Public Speaking Exam #3 (Chapters 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 & 19)

What are the 4 significant ways a speaker should use appropriate language? (Chapter 12: Using Language) (KNOW THESE!)

1. Appropriateness to the occasion 2. Appropriateness to the audience 3. Appropriateness to the topic 4. Appropriateness to the speaker

What are the 5 MAIN steps in "Monroe's motivated sequence?" (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action

What are the 4 MAIN ways to use inclusive language? (Chapter 12: Using Language)

1. Avoid the Generic "He" 2. Avoid the Use of "Man" When Referring to Both Men and Women 3. Avoid Stereotyping Jobs and Social Roles by Gender 4. Use Names That Groups Use to Identify Themselves

What are the 6 MAIN guidelines for speeches of introduction? (Chapter 18: Speaking on Special Occasions)

1. Be Brief 2. Make Sure Your Remarks Are Completely Accurate 3. Adapt Your Remarks to the Occasion 4. Adapt your Remarks to the Main Speaker 5. Adapt Your Remarks to the Audience 6. Try to Create a Sense of Anticipation and Drama

What are the 4 MAIN reasons listeners can be persuaded by a speaker? (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

1. Because they perceive the speaker as having high CREDIBILITY 2. Because they are won over by the speaker's EVIDENCE 3. Because they are convinced by the speaker's REASONING 4. Because their EMOTIONS are touched by the speaker's ideas or language

What are the 3 MAIN purposes a speaker should aim to accomplish in their speech of introduction? (Chapter 18: Speaking on Special Occasions)

1. Build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker 2. Build enthusiasm for the speaker's topic 3. Establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speaker's credibility

What are the 5 MAJOR categories of responsibilities within a small group? (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

1. Commit Yourself to the Goals Of Your Group 2. Fulfill Individual Assignments 3. Avoid Interpersonal Conflicts 4. Encourage Full Participation 5. Keep The Discussion On Track

What are the two MAIN factors of credibility? (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

1. Competence: How an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge on a subject. 2. Character: How an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness and concern for the well-being of the audience.

What are the 5 MAIN steps for the "Reflective-Thinking Method?" (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

1. Define The Problem 2. Analyze the Problem 3. Establish Criteria For Solutions 4. Generate Potential Solutions 5. Select the Best Solution

What are the 7 MAIN guidelines for presenting visual aids?

1. Display Visual Aids Where Listeners Can See Them 2. Avoid Passing Visual Aids Among the Audience. 3. Display Visual Aids Only While Discussing Them 4. Explain Visual Aids Clearly and Concisely 5. Talk to Your Audience, Not Your Visual Aids 6. Practice With Your Visual Aids 7. Check the Room and Equipment

What are the 4 MAIN major regional dialects used in the United States today? (Chapter 13: Delivery)

1. Eastern 2. New England 3. Southern 4. General American

What are the two major elements of "logos?" (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

1. Evidence 2. Reasoning

What are the 3 MAIN ways a speaker can enhance their credibility? (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

1. Explain Your Competence 2. Establish Common Ground With Your Audience 3. Deliver Your Speeches Fluently, Expressively and with Conviction

What are the 6 MAIN types of emotional appeals towards an audience? (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

1. Fear 2. Compassion 3. Pride 4. Anger 5. Guilt 6. Reverence

What are the 7 MAIN ways to practice for the question-and-answer session after a speech? (Chapter 13: Delivery)

1. Formulate Answers to Possible Questions. 2. Practice the Delivery of Your Answers 3. Approach Questions with a Positive Attitude 4. Listen Carefully 5. Direct Answers to the Entire Audience 6. Be Honest and Straightforward 7. Stay on Track

What are the 10 MAIN types of fallacies a speaker should guard themselves against? (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion) ***KNOW ALL OF THESE!!!

1. Hasty Generalization 2. False Cause 3. Invalid Analogy 4. Bandwagon 5. Red Herring 6. Ad Hominem 7. Either-Or 8. Slippery Slope 9. Appeal to Tradition 10. Appeal to Novelty.

What are the 3 MAIN types of credibility? (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

1. Initial credibility 2. Derived credibility 3. Terminal credibility

What are the 4 MAIN advantages of using the extemporaneous method when speechmaking? (Chapter 13: Delivery)

1. It gives more precise control over thought and language 2. It offers greater spontaneity and directness 3. It is adaptable to a wide range of situations 4. It encourages the conversational quality audiences look for in speech delivery

What are the 3 MAIN issues a speaker must face when analyzing questions of policy? (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

1. Need 2. Plan 3. Practicality

What are the 6 MAIN kinds of visual aids? (Chapter 14: Using Visual Aids)

1. Objects and Models 2. Photographs and Drawings 3. Graphs 4. Charts 5. Video 6. The Speaker

What are the 4 MAIN parts of the speaker's body often used to convert a message? (Chapter 13: Delivery)

1. Posture (Movement) 2. Gestures 3. Eyes (Eye contact) 4. Facial expressions (As well as appearance)

What are 5 types of presentation programs? (Chapter 14: Using Visual Aids)

1. PowerPoint 2. Prezi 3. Google (Docs, Slides or Drive) 4. Keynote 5. Zoho Show

What are the 7 MAIN guidelines for preparing visual aids? (Chapter 14: Using Visual Aids)

1. Prepare Visual Aids Well in Advance 2. Keep Visual Aids Simple 3. Make Sure Visual Aids are Large Enough 4. Use a Limited Amount of Text 5. Use Fonts Effectively 6. Use Color Effectively 7. Use Images Strategically

What are the 3 MAIN functions of leadership? (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

1. Procedural Needs 2. Task Needs 3. Maintenance Needs

What are the 4 BASIC methods of delivery? (Chapter 13: Delivery)

1. Reading from a manuscript 2. Reciting from memory 3. Speaking impromptu 4. Speaking extemporaneously

What are the 4 MAIN types of reasoning? (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

1. Reasoning from Specific Instances 2. Reasoning from Principle 3. Causal Reasoning 4. Analogical Reasoning

What are the two types of speeches on questions of policy? (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

1. Speeches to Gain Passive Agreement 2. Speeches to Gain Immediate Action

Identify the 7 MAIN degrees of persuasion. (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

1. Strongly Opposed 2. Moderately Opposed 3. Slightly Opposed 4. Neutral 5. Slightly in Favor 6. Moderately in Favor 7. Strongly in Favor

What are the 8 Main factors to keep in mind when presenting an online speech? (Chapter 13: Delivery)

1. Understand the Special Nature of the Online Environment 2. Know Your Technology 3. Control the Visual Environment 4. Adapt Your Nonverbal Communication 5. Adjust Your Pacing for the Online Environment 6. Manage Q & A for the Online Environment 7. Rehearse for the Online Environment 8. Have a Backup Plan

What are the 3 MAIN ways to generate emotional appeal with the audience? (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

1. Use Emotional Language 2. Develop Vivid Examples 3. Speak with Sincerity and Conviction

What are the 4 MAIN tips for using evidence? (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

1. Use Specific Evidence 2. Use Novel Evidence 3. Use Evidence from Credible Sources 4. Make Clear the Point of Your Evidence

Define "thesaurus." (Chapter 12: Using Language)

A book of synonyms.

Define "extemporaneous speech." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.

Define "small group." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

A collection of three to twelve people who assemble for a specific purpose.

Define "monotone." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

A constant pitch or tone of voice.

Define "Hasty Generalization." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence. Example: "Throughout American history, all literary leaders have made excellent presidents, including Washington, Jackson and Eisenhower." (Speaker ignores negative president cases such as Grant and Buchanan)

Define "False Cause." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.

Define "Ad Hominem." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute. Example: 'The head of the commerce commission has a number of interesting economic proposals, but lets not forget that she comes from a very wealthy family."

Define "Either-Or." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist. Example: "The government must either raise taxes or eliminate services for the poor."

Define "Red Herring." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion. Example: "How dare my opponents accuse me of political corruption when we are working to improve the quality of life for all people in the United States."

Define "Bandwagon." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. Example: "The fact that over 75% of the population smoke cigarettes proves they must benefit your body."

Define "Appeal to Novelty." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old. Example: "Our church should adopt the 2011 New International Version of the Bible because it is 400 years newer than the King James Version."

Define "Appeal to Tradition." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new. Example: "I don't se any reason to abolish the electoral college. It has been around since the adoption of the U.S. Constitution in 1787, and we should keep it as long as the United states continues to exist."

Define "Slippery Slope." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented. Example: "Now that the TSA is allowed to use full body scanners and invasive pat downs before letting us through security, its only a matter of time before they strip-search every man, woman and child who wants to fly on a plane."

Define the "reflective-thinking method." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

A five-step method for directing discussion in a problem-solving small group.

Define "pie graph." (Chapter 14: Using Visual Aids)

A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns.

Define "line graphs." (Chapter 14: Using Visual Aids)

A graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space. (The most common type of graph used.)

Define "consensus." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

A group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group.

Define "implied leader." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

A group member to whom other members deter because of her or his rank, expertise or other quality.

Define "emergent leader." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

A group member who emerges as a leader during the group's deliberations.

Define "dyad." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

A group of two people.

Define "metaphor." (Chapter 12: Using Language)

A implicit comparison, NOT introduced with the words "like" or "as," between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common. Example: "America's cities are the windows through which the world looks at American society."

Define "brainstorming." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

A method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts.

Define "comparative advantages order." (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

A method of organizing persuasion in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

Define "problem-cause-solution order." (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies the problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Define "Monroe's motivated sequence." (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization and action.

Define "problem-solution order." (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem. Example: Becase phony pharmaceuticals are a serious problem in the United states, Congress should pass legislation ensuring that the medications we buy are safe. (Central Idea)

Define "pause." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech.

Define "vocalized pause." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh," "er," and "um."

Define "designated leader." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

A person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed.

Define "speech to gain passive agreement." (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy. Example: To persuade my audience that a balanced budget amendment should be added to theU.S. Constitution.

Define "speech to gain immediate action." (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy. Example: To persuade my audience to donate to charity once a month.

Define "symposium." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

A public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topic.

Define "question of fact." (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. Example: What college team has won the most games since the year 2000?

Define "question of value." (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. Example: Is solitary confinement morally justifiable? Is it morally justifiable to keep prisoners in solitary confinement for longer periods of time?

Define "question of policy." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

Define "question of policy." (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken. Example: Should the electoral college be abolished?

Define "hidden agenda." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

A set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole.

Define "problem-solving small group." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

A small group formed to solve a particular problem.

Define "impromptu speech." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation. Example: A coworker being called to "say a few words" to honor the CEO of a major corporation.

Define "oral report." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

A speech presenting the findings, conclusions, or decisions of a small group.

Define "online speech." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

A speech that has been created specifically for an audience that will view it online and in real time.

Define "speech of introduction." (Chapter 18: Speaking on Special Occasions)

A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience.

Define "manuscript speech." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience. Examples: A Pope's religious proclamation, an engineer's report to a professional meeting, or the President's message to Congress.

Define "commemorative speech." (Chapter 18: Speaking on Special Occasions)

A speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution or an idea.

Define "speech of presentation." (Chapter 18: Speaking on Special Occasions)

A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.

Define "speech of acceptance." (Chapter 18: Speaking on Special Occasions)

A speech that thanks for a gift, an ward, or some other form of public recognition.

Define "panel discussion." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

A structured conversation on a given topic among several people in front of an audience.

Define "cliche." (Chapter 12: Using Language)

A trite or overused expression. Example: "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again."

Define "dialect." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.

Define "chart." (Chapter 14: Using Visual Aids)

A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form.

Define "Invalid Analogy." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike. Example: "Employees are like nails. Just as nails need to get hit on the head to get them to work, so must employees."

Define "fallacy." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

An error in reasoning. Logicians have identified more than 125 different fallacies, but this chapter focuses solely on 10 types.

Define "simile." (Chapter 12: Using Language)

An explicit comparison, introduced with the words "like" or "as," between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. Examples: "Hungry as a bear" and "Busy as a bee."

Define "vocal variety." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness.

Define "inflections." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice.

Define "nonverbal communication." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

Communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than the use of words.

Define "maintenance needs." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

Communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group.

Define "eye contact." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person.

Define "clutter." (Chapter 12: Using Language)

Discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea. Example: Changing "an area that is" to "present day." (Simplifying the sentence to a more clear point)

True or false: Good delivery calls attention to itself. (Chapter 13: Delivery)

FALSE! Good delivery does not call attention to itself. Instead, it converts the speaker's ideas clearly, interestingly, and without distracting the audience.

True or false: Of all the kinds of public speaking, persuasion is the easiest and most simple.

FALSE! Persuasion is the most complex and the most challenging because you deal with challenges

True or false: The situation for an informative speech is partisan. (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

FALSE! The situation for an informative speech is nonpartisan, meaning the speaker's purpose is to inform without opinion or bias.

True or false: Persuasive speeches on questions of fact are organized in chronological order. (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

FALSE! They are ALWAYS organized in topical order, arranged in the formation of main points and sub-points.

Define "bar graph." (Chapter 14: Using Visual Aids)

Graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items.

Define "competence" in regards to credibility of a speaker. (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

How an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge on a subject.

Define "character" in regards to credibility of a speaker. (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

How an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness and concern for the well-being of the audience.

Define "inclusive language." (Chapter 12: Using Language)

Language that does not stereotype, demean or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation or other demographic factors.

Define "gestures." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech.

Define "conversational quality." Chapter 13: Delivery)

Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed.

Define "analogical reasoning." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second. Example: If you are good at tennis, you will probably be good at ping pong.

Define "reasoning from principle." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion. Example: 1. All people are mortal. 2. Socrates is a person. 3. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

Define "reasoning from specific instances." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion. Example: Facts: My physical education course last term was easy. My roommate's physical education course was easy. My brother's physical education course was easy. Conclusion: Physical education courses are easy.

Define "causal reasoning." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects. Example: There is a patch of ice on the sidewalk. You slip, fall and break your arm. You reason as follows: "Because that patch of ice was there, I fell and broke my arm."

Define "repetition." (Chapter 12: Using Language)

Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. Example: "If not now, when? If not us, who? If not together, how?" (Gordon Brown uses the repetitive statement of "if not.")

Define " alliteration." (Chapter 12: Using Language)

Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. Example: Petter Piper picked a set of pickled peppers. (Repetition of the "p" sound.)

Define "procedural needs." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

Routine "housekeeping" actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group.

Define "criteria." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

Standards on which a judgement or decision can be based.

Define "task needs." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

Substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task.

Define "evidence." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.

True or false: No matter the speaking situation, you need to make sure your goals are ethically sound and that you use ethical methods to communicate your ideas. (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

TRUE!

True or false: The situation for a persuasive speech is partisan. (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

TRUE! The situation for a persuasive speech is partisan, meaning the speaker tries to persuade the audience while painting an emotional bias or allegiance to a certain stance or opinion.

Define "leadership." (Chapter 19: Speaking in Small Groups)

The ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals of the group.

Define "pronunciation." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language.

Define "credibility." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

Define "terminal credibility." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech.

Define "initial credibility." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

The credibility of a speaker before he or she starts to speak.

Define "derived credibility." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything he or she says and does during the speech.

Define "need." (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from the current policy? Example: Is a need for more student parking on campus?

Define "pitch." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

The highness or lowness of the speaker's voice. Changes in pitch are known as "inflections."

Define "antithesis." (Chapter 12: Using Language)

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure. Example: "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." (Joh F. Kennedy)

Define "denotative meaning." (Chapter 12: Using Language)

The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase. Example: "School" means "A place, institution or building where interaction is given."

Define "volume." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

The loudness or softness of the speaker's voice.

Define "connotative meaning." (Chapter 12: Using Language)

The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase. Example: "School" might connote "personal growth, childhood friends, or a special teacher." (Positive connotation) For others, it might connate "frustration, discipline, and consequences." (Negative connotation.)

Defne "mental dialogue with the audience." (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

The mental give-and take between the speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

Define "logos." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker.

Define "ethos." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility. (Source credibility)

Define "pathos." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.

Define "burden of proof." (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

Define "rhythm." (Chapter 12: Using Language)

The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words. (Used often in poetry stanzas)

Define "articulation." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

The physical production of particular speech sounds. Example: the words "have to" been misarticulated as "hafta."

Define "target audience." (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

Define "persuasion." (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

Define "reasoning." (Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion)

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

Define "plan." (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with the current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem? Example: What can we do to get more student parking on campus?

Define "parallelism." (Chapter 12: Using Language)

The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Example: "Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman- it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself." (Elizabeth Cady Stanton.)

Define "rate." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

The speed at which a person speaks. (How fast or slow they talk.)

Define "kinesics." (Chapter 13: Delivery)

The study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication.

Define "practicality." (Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade)

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems? Example: Building a multilevel parking garage on campus would provide more student parking, but the cost would require a sharp increase in tuition.

Define the "generic 'he.'" (Chapter 12: Using Language)

The use of "he" to refer to both men and women.

Define "imagery." (Chapter 12: Using Language)

The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas. (Using descriptive adjectives)

Define "abstract words." (Chapter 12: Using Language)

Words that refer to ideas or concepts. Example: Humility, philosophy, or progress. (Concepts)

Define "concrete words." (Chapter 12: Using Language)

Words that refer to tangible objects. Example: Carrot, nose, and door. (Physical objects)