Public Speaking #2

mediated communication

messages transmitted through either a mechanical or an electrical medium are examples of this.

Techniques for informing

1) Definition- you break down something by its parts and explain how they add up to identify the topic. 2) explanation- you analyze something clearly and specifically by tracing a line of reasoning or a series of casual connections between events 3) description- you use words to paint a mental picture for your listeners so that they can close their eyes and imagine what you are saying. 4) demonstration- if your goal is to teach your audience how a process or a set of guiltiness works. 5) narrative- is a story

Types of supporting materials

1) Examples- is a sample or an instance that supports or illustrates a general claim. — a brief example — is a short instance (usually a single sentence) used to support or illustrate your claim. — extended examples — provides many details about the instance being used, giving your audience a deeper and richer picture of your point. 2) Definitions- — dictionary definition— meaning of a term presented in a dictionary. — expert definition— comes from a person who is a credible source of information — etymological definition — explains the linguistic origin of the term. — functional definition — explains how something is used or what it does 3) Testimony- consists of information provided by other people. — expert testimony — consists of statements made by credible sources who have professional or other in depth knowledge of a topic. — lay testimony — statement made by persons with no special expertise in the subject they are discussing. — this type of testimony is NOT substitute for evidence. 4) Statistics— is a piece of information presented in a numerical form. — more statistic may be perceived as overly complicated. — limit the number of statistics you present — use visual aids to explain your statistics — establish context- what what a statistic implies for your listeners 5) Narrative— is an anecdote (a brief story) or a somewhat longer account that can be used to support your main points. 6) Analogy- is a comparison based on similarities between two phenomena— one that is familiar to the audience, and one that is less familiar. THEY CAN BE: — literal— meaning that two entities in the same category are compared — figurative— although the two entities are not in the same category, the characteristics of one (which is familiar to the audience) can help the audience understand the characteristics of another (which is unfamiliar).

working in groups- group leadership

1) Selecting a leader — designated leader— external authority putting someone in the position of a leader. —implied leader— someone with preexisting authority or skills who is well suited to the task at hand although not formally assigned the role. —emerged leader— one who comes to be recognized as a leader by the group's members over time. 2) Leading Meetings TIPS — address procedural needs— where and when will meetings take place? — model the behavior you expect— avoid interrupting — facilitate discussion— make sure everyone has an opportunity to participate —keep members on task— — keep members avoid groupthink-- groupthink is members' tendency to accept ideas and information uncritically because of strong feelings of loyalty or single mindedness within the group. — Facilitate decisions— help group come up with decisions. — Help organize the group's presentation— — managing conflict -- —refer to ideas by topic, not by person— don't call it "Emma's plan" call it the email sending plan... —resolve conflicts quickly — —focus on tasks not disagreement-- — manage disruptive emotions— members feelings angry or upset — seek to create a diverse group atmosphere— group members with different ideas can tackle complex problems. heterogeneity- member differences homogeneity - member similarities

Types of presentation aids

1) The speaker- you yourself can be an effective visual aid- if you need to demonstrate something. 2) assistants- ask someone to help you demonstrate something. 3) objects- any object can be your visual aid 4) visual images- a picture can be worth a thousand words SUCH AS — a map- geography — photograph or a drawing — diagrams— it is a drawing that details an object or action and the relationship among its parts 5) graphs- is a visual representation of the relationship among different numbers, measurements, or quantities — line graph— uses lines plotted on vertical and horizontal axes to show relationships between two elements — bar graph— consists of parallel bars of varying height or length that compare several pieces of information . — pie chart— also known as a circle graph, is used to show how percentages and proportions relate to one another and add up to a whole. 6) text based visuals - — verbal chart— arranges words in a certain format, such as bullet points or columns — flowchart— a text based visual that demonstrates the direction of information, processes, and ideas. 7) audio and video-

Mediated speech- keeping audience members engaged

1) ask rhetorical questions 2) increase the variety of supporting materials 3) keep it simple and relevant 4) Highlight takeaways. — takeaway — is a memorable phrase or sentence that captures the essence of your speech and can be repeated at key points in the speech.

Conducting library research

1) books 2) Periodicals - a publication that appears at regular intervals for example, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annually. such as: scholarly journals and news and topical interest magazines. —Peer review- an editor decides to publish only articles that are approved by other experts in the filed and that meet the publication's other requirements. — LOCATING APPORPRIATE PERIODICALS— a) consult general periodical index- online index are particularly helpful because they include full text source- a link to the complete text of the article in question. when they do not have full text, they provide an abstract- a summary of the article's content. b) use specialized periodical indexes- example: MEDLINE (medical journal), AGRICOLA (agriculture), Science Online.... c) ask your reference librarian for help 3) newspapers - have very current information. NY times, Wall Street Journal, and Washington Post. 4) reference works- is a compilation of background information on major topic areas. examples- a) encyclopedia- brief entries that provide background information. b) dictionaries - offer definitions c) quotation books- famous quotes d) atlas- maps, charts e) yearbooks- statistical abstract of the United States- social, political, economic topic. 5) government documents- use following recourses: a) catalog of US government publication b) FDsys- Federal digital system c) CQ electronic Library

guidelines for developing presentation aids

1) consider the forum- the location or forum- 2) consider your audience- consider the audience's demographics- their age, gender, and place of birth. and their prior exposure- 3) make sure your aids support your points 4) keep your aids simple and clear — keep your aids simple — test the size of visual aid — create contrast- light background, dark colors for text — test the legibility of visual aid- — test the volume and clarity of visual aid 5) make sure to rehearse with your presentation aids

interview sources: conducting an interview

1) explain the purpose of your interview 2) start with friendly, easy to answer questions. 3) take notes 4) stay focused 5) maintain eye contact 6) be open to new information 7) listen carefully 8) record the interview if your subject gives permission.

Refining your topic

1. Deciding on your rhetorical purpose- —your intended effect on the audience a) informing- when your purpose is informative, the message is educational and your objective is to increase the audience's understanding or awareness of your subject. b) Persuading- when your purpose is persuasive, you seek to convince audience members to consider or adopt a new position, strengthen an existing belief, or take a particular action. c) Marking a special occasion- when your purpose is marking a special occasion, you seek to honor that occasion by entertaining, inspiring, or emotionally moving your audience. 2. Narrow your topic- think about which aspects of your topic you want to cover in your speech: how will you narrow your topic so that you fulfill your rhetorical purpose? it is vital because- a) it allows you to fit your speech into the available time. b) helps you focus on your speech.

Situational audience analysis

Analyzing the audience in the moment

race

Common heritage based on genetically shared physics called characteristics of people in a group. Can affect how listeners respond to a speaker's message.

Selecting the best topic

Consider- 1. the assignment, 2. your audience, 3. your knowledge and interests, 4. The context of your speech- —- context - the occasion, surrounds environment, and situation in which you will deliver your presentation.

Ethnicity

Cultural background that is usually associated with shared religion, national origin, and language- is another important demographic aspect to consider because it can shape beliefs, attitudes, and values of audience members.

Audience disposition includes:

Disposition- audience's likely attitude toward your message Sympathetic audience - already agrees with your message and hold you in high personal steam and will therefore respond favorably to your speech Hostile audience - opposes your message or you personally and therefore will resist listening to your speech Neutral audience- has neither negative nor positive opinions about you or your message

Developing a set of potential topics

First step is to develop a diverse set of possibilities using the following strategies Research, brain storming, word association, and mind mapping. Each of these strategies encourage divergent thinking, meaning that your mind generates diverse and creative ideas. 1) research 2. Brainstorming 3. Word association 4. Mind mapping

advantages of mediated presentation

GENERAL ADVANTAGES- applies to both prerecorded and real time presentations. 1) flexibility- 2) savings- can save time and money. 3) audience size- not limited to the space ADVANTAGES TO PRERECORDED SPEECHES 1) Do-Overs- take two for your speech 2) Pause and rewind button 3)Option to save ADVANTAGES OF REAL-TIME TECHNOLOGIES 1) Audience Feedback- 2) Audience Interaction 3) Option to Save - often

location (forum)

Is the setting where your audience will be listening to your speech

Demographics

It can include age, gender composition, sexual orientation, race and ethnicity, religious orientation, socioeconomic background, and political affiliation

Guidelines for using supporting materials

REMEMBER TO: — use a variety of supporting materials — choose the most credible proof — appeal to different learning styles — avoid long lists — consider your audience — respect the available time

body clock (chronemics)

Refers to time of day or day of week when your audience members will be listening to your presentation

Gathering information about your audience

Surveying your audience Survey - is a set of written questions that you ask her audience to answer in advance of your speech 3 types of questions A fixed response question - such as true false, multiple choice, or select all that applies Scaled question - measures the intensity of feelings on a given issue by offering a range of fixed responses Open ended question - invites respondents to write an answer of their choosing, rather than offering a limited set of responses Interviewing your audience Considering and observing your audience

Prior exposure

The extent to which they have already heard your message. Has my audience heard this message before? Has my audience responded positively to the message? Why did the previous message fail?

research plan

a strategy for finding and keeping track of information to use in your speech 1) inventory your research needs- begin by determining your research objectives- the goals you need to accomplish with your research. 2) find the sources you need- use the help of research librarians- career professionals who are hired to assist students and faculty with their research. 3) keep track of your sources- essential to keep full citation of the work as evidence

using the internet to do research

benefits - convenient access to information on nearly any topic without leaving your desk. Libraries offer full text periodical and newspaper indexes. disadvantages- -most of knowledge is in printed books. -information online may not be credible. — Top level domain— the designation at the end of a web address. -a website name does not indicate credibility. evaluating credibility can be particularly difficult. increasingly online information is found on participatory (or social) media —— Wikipedia

delivering group presentation

common approaches to deliver your group presentation 1) symposium - when several or all group members speak to an audience in turn. -avoid speaking longer than your part -when done introduce the next speaker - has an intro, body, and conclusion. 2) panel discussion members engage in discourse with one another, observed by the audience. it usually requires: -moderator- monitors time, asks questions, ensures each members speaks. -a panelist- participant 3) single group representative one person responsible for presenting on behalf of the entire group.

Evaluating a source's credibility

credible source- one that can be reasonably trusted to be accurate and objective. To evaluate the credibility of a given source, examine four distinguishing characteristics. 1) Expertise- is the possession of knowledge necessary to offer reliable facts or opinions about the topic in question. 2) Objectivity- sources that demonstrate this have no bias- prejudice or partisanship that would prevent them from making an impartial judgement on your speech's topic. 3) Observation capacity- those that have this are able to witness a situation for themselves. for example: those that were in Nepal to analyze the effects of the 2015 earthquake. 4) Recency- or timeliness. Newer evidence is more reliable than older evidence. Select more current information.

supporting materials

different types of information you use to develop and support your main points.

challenges of mediated presentation

in person connection is missing Loss of naturalness our brains are hardwired for face to face interaction. The naturalness of a communication medium is determined by the extent to which it matches the features of face-to-face interaction. Key factors that contribute to feelings of naturalness include sharing the same space, sending and receiving messages quickly, and being able to send and receive both verbal and nonverbal expressions. Loss of immediacy less of a psychological link- speakers face a challenge establishing credibility. Decreased nonverbal communication- Diminished Feedback- Difficulty Managing Distractions- when speaking from a remote location audience members may be more likely to engage in multitasking. Technological Difficulties

presentation aid

is anything beyond your spoken words that you employ to help your audience members understand and remember your message. also known as audiovisual aids

Mediated delivery - 2 categories

prerecorded- aka asynchronous- mediated presentation is recoded by the speaker for later viewing by one or more audiences real time- aka synchronous- mediated presentation is delivered directly to the audience as the speaker presents the message from a remote location.

reflective thinking process

researchers have shown that it is a particularly effective approach for groups to use to make decisions 5 steps to the process 1) define the problem - must know exactly what you will be addressing 2) analyze the problem what are the primary aspects, which is most important to focus on 3) establish criteria for solving the problem most important factors when looking at solutions 4) generate possible solutions create a list of solutions 5) select the best solution

presentation software

sometimes referred to as slide ware- enables us to create, edit, and present information, usually in a slide-show format.

three types of member roles

task-oriented roles 1) initiators- suggest goals, offer ideas 2) information providers- offer facts- research or examples 3) information gatherers- ask others to share information or seek information out 4) elaborators- add supporting facts 5) clarifiers- make meaning of other's statements 6) evaluators- offer judgement 7) synthesizers- identify agreements and disagreements 8) recorders- take notes, track major decisions maintenance oriented roles help sustain and strengthen efficient and effective interpersonal relationships in a group 1) Harmonizers- decrease tension 2) compromisers- find common ground 3) encouragers- inspire others 4) gatekeepers- facilitate the exchange of information 5) norm facilitators- reinforce healthy group norms and discourage unproductive ones self-oriented roles- accomplish little for a group and are motivated by self's ends of individual members 1) Blocker - stops the group from moving forward 2) withdrawers- refuses to make any contributions 3) dominators- monopolize group interactions by interrupting others 4) distracters - the opposite of harmonizers -send the group in irrelevant directions with off topic comments or extraneous conversation

Toulmin Model of Argument

when trying to prove something to an audience--provide supporting data that offers a good reason for accepting the claim. this pattern of reasoning, first described by a British logician Stephen Toulmin.

paraphrase

you restate the author's information in your own words it is essential to paraphrase accurately- the words you use must correctly reprint the author's intent. power wording- reword evidence in a way that better supports your claim, but misrepresents the source's point of view.