined by nutritionists as: a. Excess body weight b. Excess fat c. BMI 25-30 kg/m2 d. a. and c. above

b. Excess fat

Prevalence measures: a. New cases b. Existing cases c. Deaths d. Susceptible persons e. The size of the denominator

b. Existing cases

Beta carotene supplements can reduce your risk of cancer: a. True b. False

b. False

Biomedical interventions do not require behavioral changes: a. True b. False

b. False

Chelation to remove blood levels of lead of children is associated with very few side effects: a. True b. False

b. False

Collective bargaining through unions in the US has increased in recent years: a. True b. False

b. False

Condoms are 100% effective in prevention of gonorrhea and chlamydia: a. True b. False

b. False

Congress recognizes the cost-effectiveness of shifting more health care dollars to prevention: a. True b. False

b. False

Disability adjusted life years due to mental illness are second only to cancer in frequency in the United States: a. True b. False

b. False

Diseases with a long incubation period are particularly suitable for sentinel surveillance of clinical cases to determine the current spread of infection: a. True b. False

b. False

Genetics is the most important factor in determining health status: a. True b. False

b. False

Health education is an essential element of health promotion: a. True b. False

b. False

Heart disease death rates for Asians/Pacific Islanders in the greater Los Angeles area are among the lowest in the United States: a. True b. False

b. False

In developed countries such as the United States, most individuals with mental disorders receive treatment: a. True b. False

b. False

Increasing health literacy can be considered as one of the outcomes of health protection: a. True b. False

b. False

Internationally, the health care costs of a country predict the quality of care: a. True b. False

b. False

More than half of the countries of the globe have reduced their obesity rates in adults in the last ten years: a. True b. False

b. False

Occupational diseases usually result in early symptoms, making diagnosis easy but attribution difficult: a. True b. False

b. False

Public health is an important component of medical care: a. True b. False

b. False

Routine reporting of positive laboratory tests is an example of active surveillance: a. True b. False

b. False

Screening is a useful technique to establish the prevalence of a disease in a human population: a. True b. False

b. False

The United States has been at the forefront of the international effort to declare access to clean water as a basic human right: a. True b. False

b. False

The dramatic decline in death rates in the United States from 1900-2000 was primarily due to the development of new drugs and effective vaccines: a. True b. False

b. False

The fertility rate in the US in the last few decades has been enough to reproduce the population (sustain itself): a. True b. False

b. False

The majority of the world's population still lives in rural areas: a. True b. False

b. False

The mission of public health is to guarantee the health of the public: a. True b. False

b. False

The transmission efficiency of HIV with oral sex is very high: a. True b. False

b. False

There is a direct correlation between low socio-economic status and mortality across the entire population: a. True b. False

b. False

Using a positive message to induce behavioral change is less effective than using a negative message to point out the consequences of continued bad health behavior: a. True b. False

b. False

Very detailed figures and graphs should be used to stimulate action by decision makers: a. True b. False

b. False

Worker contributions to health insurance have been increasing faster than employer contributions in the United States: a. True b. False

b. False

Only 2% of the planet's water is available for drinking, and agriculture accounts for 80% of all water use. a. True b. False

b. False (1%; 70%)

Health span as opposed to life span is defined by: a. Age b. Function c. Philosophy d. Attitude

b. Function

The highest proportion of persons with mental illness in the United States are treated by: a. Psychiatrists b. General practitioners c. Other mental health professionals d. By human services providers e. Alternative medicine practitioners

b. General practitioners

Smoking rates for youth aged 12-17 years are higher among: a. Boys b. Girls

b. Girls

Which of the following sexually transmitted infections is most difficult to treat? a. Syphilis b. Gonorrhea c. Chlamydia d. Papilloma (HPV)

b. Gonorrhea

The risk of breast cancer for women is highest among: a. Teachers b. Hairdressers and cosmetologists c. Lawyers d. Doctors e. Flight attendants

b. Hairdressers and cosmetologists

In 2015, the majority of Los Angelenos were: a. European-Americans b. Hispanic-Americans c. Asian-Americans d. African-Americans e. No single group was a majority

b. Hispanic-American

The highest proportion of poor and near-poor in California is among: a. African-Americans b. Hispanic-Americans c. European-Americans d. Asian-Americans e. Residents of Beverly Hills

b. Hispanic-Americans

The largest proportion of health care dollars in the United States goes to: a. M.D.s b. Hospitals c. Drugs d. Health care administrators

b. Hospitals

Among Americans older than 65 years, their greatest expenditure is for: a. Medications b. Housing c. Food d. Transportation e. Health care

b. Housing

The four major NCDs in the world include the following, EXCEPT: a. Cardiovascular diseases b. Hypertension c. Chronic respiratory diseases d. Diabetes e. Cancer

b. Hypertension

The major reason for the decline in the incidence of tuberculosis prior to the discovery of streptomycin was probably: a. Penicillin b. Improved housing and reduced crowding c. Development of more efficient modes of transportation d. Improved sanitation e. Flush toilets

b. Improved housing and reduced crowding

. Which one of the following characteristics is the MOST definitive of malignancy compared to benign tumors? a. Lack of differentiation b. Invasion and metastasis c. Polymorphism d. Abnormal mitoses e. Increase in nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio

b. Invasion and metastasis

Fertility and education are: a. Directly correlated b. Inversely correlated c. Not correlated

b. Inversely correlated

The top cause of death globally is: a. Lower respiratory infections b. Ischemic heart disease c. Diabetes d. HIV/AIDS e. Malaria

b. Ischemic heart disease

The country with the greatest proportion of its population over 65 years of age is: a. The United States b. Japan c. Brazil d. Italy e. China

b. Japan

The most common condition attributable to occupation is: a. Hearing loss b. Lower back pain c. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease d. Asthma e. Leukemia

b. Lower back pain

Which of the following is responsible for the most infectious disease deaths globally? a. Diarrheal diseases b. Lower respiratory infections c. Malaria d. Tuberculosis e. Dengue fever

b. Lower respiratory infections

The most frequent mental disorder is: a. Anxiety b. Major depression c. Drug abuse d. Alcohol abuse e. Schizophrenia

b. Major depression

If Catholicism is considered to be a separate religion from Christianity, which religion has the most followers globally? a. Catholicism b. Muslims c. Hinduism d. Buddhism e. Jewish

b. Muslims

Which of the following chronic diseases is affecting African-Americans disproportionally? a. Gastric ulcers b. Obesity c. Atrial fibrillation d. Skin cancer e. Depression

b. Obesity

The U.S. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report uses which kind of surveillance? a. Anecdotal b. Passive c. Active d. Voluntary

b. Passive

Which of the following statements about health literacy is/are true? a. Health literacy is the same as health education b. People with low health literacy have poorer overall health c. Health literacy and healthy public policy make up health promotion d. a. and b. above e. All of the above

b. People with low health literacy have poorer overall health

To assess the extent of the current epidemic of HIV/AIDS surveillance systems should identify: a. Persons with current clinical AIDS b. Persons with current HIV infection c. Persons previously infected with HIV d. Recovered AIDS cases

b. Persons with current HIV infection

According to Professor Detels, the greatest cause of poor health is: a. Tobacco b. Poverty c. High blood pressure d. Diabetes e. Poor nutrition

b. Poverty

According to the Transtheoretical Model of Change (TMC) theory, the five stages that guide behavioral change are: a. Contemplation, preparation, inaction, action, reaction b. Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance c. Precontemplation, contemplation, action, reaction, maintenance d. Contemplation, negotiation, action, inaction, maintenance

b. Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintainence

Which measure is most useful for estimating the need for a high blood pressure treatment program in the community? a. Incidence b. Prevalence c. Deaths d. Susceptible males e. Susceptible females

b. Prevalence

Breast cancer screening is an example of what type of prevention? a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary

b. Secondary

Regular health examinations and early detection of work-related health problems are examples of: a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. a. and b. e. b. and c

b. Secondary prevention

The major objective of the investigation into the unknown disease studied by Professor Detels in northern Luzon, Philippines in the 1960s was to: a. Confirm the causative agent as C. Philippinenesis b. Stop the epidemic c. Construct the diagnostic criteria of a case. d. Identify the affected population e. Select a suitable study site

b. Stop the epidmeic

Regulating air and water quality is an example of what type of public health intervention? a. Biologic b. Structural c. Behavioral d. Personal

b. Structural

The cause of the high lead content in the Flint, Michigan water was: a. The high lead level in the Detroit River b. The high acidity of the new water supply leaching lead from the pipes c. Installing new pipes that had a high lead content d. Leaching of lead into the ground water supply of Flint e. All of the above

b. The high acidity of the new water supply leaching lead from the pipes

The leading cause of death among males 15-24 years in the United States is: a. Stroke b. Unintentional injuries c. Diabetes d. Sickle cell anemia e. Heart disease

b. Unintentional injuries

Which of the following mental disorders is projected to be the second most frequent cause of disability adjusted life years globally by 2020? a. Schizophrenia b. Unipolar major depression c. Bipolar disorders d. Substance abuse disorders e. Obsessive-compulsive disorder

b. Unipolar major depression

The country with the highest prevalence of any mental/substance abuse disorder is: a. New Zealand b. United States c. Ukraine d. France e. Japan

b. United States

The highest proportion of the world' prisoners are in: a. Russia and Iraq b. United States and China c. Brazil and India d. Syria and Saudi Arabia e. England and Germany

b. United States and China

What most likely explains the 'bump' in cancer incidence in males in the U.S. during the early 1990's? a. Historical tobacco use patterns in males b. Utilization of the PSA screening test c. Increasing prevalence of obesity d. Exposure to the chemical Agent Orange during the Vietnam War

b. Utilization of the PSA screening test

Ebola virus is: a. Not very infectious b. Very virulent c. Has a 100% case fatality rate d. Occurs only in Liberia e. All of the above

b. Very virulent

Which of the following groups of agents can only replicate intracellularly? a. Bacteria b. Viruses c. Chlamydia d. Protozoa e. Cestodes

b. Viruses

The most precious resource globally is: a. Oil b. Water c. Forests d. Iron e. Bauxite

b. Water

In 2012, ___ million deaths were due to NCDs in the world, accounting for ___% of overall deaths globally: a. 56, 82.1 b. 48, 73.4 c. 38, 67.9 d. 28, 53.6 e. 17.5, 46.2

c. 38 million deaths; 67.9% of overall global deaths

The population of the world as of September 2016 is: a. 2.3 billion b. 4.6 billion c. 7.5 billion d. 15 billion e. 30 billion

c. 7.5 billion

NHANES is: a. A recommended dietary plan for individuals desiring to lose weight b. A recommended dietary plan for athletes trying to "bulk up" c. A national survey measuring health-related factors in a sample of Americans d. A plan to promote the health of Americans e. Health guidelines for Americans

c. A national survey measuring health-related factors in a sample of Americans

To measure the prevalence of breast cancer among women in Los Angeles for the year 2015, what breast cancer cases would we count in the numerator? a. All breast cancer cases reported to the California Cancer Registry in 2015 b. All breast cancer cases ever reported to the California Cancer Registry c. All currently surviving breast cancer cases ever reported to the California Cancer Registry

c. All currently surviving breast cancer cases ever reported to the California Cancer Registry

The Environmental Protection Agency was successful in completely banning all of the pollutants below EXCEPT: a. Lead in gas b. DDT pesticides c. Asbestos from all insulating material

c. Asbestos from all insulating material

The greatest contributor to premature death in the United States in 2007 was/were: a. Genetic predisposition b. Social circumstances c. Behavioral patterns d. Environmental exposures e. Health care errors

c. Behavioral patterns

Life expectancy is increasing in: a. Developed countries only b. Developing countries only c. Both developed and developing countries

c. Both developed and developing countries

The state with the highest incidence of West Nile virus cases recently is: a. Arkansas b. Texas c. California d. Mississippi e. New York

c. California

Which group of diseases were responsible for 17.5 million deaths per year (31% of all deaths) and are the leading causes of death in the world based on 2012 WHO data? a. Cancers b. Cardiovascular diseases c. Chronic respiratory diseases d. Diabetes

c. Cardioavascular diseases

Which of the following sexually transmitted infections is most common in Los Angeles? a. Syphilis b. Gonorrhea c. Chlamydia

c. Chlamydia

The prevalence of depression is: a. Higher in males across age groups b. Closely related to ethnicity c. Closely related to socio-economic status d. None of the above

c. Closely related to socio-economic status

The Transtheoretical Model of Change: a. Suggests individuals engage in assessments of threat and self-efficacy when presented with risk messages b. Includes the concept of "reciprocal determinism" c. Describes five stages individuals progress through when attempting to change a health behavior d. Is not a known health behavior theory

c. Describes (5) stages individuals progress through when attempting to change a health behavior

Which of the following parameters of the reproductive rate affects the reservoir of infection the most? a. Transmission efficiency b. Contact rate c. Duration of infectiousness d. Intensity of love-making

c. Duration of infectiousness

Foods that increase your risk of cancer are: a. Carbohydrates and red meat b. Vitamins and fats c. Fats and red meat d. Carbohydrates and fat e. Carbohydrates and nuts

c. Fats and red meat

The highest proportion of treated mental disorders are seen by: a. Psychiatrists b. Human services providers c. General practitioners d. Nurses e. Alternative medicine practitioners

c. General practioners

The second leading cause of pre-mature death in Los Angeles County is: a. Cardiovascular diseases b. Cancer c. Homicide d. Suicide e. Diabetes

c. Homicide

The cost of adverse health conditions in the United States was highest for which of the following categories? a. Cancer b. Cardiovascular disease c. Injuries d. Diabetes e. Chronic obstructive respiratory diseases

c. Injuries

The relationship between lead content in the body of children and IQ is: a. Direct b. Indirect c. Inverse d. Stable at all levels

c. Inverse

The most important initial requirement for a vaccine is: a. It must be easy to administer b. It must elicit an immune response c. It must be safe d. It must be easy to transport

c. It must be safe

The best test to identify chlamydia infection is: a. Serology (antibodies) b. Isolation c. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/nucleic acid testing d. Microscopy

c. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/nucleic acid testing

Which of the following is NOT a key element of surveillance? a. Timely analysis b. Dissemination of results c. Precise diagnosis d. Action based on results e. Ongoing collection of data

c. Precise diagnosis

Among the following, which caused the highest number of deaths in 2011? a. Firearms b. Illicit drugs c. Prescription drugs d. Tylenol

c. Prescription drugs

The third most common cause of mortality in China in 2010 was: a. Cancer b. Cardiovascular diseases c. Respiratory diseases d. Digestive disease e. Neurologic diseases

c. Respiratory diseases

A high proportion of the homeless in Los Angeles suffer from: a. Autistm b. Bipolar disorder c. Schizophrenia d. Catatonia e. Seasonal depressive disorder

c. Schizophrenia

Which mental disorder is characterized by confused thinking, hallucinations, and unusual perceptions and changes in social relationships? a. Severe depression b. Anxiety disorder c. Schizophrenia d. Substance abuse e. Bipolar disorders

c. Schizophrenia

The most commonly used study design for conducting surveillance is: a. Cohort b. Cross-sectional survey c. Serial cross-sectional surveys d. Ecologic e. Nested case-control

c. Serial cross-sectional surveys

Which of the following factors in the model presented by Professor Fielding contributes most to ill health? a. Health behaviors b. Clinical care c. Social and economic factors d. The physical environment

c. Social and economic factors

Which region of the US has the highest prevalence of obesity (BMI>29)? a. Pacific Northwest b. Northeast c. South d. West e. Hawaii

c. South

Chlorination of the water supply is an example of: a. Health education b. Health promotion c. Structural intervention d. The theory of planned behavior e. The extended parallel process model

c. Structural intervention

The largest share of health care costs in the United States are paid by: a. Employee-based health insurance plans b. "Out of pocket" by the individual c. The U.S. government d. Kaiser-Permanente e. Blue Shield

c. The U.S. government

Which of the following countries has the highest survival rates for breast cancer? a. Sweden b. United Kingdom c. The United States d. Denmark e. Germany

c. The United States

The "epidemiologic transition" is: a. The continued high incidence of both infectious and chronic diseases in developing countries b. The decline of chronic diseases in developed countries c. The persistence of infectious diseases and the increasing incidence of chronic diseases in developing counties d. The decline in both chronic and infectious diseases in developing countries

c. The persistence of infectious diseases and the increasing incidence of chronic diseases in developing counties

The appeal of formula rather than breast milk for feeding newborns in developing countries is due to: a. Their better nutritional value b. Their higher calorie density c. Their appeal as a status symbol of wealth d. Their great sanitary value e. a. and b. above

c. Their appeal as a status symbol of wealth

Obesity in the adult population is highest in: a. Sweden b. Japan c. United States d. Canada e. United Kingdom

c. United States

What can lead to decreases in vitamin deficiency diseases? a. Less crowding b. Better quality of food c. Year-round access to vegetables and fruit d. All of the above

c. Year-round access to vegetables and fruit

A tumor is characterized by: a. Autonomous growth of tissue b. Abnormal growth of cells c. Irreversibility d. All of the above e. a. and c. above

d. All of the above

An epidemic is driven by: a. The reproductive number b. Availability of susceptible individuals c. Transmission probability per contact d. All of the above e. The mortality rate

d. All of the above

Behavioral Intervention planning at the community level requires: a. Assessing the needs and assets of the target population b. Developing program goals and objectives c. Evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

d. All of the above

Behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular diseases include: a. Diet b. Physical inactivity c. Obesity d. All of the above e. b. and c. above

d. All of the above

Belief in the ability of the individual to adopt a new behavior is a component of the: a. Social Cognitive Theory b. Extended Parallel Process Model c. Transtheoretical Model of Change d. All of the above e. a. and c. above

d. All of the above

Cancer mortality rates from 1988-2000 declined among: a. European-Americans b. African-Americans c. Asian-Americans d. All of the above e. a. and c. above

d. All of the above

Chronic diseases are usually characterized by: a. Non-communicability b. Long duration c. Slow progression d. All of the above e. a. and c.

d. All of the above

Epidemiology is useful to: a. Establish the history of a disease in a community b. The natural history of a disease in an individual c. Identifying risk factors for occurrence of a disease d. All of the above e. Which preventive measures should have been used

d. All of the above

HIV incidence can be estimated by: a. Laboratory testing b. Identification of HIV in young (<21 years) sex workers c. Identification of HIV in military recruits (< 21 years) d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Immunizations require: a. Biomedical strategies b. Behavioral strategies c. Susceptible populations d. All of the above e. a. and c. above

d. All of the above

Increasing costs of health care in the United States are due to: a. Aging of the population b. Increasing technology of medical care c. The highly personalized approach to health care in the United States d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

d. All of the above

Insurance coverage in the United States is assisted by: a. Income-based government subsidies b. Employer-mandated coverage c. Individual mandated coverage d. All of the above e. Social Security

d. All of the above

Job disparities impact primarily: a. Older workers b. Minority workers c. Women workers d. All of the above e. b. and c. above

d. All of the above

Methyl mercury: a. Is concentrated in fish. b. Was responsible for the Minamata epidemic in the 1950s c. Primarily affects fetuses and young children d. All of the above e. b. and c. above

d. All of the above

Surveillance can be implemented in: a. Human populations b. Animal populations c. Special groups within a population d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

d. All of the above

Surveillance can be used to monitor: a. Prevalence/incidence of disease b. Emerging diseases c. Distribution of individuals engaging in risk practices for a disease d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

d. All of the above

The Environmental Protection Agency has responsibility for environmental: a. Research b. Monitoring c. Enforcement d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

d. All of the above

The difference between the Guatemalan diet and the typical American diet is: a. More vegetables b. Less meat c. Less processed foods d. All of the above e. a. and c. above

d. All of the above

The epidemiologist describes health/disease occurrence using. a. Time b. Place c. Person d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

d. All of the above

The function of public health is: a. Assessment b. Policy setting c. Assurance d. All of the above e. Research

d. All of the above

The objective of a vaccine can be to prevent: a. Infection b. Disease c. Transmission d. All of the above e. Exposure

d. All of the above

The proportion of which of the following types of workers is projected to increase in the next three years? a. Minorities b. Workers older than 55 years c. Women d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

d. All of the above

The results of surveillance for new strains of influenza should be reported to: a. Decision makers b. The data collectors c. The public d. All of the above e. Only to infectious disease specialists who can understand the results

d. All of the above

The role of the biostatistician in assessment is: a. Deciding what information to collect b. Identifying patterns in collected data c. Summarizing the characteristics of the population and associated problems d. All of the above e. Judging the situation

d. All of the above

The role of the public health professional is to: a. Establish surveillance for unusual diseases and drug resistant agents b. Assure competent laboratory resources c. Develop plans for handling outbreaks of unknown agents d. All of the above e. a and c. above

d. All of the above

To promote health, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention emphasizes: a. Smoking cessation b. A healthy diet c. Regular exercise d. All of the above e. b. and c. above

d. All of the above

Which of the following can be used to prevent the spread of a disease? a. Isolation of cases b. Quarantine of exposed individuals c. Culling of diseases flocks, herds d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

d. All of the above

Which of the following drive an epidemic? a. Reproductive number >1 b. Transmission probability per contact c. Availability of susceptible individuals d. All of the above e. b. and c. above

d. All of the above

Which of the following health problems is projected to increase in the next decade? a. Cardiovascular (ischemic heart disease and stroke) b. Cancer c. Road traffic accidents d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

d. All of the above

Which of the following statements about suicide are true? a. Suicide is the primary cause of death among those 15-24 years old b. The majority of suicides occur in men c. Firearms are the most common method of death by suicide d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Breast feeding rates in the United States are highest among: a. European-Americans b. Hispanic-Americans c. African-Americans d. Asian-Americans

d. Asian-American

Below are examples of biomedical interventions, EXCEPT: a. Influenza vaccine b. Nicotine patch (e.g., NicoDerm) c. Antiretroviral therapy (HIV medication) d. Diet and exercise

d. Diet and exercise

What is considered as the most effective ingredient to a successful behavioral intervention? a. Providing information b. Documenting all the training sessions c. Teaching tools and skills d. Framing the issue

d. Framing the issues

What are the four leading risk factors for non-communicable disease deaths? a. High blood pressure, high blood sugar, alcohol abuse, indoor air pollution b. Genetic predisposition, tobacco use, unsafe sex, physical inactivity c. Alcohol abuse, genetic predisposition, tobacco use, unsafe sex d. High blood pressure, high blood sugar, tobacco use, physical inactivity

d. High blood pressure, high blood sugar, tobacco use, physical inactivity

Which global income group has the highest crude cancer mortality rate based on World Bank Income Group in 2012? a. Low income b. Lower-middle income c. Upper-middle income d. High income

d. High income

The country with the longest longevity among males is: a. United States b. Switzerland c. Canada d. Iceland e. Bangladesh

d. Iceland

Which of the following countries has the longest life expectancy for women? a. Luxembourg b. Switzerland c. The United States d. Japan e. Singapore

d. Japan

The most common cancer site in Mongolia is _____________ for men and ______________ for women a. Prostate cancer, breast cancer b. Lung cancer, cervical cancer c. Stomach cancer, esophageal cancer d. Liver cancer, liver cancer

d. Liver cancer, liver cancer

If the outcome is binary (yes/no) and the covariates are on a scale, the appropriate model to use is: a. Correlation analysis b. Chi square test c. Multiple regression analysis d. Logistic regression analysis

d. Logistic regression analysis

The most deadly air pollution in recent history occurred in: a. Meuse River Valley, Belgium in 1930 b. Donora, Pennsylvania in 1948 c. Los Angeles in 1954 d. London in 1952

d. London in 1952

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the following medical conditions or diseases, EXCEPT: a. Most likely not infectious b. Have long duration c. Relatively slow progression d. Mainly diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, and malaria e. Usually called "chronic disease"

d. Mainly diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, and malaria

Heart disease death rates for African-Americans older than 35 years of age are lowest in which of the following region(s) of the United States? a. West b. South c. Northeast d. Midwest e. Texas

d. Midwest

The largest outbreak of Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS) recently was in: a. Saudi Arabia b. Yemen c. Syria d. South Korea

d. South Korea

The largest outbreak of Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS) recently was in: a. Saudi Arabia b. Yemen c. Syria d. South Korea e. Syria

d. South Korea

On a population basis, the highest cost of health care occurs in: a. Early life b. Adolescence c. Middle age d. The last year of life

d. The last year of life

Which country has the highest per capita expenditure for health care? a. Spain b. Norway c. United Kingdom d. United States e. Japan

d. United States

Which of the countries below spend the most money treating obesity? a. European countries b. Brazil c. India d. United States e. Thailand

d. United States

The diet that will contribute least to climate change is: a. Global average diet b. Mediterranean diet c. High fish diet d. Vegetarian diet

d. Vegetarian diet

Benign tumors do not: a. Penetrate or invade other tissue b. Metastasize to distant sites c. Remain localized d. a. and b above

d. a. and b above

The following is true of fertility rates globally: a. Increasing fertility is associated with decreasing educational attainment for girls b. Increasing fertility is associated with increasing proportion of poverty c. Fertility is not related to either educational attainment or poverty d. a. and b. above

d. a. and b. above

OSHA protection is: a. Under-utilized by eligible workers b. Available for all work-related injuries and workers c. Not available in all situations d. a. and c. above

d. a. and c.

People with positive mental health: a. Think positively b. Keep mentally active c. Participate in social networks d. a., b. and c. above e. See a psychiatrist regularly

d. a., b. and c. above

. A planned approach to health education requires: a. Engaging and understanding the priority population b. Planning an intervention c. Implementing the intervention d. Evaluating the importance of the intervention e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Rapid population growth affects: a. The environment b. Resources and energy c. The economy d. Social structure e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which of the following contributed to increased life expectancy globally? a. Improved sanitation b. Provision of clean water c. Improved housing d. Universal childhood immunization programs e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which of the following factors has the highest attributable risk of death? a. Unsafe sex b. Elevated blood glucose c. Physical inactivity d. Smoking e. Elevated blood pressure

e. Elevated blood pressure

The four major preventable risk factors for NCDs defined by WHO are the following, EXCEPT: a. Tobacco use b. Physical inactivity c. Unhealthy diet d. Harmful use of alcohol e. Genetic susceptibility

e. Genetic susceptibility

African-Americans are over-represented in which jobs? a. Garbage collectors b. Nursing home aides c. Police officers d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

e. a. and b. above

An ideal exercise fitness regimen should include: a. 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week b. Two or more days a week of muscle-strengthening activity c. Ten minutes of moderate exercise daily d. Drinking high-energy drinks while exercising e. a. and b. above

e. a. and b. above

Food labeling (for calories, fat, etc. content) has: a. Made Americans more conscious of what and how much they eat b. Prompted restaurants to modify their menus c. Angered Americans who like to think they are getting more for their money d. Encouraged restaurants to increase their portion sizes e. a. and b. above

e. a. and b. above

Most countries of the world have: a. A mental health policy b. A mental health plan c. Sufficient mental health professionals d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

e. a. and b. above

Natural ecosystems provide the following service(s): a. Pollution filtration of water b. Fish c. Electricity d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

e. a. and b. above

Statistical models rely on the assumption(s) that: a. The probability of the event is equally likely for all members of the group b. An event in one person is independent of the event in another person c. Some members of the group are more likely to experience the event d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

e. a. and b. above

The Hispanic-American population in Los Angeles has: a. The lowest levels of health insurance among the major ethnic groups b. Relatively favorable measurements for health indicators c. The highest rates of single-parent families d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

e. a. and b. above

The average age of Americans is increasing because: a. There are fewer babies being born b. Mortality rates are declining c. Americans consume high amounts of red meat and processed meats d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

e. a. and b. above

The biostatistician uses mathematics to: a. Measure the problem b. Predict the effect of changes c. Reduce the non-response rate d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

e. a. and b. above

The following characteristics should be evaluated in assessing quality of surveillance: a. Sensitivity b. Flexibility c. Clinically accurate diagnosis d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

e. a. and b. above

The last cases of wild-type polio virus occurred in: a. Pakistan b. Afghanistan c. Egypt d. Ethiopia e. a. and b. above

e. a. and b. above

The recent outbreak of measles in Los Angeles is due in part to: a. A lack of herd immunity among young people b. Reluctance of parents to have their children vaccinated c. Increased virulence of the measles virus. d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

e. a. and b. above

The strategy of epidemiology is to characterize disease in terms of: a. Time, place, person b. Agent, host, environment c. Incubation period, disease course, outcome d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

e. a. and b. above

Use(s) of surveillance include(s): a. Monitoring changes in prevalence b. Monitoring changes in incidence c. Documenting past clinical disease d. All of the above e. a. and b. above

e. a. and b. above

Examples of structural interventions include: a. Increasing tobacco taxes b. Mandating helmet law in Hanoi, Vietnam c. Teaching patients how to communicate with providers d. All of the above e. a. and b. only

e. a. and b. only

What types of interventions can be applied to promote smoking cessation? a. Behavioral intervention b. Structural intervention c. Biomedical intervention d. All of the above e. a. and b. only

e. a. and b. only

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by: a. Short-term memory loss b. Rapid onset c. Relative preservation of long-term memory d. All of the above e. a. and c. above

e. a. and c. above

Catalytic converters to reduce tailpipe emissions from cars: a. Remove tetraethyl lead from gas b. Become inoperative if tetraethyl leaded gas was used c. Are required in all new cars d. All of the above e. b. and c. above

e. b. and c. above

Evidence in favor of direct person-to-person transmission of C. philippensis include: a. Age-gender distribution of initial cases b. Distribution of cases in multiple households c. The impact of treatment on the reservoir of the parasite d. All of the above e. b. and c. above

e. b. and c. above

The diagnostic criteria for a disease in a surveillance system should be: a. Highly accurate b. Functional to use c. Reasonably accurate d. a. and b. above e. b. and c. above

e. b. and c. above

The total dependency ratio is increasing because: a. More babies are being born b. Americans are living longer c. The proportion of Americans aged 19-64 years is declining d. All of the above e. b. and c. above

e. b. and c. above

The intervention strategy that the Thai's used to reduce the HIV rate in sex workers was: a. Focusing intervention efforts on empowering sex workers b. Focusing prevention efforts on the brothel owners c. Focusing on identifying Astreet walkers d. Making brothel owners implement the 100% condom rule e. b. and d. above

e. b. and d. above

The gender ratio (M:F) globally is greater than 1 until 55 years because: a. Females are more fragile and die earlier b. Males are strong c. The gender ratios (M:F) in the two most populous countries are higher for age groups under 55 years d. In the two post populous countries, girls are less valued and therefore are neglected and many die early or are aborted. e. c. and d. above

e. c. and d above

A model is referred to as having a binomial distribution when the outcome can be expressed as yes/no or as present/not present: a. True b. False

present: