Public Health Midterm 1

How much is the tax exclusion for employer sponsored insurance worth? Group of answer choices A. $25,000 B. $250,000 C. $25 million D. $250 billion

$250 billion

How many people were selected, through lottery, to receive Medicaid through the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment? Group of answer choices A. 30,000 B. 45,000 C. 50,000 D. 100,000

. 30,000

What is one solution Aaron Carroll suggested to fix the Obamacare marketplaces? Group of answer choices A. The government should make it illegal for insurers to leave the marketplace B. The government should provide incentives to smaller insurers to enter the marketplace C. The government should let market forces work to correct the problem D. The government should increase subsidies for plans on the marketplace

. The government should increase subsidies for plans on the marketplace

How did the U.S government attempt to control the costs of Medicare in the 1980s? Group of answer choices A. By increasing payroll taxes B. By increasing the age of eligibility to 65 C. Through a new prospective payment system for Part A D. By temporarily eliminating Part D of Medicare

. Through a new prospective payment system for Part A

Which of the following patients would an insurance company prefer to insure? Group of answer choices A. 18 years old, smoker, construction worker B. 20 years old, no pre-existing conditions, athlete C. 45 years old, no pre-existing conditions, family history of diabetes D. 65 years old, cancer and hypertension

20 years old, no pre-existing conditions, athlete

According to the Pew Trust article, when is it predicted that the US will become majority minority? Group of answer choices 2040 2050 2070 2100

2050

According to the Ted Talk, "The Problem with Race-Based Medicine," Race-based medicine is: When physicians use race as a crude proxy for genetic factors Can perpetuate harmful stereotypes about patients of color Addresses both the biological and social factors that contribute to racial inequalities A and B B and C

A and B

According to Hayes and colleagues in the article from the Commonwealth Fund, which of the following is true about cost sharing in the Hayes et al article from the Commonwealth fund? Group of answer choices About 12% of people have "high premium contributions relative to income" About 7% of people have "high out of pocket costs relative to income" In the Pacific Northwest, high premiums relative to household income are common A and C only A and B only

A and B only

What is reference pricing? Group of answer choices A. When patients reference their doctor before purchasing any medical procedures B. When patients compare prices between different specialists and hospitals and select the lower priced option C. A form of cost-sharing in which the patient is responsible for paying the cost of their medical services beyond some low reference price D. A form of cost-sharing in which the patient must pay a pre-determined amount for each medical procedure they obtain

A form of cost-sharing in which the patient is responsible for paying the cost of their medical services beyond some low reference price

What is managed care? A. A system of health care delivery that integrates the four basic functional components of health care (financing, delivery, payment, and insurance) B. A type of insurance that seeks to reduce the amount of time physicians spend on patients C. A type of insurance that systematically inspects doctors for high-efficiency care D. A system of health care delivery that emphasizes alternative/holistic treatment options

A system of health care delivery that integrates the four basic functional components of health care (financing, delivery, payment, and insurance)

____% of ACA plan networks are narrow meaning that they include ____% or less of physicians in the area Group of answer choices A. 75%; 25% B. 25%; 75% C. 50%; 25% D. 25%; 50%

A. 75%; 25%

Premiums, deductibles, co-pays, and co-insurance are all payments made by the insured to promote _____ and reduce _____? Group of answer choices A. Cost-sharing, moral hazard B. Adverse selection, cost sharing C. Cream skimming, moral hazard D. Lemon dropping, cost sharing

A. Cost-sharing, moral hazard

Which is not one of the reforms Mackey suggests in his article The Whole Foods Alternative to Obama Care? Group of answer choices A. Increase the salaries of generalists by 20% B. Repeal state laws preventing insurance companies from competing across state lines C. Make costs transparent so consumers understand what health care treatments cost D. Equalize the tax laws so that employer provided health insurance and individually owned health insurance have the same tax benefits

A. Increase the salaries of generalists by 20%

What is the key difference between traditional indemnity insurance and managed care? Group of answer choices A. Managed care controls costs and utilization by integrating the financing, insurance, delivery, and payment functions of insurance B. Traditional insurance had narrower hospital networks and allowed patients to see only a few pre-selected doctors C. Managed care is less common than traditional indemnity insurance D. Managed care is less profitable than traditional indemnity insurance

A. Managed care controls costs and utilization by integrating the financing, insurance, delivery, and payment functions of insurance

What is the primary reason for rising health expenditures? Group of answer choices A. New technology B. Less specialization C. More hospitals D. An increase in chronically ill patient populations

A. New technology

Which part of Medicare covers in-patient services? Group of answer choices A. Part A B. Part B C. Part C D. Part D

A. Part A

What was the main argument of the Dubinsky article "Money Won't Buy You Health Insurance" Group of answer choices A. The individual insurance market is in need of reform because it is too expensive and too complicated to navigate B. The individual insurance market is more convenient than employer based insurance C. The individual insurance market unfairly prioritizes needier people D. The individual insurance market is in need of reform because there are too many options to choose from

A. The individual insurance market is in need of reform because it is too expensive and too complicated to navigate

Why were some big-name insurers leaving the ACA insurance marketplace according to Abelson? Group of answer choices A. The people signing up for their insurance plans were sicker (and more expensive) than expected B. The marketplaces were not providing enough customers C. There was less competition outside of the ACA marketplaces D. None of the above

A. The people signing up for their insurance plans were sicker (and more expensive) than expected

What is the main function of insurance according to Ezekiel Emanuel? Group of answer choices A. To protect individuals against large unpredictable financial costs B. To ensure that epidemics do not break out C. To compensate doctors and health workers for their services D. To make sure healthcare is accessible for all

A. To protect individuals against large unpredictable financial costs

According to the Urban Institute article, which of the following factors affects health? Group of answer choices A. Education level B. Race C. Income D. All of the above

All of the above

Why do many hospitals not provide adequate translation services according to the Pew Trust article, "Health Care Adjusts to a More Diverse America"? Group of answer choices Translation services are expensive Medicaid does not reimburse translators in every state Federal law that requires translation accommodations is poorly enforced More than one of the above All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is not considered a "provider" in a provider network? Group of answer choices A. Hospitals B. Doctors C. Ambulances D. Pharmacies

Ambulances

Which part of Medicare pays for outpatient services? Group of answer choices A. Part A B. Part B C. Part C D. Part D

B

According to KFF's brief "The Facts on Medicare Spending and Financing," how is Part B primarily financed? Group of answer choices Payroll Taxes General Revenue Premiums A and B B and C

B and C

In _____ the Medicare program was created to provide health services, but only for those _____. Group of answer choices A. 1935; 60+ B. 1965; 65+ C. 1998; 65+ D. 2008; 60+

B. 1965; 65+

How should health care be rationed from a market justice vs. social justice perspective? Group of answer choices A. According to social justice, only those who deserve health care should receive it; according to market justice, only those who can afford health care should receive health care B. According to social justice, everyone should have access to health care; according to market justice, only those who can afford health care should receive health care C. According to social justice, only those who deserve health care should receive it, according to market justice, only those who have achieved a certain level of education should receive health care D. According to social justice, everyone should have access to health care; according to market justice, only those who have achieved a certain level of education should receive health care

B. According to social justice, everyone should have access to health care; according to market justice, only those who can afford health care should receive health care

What does self-referral entail? Group of answer choices A. Doctors only refer patients to other doctors within their professional networks B. Doctors refer patients to expensive treatments for which they stand to make a financial gain C. Doctors continually refer patients back to their own clinics for unnecessary check ups D. All of the above

B. Doctors refer patients to expensive treatments for which they stand to make a financial gain

What could increase price transparency in U.S healthcare according to Reinhardt? Group of answer choices A. Stricter legislation B. Electronic information technology C. Forcing pharmaceutical companies to list the price for their drugs in their advertisements D. Word of mouth from doctor to patient

B. Electronic information technology

Which of the following is the most common way to obtain insurance for people between the ages of 18 and 64? Group of answer choices A. Purchasing insurance directly as an individual B. Employer based insurance C. Medicare/Medicaid D. The Individual mandate

B. Employer based insurance

What is one of the weaknesses of a social justice perspective on health care? Group of answer choices A. Proponents of social justice are usually uneducated B. Health care entitlement programs are extremely expensive C. Social justice encourages freeloading D. The social justice perspective does not address inequities in health care

B. Health care entitlement programs are extremely expensive

Which of the following accurately describes the evolution of hospitals from 1890 to present? Group of answer choices A. Hospitals were used as housing for the poor and chronically ill; currently hospitals are used to house only those with short-term illnesses B. Hospitals were used as housing for the poor and chronically ill; currently hospitals are well-funded and have the latest treatment technology and specialized interventions to treat many different patients C. Only rich people could afford to use hospitals in the 1890s - now hospitals are accessible to everyone D. Hospital physicians were primarily volunteers in the 1890s - now hospitals only hire salaried physicians

B. Hospitals were used as housing for the poor and chronically ill; currently hospitals are well-funded and have the latest treatment technology and specialized interventions to treat many different patients

What is one of the reasons Reinhardt gives for why health care prices in the U.S are higher than in other developed countries? Group of answer choices A. Wage control for doctors in other developed countries B. Low bargaining power of insurance companies in the U.S C. Higher quality care in the U.S D. More demand for healthcare services in the U.S

B. Low bargaining power of insurance companies in the U.S

What are the four main models for organizing an HMO? Group of answer choices A. High-cost, Low-cost, Mid-cost, No-cost B. Staff, Group, Network, Independent Practice Association (IPA) C. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Repeat D. Network, Community, Group, Advising

B. Staff, Group, Network, Independent Practice Association (IPA)

Why is it potentially problematic that people spend less on healthcare with high-deductible health plans? Group of answer choices A. Doctors need more money in order to make the profession attractive B. They may be forgoing potentially important necessary care in order to spend less C. Cutting costs is illegal D. People spending less on health care spend more on unhealthy habits

B. They may be forgoing potentially important necessary care in order to spend less

According to Bagley and Frakt, what is one potential downside of one-size-fits-all insurance? Group of answer choices A. This type of insurance allows individuals with different incomes to purchase different insurance B. This type of insurance does not incentivize high-value low-cost treatments C. This type of insurance decreases care-seeking D. This type of insurance is logistically difficult to implement

B. This type of insurance does not incentivize high-value low-cost treatments

Which of these patient outcomes is easiest to measure according to the Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) conceptual model? Group of answer choices A. Functional status B. Symptom status C. Biological and physiological variables D. Overall quality of life

Biological and physiological variables

The Oregon Health Insurance Experiment found that Group of answer choices A. Access to Medicaid decreased financial strain B. Access to Medicaid increased utilization of health care services without improving physical outcomes C. Access to Medicaid decreased utilization of health care services and did not improve physical outcomes D. Both A and B

Both A and B

The ACA insurance markets were created to help insure which group of people? Group of answer choices A. People on Medicare B. People on Medicaid C. People without employer-based insurance or government insurance D. People who are currently unsatisfied with the cost of their insurance plans

C. People without employer-based insurance or government insurance

What is one of the effects of skyrocketing specialist costs according to Rosenthal? Group of answer choices A. Better quality care B. More people purchasing health insurance C. Shortage of primary care doctors D. Longer wait times in hospitals

C. Shortage of primary care doctors

According to the NYT article by Creswell, why have the number of coronary procedures been controllable, unlike the unfettered growth of stent procedures in limbs? Group of answer choices A. Stent procedures are more difficult and more prestigious for up-and-coming doctors who want to prove themselves B. Coronary procedures are more difficult and time intensive whereas stent procedures in the limbs are easier to schedule and quicker to perform C. There is a consensus among doctors about how and when to treat blockages in the heart but little consensus among doctors about how and when to treat blockages in limbs D. There is no discrepancy between the number of coronary procedures and stent procedures in the limbs among cardiologists

C. There is a consensus among doctors about how and when to treat blockages in the heart but little consensus among doctors about how and when to treat blockages in limbs

What is the difference between a co-pay and co-insurance?

Co-payments are a fixed dollar amount paid at the point of service, whereas co-insurance is a percentage of the bill paid at the point of service

According to the KFF article "Beyond Health Care", what are some of the current challenges with addressing social determinants to promote population health? Group of answer choices A. Lack of resources within communities B. The Affordable Care Act did not address social determinants C. Reductions in funding for prevention and public health under the Trump administration D. A and C E. None of the above

D. A and C

How did the ACA decrease adverse selection? Group of answer choices A. The individual mandate B. Requiring people to buy health insurance during set periods of time C. Offering subsidies D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Why did the professionalization of medicine start later in the US than in some Western European nations? Group of answer choices A. Americans emphasized applied science B. Americans neglected basic science research C. Americans emphasized natural history in medical practice D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Why doesn't health care function like other markets? Group of answer choices A. Health care costs are unpredictable B. Providers (health care deliverers) know much more about medicine than patients (consumers) do C. Payment comes after care, not before D. All of the above

D. All of the above

What are the three main payment mechanisms within managed care? Group of answer choices A. Capitation, discounted fees, Pay-for-performance B. Salaries, Pay-for-performance, Capitation C. Discounted feeds, Pay-per-procedure, Pay-for-performance D. Capitation, discounted fees, salaries

D. Capitation, discounted fees, salaries

Which of the following is not a reason given by Creswell to justify the high frequency of procedures on peripheral vessels? Group of answer choices A. Operating on peripheral vessels ultimately saves Medicare money by preventing more serious conditions B. Operating on peripheral vessels ultimately saves Medicare money because these procedures can be done outside of a hospital, unlike heart procedures C. Peripheral artery treatments are less risky than heart procedures D. Coronary heart disease is not immediately dangerous, but blockages in peripheral arteries can be life threatening

D. Coronary heart disease is not immediately dangerous, but blockages in peripheral arteries can be life threatening

Which of the following does not describe a fundamental principle of insurance? Group of answer choices A. Risk is unpredictable for the individual insured B. Risk can be predicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy for a group or population C. Insurance provides a mechanism for transferring or shifting risk from the individual to the group through the pooling of resources D. Risk can be eliminated by insuring a large group or population

D. Risk can be eliminated by insuring a large group or population

Which of the following is not an avenue through which insurance can be obtained? Group of answer choices A. Purchasing insurance directly as an individual B. Employer based insurance C. Medicare/Medicaid D. The Individual mandate

D. The Individual mandate

The percentage of revenue from premiums spent on medical expenses is known as ______ Group of answer choices A. Minimum essential coverage B. Out of pocket expense C. A preexisting condition D. The medical loss ratio

D. The medical loss ratio

What is the effect of competition (between insurers) on hospital network sizes in the Obamacare insurance market? Group of answer choices A. Increased competition in the Obamacare insurance markets leads insurers to offer narrower hospital networks B. Decreased competition in the Obamacare insurance markets leads insurers to offer narrower hospital networks C. Decreased competition in the Obamacare insurance markets leads insurers to offer wider hospital networks D. Competition has no effect on hospital network size

Decreased competition in the Obamacare insurance markets leads insurers to offer narrower hospital networks

According to the KFF 2019 Overview of Medicare, which of these services is not covered by any part of Medicare? Group of answer choices Prescription drugs Dental services Skilled nursing care Home health visits

Dental services

Based on the definitions from Jones' "A Gardener's Tale," which of the following is an example of institutionalized racism? Differences in access to high quality public education A shopkeeper being more suspicious of people of color more than white individuals Self-devaluation and feelings of helplessness towards current societal norms Hate crimes against a specific racial group More than one of the above

Differences in access to high quality public education

What are the four key determinants of health according to the Blum model? A. Environment, nutrition, medical care, heredity B. Environment, lifestyle, heredity, medical care C. Environment, social life, mental health, heredity D. Environment, mental health, level of education, income

Environment, lifestyle, heredity, medical care

Based on the Pew Trust article, "Health Care Adjusts to a More Diverse America," which of the following is FALSE about health care disparities? Group of answer choices Black patients are less likely to receive antiretroviral drugs than white patients Increasing the diversity of the physician workforce can help improve trust between physicians and patients Every state has adopted health equity standards for medical schools to improve cultural competency and reduce bias in the physician workforce Increasing numbers of physicians underrepresented in the workforce may help ease the shortage of physicians in underserved neighborhoods

Every state has adopted health equity standards for medical schools to improve cultural competency and reduce bias in the physician workforce

True or false: Medicaid is paid for exclusively by the federal government Group of answer choices True False

False

True or false: Medical care is a relatively strong determinant of health compared to other social determinants? Group of answer choices True False

False

Which of the following has the least impact on one's risk of premature death? Group of answer choices A. Social and environmental factors B. Individual behavior C. Health care D. Genetics

Healthcare

What is the "Health in All Policies" approach? A. Requiring all hospitals to staff a social worker B. Encouraging neighborhoods to assess and address their environmental impact C. Requiring all politicians to get a flu shot D. Identifying how multiple sectors affect health and engaging diverse partners to promote health and equity, as well as other sector-specific goals

Identifying how multiple sectors affect health and engaging diverse partners to promote health and equity, as well as other sector-specific goals

What is the problem with the ACA insurance markets according to Sanger-Katz? Group of answer choices A. There are too many insurance plans on the market, making it very confusing for consumers to choose a plan B. The insurance markets are too complicated to navigate for older Americans C. Insurance plans on the market will probably become more expensive and include fewer options D. None of the above

Insurance plans on the market will probably become more expensive and include fewer option

In the Wall Street Journal Article entitled "A Device to Kill Cancer, Life Revenue" what was the name of the expensive treatment purported to cost Medicare $1 billion? Group of answer choices A. Naloxone B. Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy C. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy D. Antiretroviral Therapy

Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy

According to "A Gardener's Tale," by CP Jones, which of the following is true regarding personally mediated racism? It only involves intentional actions against a certain racial group Is what we most typically think of when we hear the word "racism" Includes discrimination, which is making differential assumptions about the motives and behaviors of others Characterized by people not believing in others that look like them Is analogous to the flower boxes having different types of soil

Is what we most typically think of when we hear the word "racism"

Based on the Ted Talk by Dorothy Roberts, which of the following is FALSE about BiDil? It was marketed only to black patients for commercial reasons Race was used as a proxy to account for an unknown genetic factor It did not gain FDA approval due to poor study design The clinical trial only included African-American participants More than one of the above

It did not gain FDA approval due to poor study design

According to the Fuchs article on How and Why US Health Care Differs From That in Other OECD Countries, what is the most important reason why US health care is different from other OECD countries? Group of answer choices A. Heterogeneity of the US population B. Distrust of the government in the US C. It is relatively easily for "special interests" to hijack the political system D. Medicare and Medicaid exist

It is relatively easily for "special interests" to hijack the political system

What is one major difference between Healthy People 2020 and previous Healthy People Initiatives? Group of answer choices A. It places more emphasis on the social determinants of health B. It identifies health priorities for the nation C. It has the goal of improving quality of life for Americans D. It seeks to involve community partners in health improvement initiatives such as businesses, churches, etc.

It places more emphasis on the social determinants of health

What did the Hill-Burton Act of 1946 do? Group of answer choices A. It created universal health care in the U.S B. It provided federal funds to construct hospitals across the nation C. It outlawed surgery without anesthesia D. It funded the construction of nursing homes

It provided federal funds to construct hospitals across the nation

What is one of the weaknesses of the market justice perspective on health care? Group of answer choices A. Market justice ensures that there are no free riders in the health care system B. Market justice perpetuates disparities by ensuring that poorer individuals have better access to healthcare than wealthier individuals C. Market justice does not ensure that individuals who are ill will have the care that they need if they cannot afford it, thus individual health issues can spread into the general society through transmission of contagious diseases D. Proponents of market justice are usually uneducated

Market justice does not ensure that individuals who are ill will have the care that they need if they cannot afford it, thus individual health issues can spread into the general society through transmission of contagious diseases

How do market justice and social justice differ in their views on health care? Group of answer choices A. Market justice views health care as an economic reward whereas social justice views health care as a right B. Market justice views health care as an economic reward whereas social justice views health as an individual responsibility C. Market justice views health care as a social resource whereas social justice views health care as a right D. Market justice views health care as a social resource whereas social justice views health care as a way to ensure the common good

Market justice views health care as an economic reward whereas social justice views health care as a right

In the NY times article by Rosenthal, what was the name of the $2,000 procedure Ms. Little had to a fix a clogged pore? Group of answer choices A. Mohs procedure B. Hysterectomy C. Biopsy D. Cataract procedure

Mohs procedure

How often are premium payments usually made to an insurance company? Group of answer choices A. Daily B. Weekly C. Monthly D. Yearly

Monthly

Cost-sharing is designed to reduce what problem? Group of answer choices A. Moral Hazard B. Cream skimming C. Cherry picking D. Deductibles

Moral Hazard

The ACA marketplace attracted more _____ people than expected Group of answer choices A. Healthy B. Poor C. Old D. Young

Old

A ____ plan is a flexible managed care plan that allows enrollees to choose out-of-network providers, but for a higher cost that in-network providers. A _____ plan is a more rigid managed care plan that does not usually cover any expenses associated with out-of-network providers Group of answer choices A. HMO; IPA B. PPO: IPA C. PPO; HMO D. ACA; IPA

PPO; HMO

How is Part A of Medicare primarily financed? Group of answer choices A. Payroll taxes B. General revenues C. Beneficiary Premiums D. Both A and C

Payroll taxes

What did the RAND Health Insurance Experiment demonstrate? Group of answer choices A. People with high cost-sharing utilized less healthcare but were not less healthy for it B. People with low cost-sharing utilized less healthcare and were more healthy for it C. People with high cost-sharing utilized less healthcare and were more healthy for it D. People with low cost-sharing utilized less healthcare and were not less healthy for it

People with high cost-sharing utilized less healthcare but were not less healthy for it

According to Hayes and colleagues in the article from the Commonwealth Fund, what is the "minimum value standard? Group of answer choices Standard set of services that are exempt from the deductible A refundable tax credit available to people whose out-of-pocket spending exceeds a certain percentage of income Percentage of medical costs that employer plans must cover The minimum number of employer-based plans employees can choose

Percentage of medical costs that employer plans must cover

In the Boston Globe article by Tracy, what was the major issue Nancy Petro had with her new insurance coverage through Obamacare? Group of answer choices A. Petro did not agree with her new doctor about treatment options and she was not allowed to seek care from her old one B. Petro found that her premiums were too expensive C. Petro had to travel too far to receive treatment D. Petro's insurance company engaged her in frivolous lawsuits against state insurance regulators

Petro had to travel too far to receive treatment

Who is Samuel Cartwright, according to Dorothy Roberts? Cardiologist who developed the first FDA approved race-specific medicine Physician who developed the race-specific correction for GFR Head of the Human Genome Project who alluded to the idea that genetic difference between humans are not related to race Physician who invented the spirometer to show the presumed deficit in lung capacity in African American

Physician who invented the spirometer to show the presumed deficit in lung capacity in African Americans

Which MCO is the least stringent when it comes to accessing out-of-network care? Group of answer choices A. Preferred Provider Organizations B. Point of Service C. Health Maintenance Organizations D. Exclusive Provider Organizations

Preferred Provider Organizations

Which of the following is a reason why Medicare spending is projected to increase in the next 10 years according to the KFF's 2019 brief? Group of answer choices Increased number of specialist visits per enrollee Increased number of benefits covered under Medicare Rising healthcare prices Rising administrative expenses More than one of the above

Rising healthcare prices

Which of the following is not among the four basic functional components of the US health care delivery system? Group of answer choices A. Financing B. Screening C. Delivery D. Payment

Screening

In the NYT article by Lipton and Sack, which lucrative drug did Amgen get a special exclusion for in the "fiscal cliff" bill? Group of answer choices A. Tylenol B. Sensipar C. Enbrel D. Nyquil

Sensipar

What is not one of the reasons why the US places great emphasis on medical specialization? Group of answer choices A. The proliferation of specialty boards certifying physicians to practice certain types of medicine in the 1930s B. Specialists are more cost-effective than primary care doctors C. Specialists were automatically given a higher rank in the military during WWII D. Medical schools prefer to hire specialists over generalists

Specialists are more cost-effective than primary care doctors

The _________ sets recommended prices for medical procedures and consists of mainly ______ Group of answer choices A. The Relative Value Scale Update Committee, specialists B. The Relative Value Scale Update Committee, primary care doctors C. Department of Health and Human Services, specialists D. Department of Health and Human Services, primary care doctors

The Relative Value Scale Update Committee, specialists

What was the main ruling of the Supreme Court in lawsuits against the Affordable Care Act? Group of answer choices A. The Supreme Court ruled that the individual mandate was constitutional, and that the federal government could not force states to expand their state Medicaid programs B. The Supreme Court ruled that the Affordable Care Act could not force insurance companies to cover certain basic services C. The Supreme Court ruled that the Affordable Care Act could not force people to buy health insurance via the individual mandate D. The Supreme Court ruled that employer based insurance was constitutional

The Supreme Court ruled that the individual mandate was constitutional, and that the federal government could not force states to expand their state Medicaid programs

Why does cost containment remain an elusive goal in US health services delivery? A. Wide availability of cheap medical technology B. It is difficult to get doctors to cooperate with insurance companies C. General inflation D. The US healthcare system is fragmented, and each player seeks to price services at a level that is beneficial to themselves rather than the whole system

The US healthcare system is fragmented, and each player seeks to price services at a level that is beneficial to themselves rather than the whole system

What is Health Related Quality of Life? (HRQL) Group of answer choices A. Factors which affect one's functionality in the workplace B. All economic, political, cultural, and spiritual factors that affect quality of life C. The aspects of quality of life that relate specifically to a person's health D. All factors which affect function

The aspects of quality of life that relate specifically to a person's health

How have the federal government and state governments addressed social determinants within the health care system to promote population health? Group of answer choices A. The federal government and state governments have provided funding to identify and address social needs B. Stakeholders from non-medical sectors have been prevented from determining local health priorities C. Federal and state governments are moving towards a more socialized medical system by banning private insurance companies D. Support for employment services has been shifted towards funding for education

The federal government and state governments have provided funding to identify and address social needs

Which of the following statements about the "A Gardner's Tale" analogy is FALSE? Group of answer choices The gardener's preference for pink over red may cause them to not see or ignore the differences in soil quality The initial soil quality differences set up the garden in a way that systematically disadvantages the pink flowers The gardener is analogous to the government, as both have the power to act and control allocation of resources The gardener plucking pink flowers out of the fertile soil box is an example of internalized racism Mixing the soils or fertilizing the rocky soil are actions that can be taken to address institutionalized and internalized racism in the analogy

The gardener plucking pink flowers out of the fertile soil box is an example of internalized racism

Which of the following limits adverse selection? Group of answer choices A. Hand-written note from a medical provider B. High deductible, low premium health insurance plans C. The individual mandate D. Low-deductible, high premium health insurance plans

The individual mandate

After the ACA was introduced, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that Group of answer choices A. The percentage of people under 65 reporting that they liked Obama increased B. The percentage of people under 65 who were having problems paying medical bills increased C. The percentage of people under 65 who were having problems paying medical bills decreased D. The percentage of people under 65 reporting that they liked Obama decreased

The percentage of people under 65 who were having problems paying medical bills decreased

Why was Donna Dubinsky's family denied health insurance the first time she applied? Group of answer choices A. They couldn't afford to pay the premiums B. They applied after the deadline C. Her family was too large D. They had pre-existing conditions

They had pre-existing conditions

Which is not one of the two main objectives of a health care delivery system? Group of answer choices A. To enable all citizens to obtain health care services when needed B. To have cost-effective health care services that meet established standards of quality C. To compensate all doctors as much as possible for their services

To compensate all doctors as much as possible for their services

True or False: The government plays a significant role in financing health care services in the United States? Group of answer choices True False

True

The growth of employer based insurance during the 1940s can be attributed to: Group of answer choices A. The inflation of the dollar B. The spread of HCV in the workplace C. Wage controls implemented by the government during WWII D. Increased regulations by the government to ensure worker safety

Wage controls implemented by the government during WWII

According to Hayes and colleagues in the article from the Commonwealth Fund, which of the following are contributing to the rise in out-of-pocket expenses for people with employer-based coverage? Group of answer choices Higher deductibles Higher copayments Higher co-insurances All of the above

all of the above

The tax exclusion on employer based health insurance benefits which group the most? Group of answer choices A. Black Americans B. Low income C. High Income D. Women

high income

Insurance companies take on ______ financial risk in a fee for service payment scheme vs. a managed care payment scheme Group of answer choices A. More B. Less C. Much less D. The same

more

True or False: Employer based insurance is tax-free Group of answer choices True False

true

True or false: death rates for white, middle aged Americans are rising. Group of answer choices True False

true