Public speaking chapter 11

Signs a speaker is trying to deceive the audience

You may speak with a higher vocal pitch, talk slow, make many errors, blush, or sweat.

Volume

how loud your voice is, including breathing

Nondistracting(Natural gestures)

Is sometimes used instead of a word. They should be relaxed, and related to your speech(Ex. Your hands shouldn't be rigid, or behind your back, and you shouldn't be squeezing your arm). If done wrong, they could distract your audience. Don't use too much gestures, and keep them appropriate. Use the ones you know fit you the best.

Make the most of your rehearsal time

It is recommended to finish your outline by latest, two days before your speech(If you procrastinate, your speech won't sound good in front of the audience). Rehearse one last time right before you recite your speech. Every time you rehearse, set a stopwatch to make sure you've met the allotted time. Rehearse just like you're talking to the audience, with the proper eye contact, gestures, etc. It's good if you're able to recite your speech to someone else before the day of your speech(family member, friend, etc). It is also good if you record yourself rehearsing so you could see hoe your eye contact, and body language is.

Extemporaneous speaking(Four basic methods of delivery #4)

Knowing the main ideas in your outline, but not word-for-word. A disadvantage to this is that it takes a lot of time, and it's hard to deliver it well. However, your speech sounds organized, researched, and spontaneous.

Memorized speaking(Four basic methods of delivery #2)

Saying the speech without notes. A disadvantage to this is that you may forget some of your lines, and it would sound like you're saying it word for word. However, you can give eye contact, gestures, and move a lot because you're not looking from a script.

Articulation

saying clear, and distinct speech sounds(Ex. saying lemme instead of let me, or morin instead of morning). If you have trouble saying a word, practice it until perfect.

The best prediction of the effectiveness of the speech is...

the amount of time you prepare and rehearse

The 3 stages in your rehersal

1. Early rehearsal- Use as little notes as possible(Don't rely on them). 2. Later rehearsal- Don't try to memorize your speech. If you're using the same words over and over again, that's not a good sign. Think of other ways to say your ideas. 3. Final rehearsal- Use brief notes, and long quotes.

The four basic methods of delivery from which a speaker can choose

1. Manuscript speaking 2. Memorized speaking 3. Impromptu speaking 4. Extemporaneous speaking

The 4 Elements of a dialect

1. use proper speech(intonation) 2. say vowels clearly 3. say constants clearly 4. speak at the right speed(not too fast, and not too slow)

Lavaliere microphone

A microphone you can clip to your clothes, or worn around the neck.

Emotional Contagion Theory

A theory saying that we get other people's emotions. If you want your audience to feel a certain way, speak through that emotion.

Nonverbal Expectancy Theory

A theory that says if you didn't exceed the audience's expectations regarding the communication, you lost your audience.

Platform Conversation

Aka effective delivery. This means good eye contact, gestures, tone, and communication during your speech(This shows the audience you're interested in the topic).

Stationary microphone

Attached to a lectern, desk, or standing on the floor. Before your speech, make sure it works properly, and speak clearly, as it echoes, and could sound like you're mispronouncing words. You can also ask the audience if they could hear you.

Nonverbal communication

Communication besides for written, or oral that has a meaning. The way you act, or look during your speech has a big impression on the audience(ex. facial expressions, eye contact, posture, the way you hold your notes). 65% of your speech's social meaning is based on this. According to research, we connect emotion through this.

How should you dress for your speech?

Don't wear any picture shirts unrelated to your speech. Cover up tattoos, and piercings.

Characteristics of effective delivery

Eye contact, nondistracting(natural) gestures, movement(don't move too much), posture, vocal delivery, volume, vocal pitch, and clothing.

Preparing for a successful performance

Go to sleep early, arrive early, and think positive.

Boom microphone

Hangs over the speaker's head, and moves wherever the speaker moves.

Pitch

How high or low your voice is. It is recommended to vary your pitch during your speech, depending on the tone(S) of your speech.

Impromptu Speaking(Four basic methods of delivery #3)

Saying your speech without practicing. A disadvantage to this is that it's hard to do it perfect the first time, and it's hard to cite evidence, and supporting material. However, you can see the audience's reactions, and they get to see a speech spontaneously without preparation. Impromptu speeches are very brief(sometimes a few minutes).

Pronounciation

Sounds used to form words properly, and clearly.

How to have a good posture

Stand up straight, and make good eye contact(You don't need to be frozen).

Immediacy

The physical, or psychological closeness between people.

Dialect

The way words are said relating to an ethic group, or geographic region.

Immediacy behaviors

Things like eye contact, gestures, and moving your physical distance during your speech(Ex. standing or moving closer to the audience, eye contact, smiling at your audience, moving but not constantly, and a good posture).

Vocal delivery

When the audience sees you in person reciting your speech(The radio is not vocal delivery because we can't actually see the person). It includes pitch, speed rat, volume, and pronunciation.

Manuscript speaking(Four basic methods of delivery #1)

When you recite your speech from a prepared text. A disadvantage to this is that your speech won't sound good because you're reciting it word-for-word. It also requires more practice than usual to try to get the audience to understand you. However, by saying the message carefully, it could come out refined. To help you with your manuscript: Write where to pause on your speech, and type your speech into a short paragraph. Practice like you're delivering the speech.

How to prepare for Q&A after your speech

When you rehearse, think of questions in advance that the audience might ask. When someone asks you a question, say it to the audience so everyone hears the question. If someone asks you a question that is off-topic, think of a way to get back on topic. When you answer a question, say it to the whole audience, not just the person who asked it.

Inflection

When your pitch varies. It's recommended to record you saying your speech when you rehearse to help you(obviously you're not using it on the day you're delivering your speech). Sometimes, it's good to pause during thoughts in the middle of your speech(aka effective timing).