Public Speaking DE - Ch 12 Using Language

4 criteria for using language effectively for speeches

1) Accurately - be careful not to say a wrong word, ex: criminal prosecution not persecution 2) Clearly - must be immediately comprehensible 3) Vividly 4) Appropriately - occasion, audience, topic, speaker

What 4 usages of inclusive language have become so widely accepted that no speaker can afford to ignore them?

1) Avoid generic "he" - refer to both genders 2) Avoid use of "man" when referring to both genders 3) Avoid stereotyping jobs & social roles by gender 4) Use names that groups use to identify themselves

Why is it important to use inclusive language?

Because audiences expect public speakers to be mindful of different groups that make up our American society. def: does not stereotype, demean, or patronize ppl on basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors

How might you use denotative/connotative to convey your message most effectively?

D - informative C - persuasion

What is the difference between denotative and connotative meaning?

D - literal or dictionary meaning of word or phrase C - association or emotions triggered by word or phrase

How does language help create our sense of reality?

Gives events meaning and ppl can react differently

2 ways to bring your speeches to life w/ vivid, animated language

Imagery - use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas Rhythm - pattern of sound in speech created by choice & arrangement of words

Alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds of close or adjoining words Peter Piper Picked Pears Purposefully and Passionately

3 things you should do to use language clearly for speeches

Use familiar words - short & not long unless audience are already informed Choose concrete words - refer to tangible objects & not abstract unless to express ides or concepts Eliminate clutter - discourse that takes many more words than necessary to express idea

thesaurus

a book of synonyms

cliche

a trite or overused expression

Similie

an explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as," between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

metaphor

an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as", between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common

Repetition

reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences Ex: If not now, when? If not us, who?

Antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure Ask not what ur country can do for u, ask what u can do for ur country

Parallelism

the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences Ex: I speak as a Republican. I speak as a woman