Public Speaking Final

• What is a general purpose?

"What is my objective in speaking on this topic?" - to inform - to persuade - to entertain

• What is the difference between a general purpose, specific purpose, and thesis statement?

- General purpose: 2 words: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain - Specific purpose: Lays out precisely what you want the audience to take away (learn or do) from your presentation - Thesis: Clearly expresses the central idea of your speech - different from specific purpose because specific purpose focuses attention on the outcome you want to achieve with the speech but the thesis statement concisely identifies to your audience, in a single sentence, what the speech is about

• What is a general/specific purpose?

- General purpose: answers the question "what is my main objective in speaking on the topic?" and is typically one of the 3: to inform, to persuade, to entertain - Specific purpose: lays out precisely what you want the audience to take away from your presentation and answers the question " what do you want the audience to learn/do/reconsider/agree with?"

• What are the different types of speech anxieties?

- pre-preparation anxiety: delay planning or miss something vital to the assignment - preparation anxiety: overwhelmed with time, planning, procrastination, and avoidance happens - pre-performance anxiety: speech isn't good enough, worry continues - performance anxiety: stage fright, not enough practice, or assignment is incomplete

• What are the main reasons why speakers should cite sources in their speech?

- Increase the odds that audience members will believe in your message - demonstrate the quality and range of your research to listeners - demonstrate that reliable sources support your position - avoid plagiarism and gain credibility as an ethical speaker who acknowledges the work of others - enhance your own authority - enable listeners to locate your sources and pursue their own research on the topic -alert listeners to key source information - establish the source's trustworthiness - qualify the source

• What is the difference between information, propaganda, misinformation, and disinformation?

- Information: data that is presented in an understandable context; raw and unprocessed facts; information is neutral - Propaganda: information represented in ways the provoke a desired response; purpose is to instill a particular attitude or emotion to gain support - Misinformation: refers to something that is not true (propaganda may include true information, misinformation does not) - Disinformation: deliberate falsification of information

• What goes into developing main points, gathering supporting material, and separating speech into its major parts?

- Main points: These are the primary pieces of knowledge or key claims and stated in the thesis (usually 2-3 main points) - Gathering supporting material: clarifies, elaborates, and verifies your main points - includes entire world of information (research to provide evidence for assertion and makes message more credible) - Separating Speech into its major parts: all speeches have introduction, body, and conclusion; develop each separately then bring them together with transitions (introduction serves to gain the audience's attention and interest by introducing the topic and speaking and alerting audience to the thesis; body contains speech's main points and subpoints, arranged to support the thesis; conclusion restates the speech thesis and reiterates how the main points confirm it)

• What is the difference between primary and secondary sources?

- Primary sources provide firsthand accounts or direct evidence of events, objects, or people - Secondary sources provide analysis or commentary about things not directly observed or created

• Define: Pronunciation, articulation, lazy speech

- Pronunciation: correct formation of word sounds - Articulation: clarity or forcefulness with which the sounds are made, regardless of whether they are pronounced correctly - lazy speech: poor articulation including mumbling, or slurring words together a a low level volume and pitch is that they are barely audible

• How does one strive for a unified, coherent, and balanced organization?

- Unity: contains only those points implied by the specific purpose and thesis statements; the thesis supported by main points, main points are strengthened by supporting points, and supporting points consist of carefully chosen evidence and examples. - Coherence: when it is organized clearly and logically, using the principles of coordination and subordination to align speech points in order of importance; the body should expand on the intro and the conclusion should summarize the body, etc; transition serve as bridges to establish coherance - Balance: appropriate emphasis or weight given to each part of the speech relative to the other parts and the theme; body is longest and intro and conclusion about same length; also ensuring each main point has the same amount of supporting points

• What goes into effective body language in public speaking?

- animate your facial expression - maintain eye contact - use gestures that feel natural - create a feeling of immediacy - stand straight

• What are some overused and trivial topics?

- drunk driving - health risks of cigarettes - how to change a tire

• What are the vital life skills that you gain with public speaking?

- gives you an edge professionally. it distinguished you form many sought after candidates and is often most important skill for new recruites - "soft skill" of public communication - enhances career as a student since all skills learned in this class, apply to all other classes in some way - find new opportunities for civic engagement; gives you voice to be heard as an engages citizen and learn "rules of engagement" - gain confidence

• What goes into selecting a topic?

- identify personal interests - consider current events and controversial issues - engage community (what do the people want?) - avoid "overused topics" - determine reason for speaking and the occasion

• What is an internal preview and internal summary?

- internal preview: within the body, to go from one main point to another (ex: now let's look to see how this is accomplished) - internal summary: draws together important ideas before the speaker proceeds to another speech point (ex: now that we've seen how they differ) *these are often used together

• What are the reasons why people experience public speaking anxiety?

- lack of positive experience - Feeling different - Being the center of attention

• How does one adapt to a diverse audience?

- treat listeners with respect and dignity and deliver message in culturally sensitive manner - cultural values related to personal relationships, religion, occupation, etc. (cultural values vary amongst countries so need to be familiar with difference and similarities to appeal to audience) - Focus on Universal Values: shared by all humans include love, truthfulness, freedom, unity, and respect for life

• What does it mean to analyze an audience?

-process of gathering and analyzing information about audience members including: attitudes (evaluation of people, ideas, etc.), beliefs (perception of reality), and values (judgements on what's good in life) - don't exclude people - prepare speech in ways that are meaningful to a particular set of audience members - audience-centered approach: selection and treatment of topic, making decisions to organize, word, and deliver, speech best suited for audience -adapt to audience psychology bu investigating their feelings and opinions and their feelings toward the topic - be aware of audience demographics including age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, religion, political affiliation, and gender

• What are the different parts of Marlow's Hierarchy of Needs?

1- Physiological Needs: to have access to basic sustenance including food, water, and air) 2- Safety Needs: to feel protected and secure 3- Social Needs: to find acceptance; to have lasting, meaningful relationships 4- Self-esteem needs: to feel good about ourselves, self-worth 5- Self-actualization Needs: to achieve goals; to reach our highest potential

• How does one gauge an audience?

1- "If the value fits, use it" - evoking some combination of the audience's attitudes, beliefs, and values in the speeches you deliver will make them more personally relevant and motivating 2- Gauge Listeners' Feelings toward the topic: If the topic new to the listeners (show how topic is relevant to them), if the listeners know relatively little about the topic (stick to basics and background info), if the listeners are negatively disposed toward the topic (don't challenge them and offer evidence they will accept), if listeners hold positive attitudes toward the topic (reinforce their attitudes), if listeners are a captive audience (motive them to pay attention by stressing what is important to them and keep it short) 3- Gauge Listener's Feelings toward you as a speaker (speaker credibility and identification with speaker and use inclusive language) 4- Gauge listener's feelings toward the occasion (captive audience vs voluntary audience)

• What are demographics and why do they matter in the speech process?

1- Age: each age group has its own concerns, psychological drives and motivations - generational identity 2- Ethnic or cultural background: understanding and sensitivity to the ethnic and cultural composition -co-culture (don't want to offend someone) 3- Socioeconomic Status: includes income, occupation, and education 4- Religion: many controversial topics due to religious orientation 5- Political affiliation: don't assume political beliefs and values 6- Gender: avoid gender stereotypes - gender is our social and psychological sense of ourselves as male or female 7- Group Affiliations: groups audience belong to reflect their interests and values

• What are the different forms of supporting material?

1- Example: typical instance of something and can include brief examples (single illustration to the point), extended examples (multifaceted illustrations of the idea, item, or event being described), or hypothetical examples (what you believe the outcome might be) 2- Share stories (most powerful at conveying a message and connecting with audience to help make sense of experiences and include plot, characters, setting, and some timeline - also anecdotes) 3- Use statistics accurately and ethically (quantified evidence including using frequencies to indicate counts, using percentages to express proportion, and using types of averages accurately)

• What goes into informative speaking?

1- Gain and Sustain Involvement (don't overwhelm audience) 2- Look for ways to increase understanding 3- subject matter of informative speeches 4- decide how to communication your information (definition, description, demonstration, explanation) 5- take steps to reduce confusion (use analogies to build on prior knowledge, counter faulty assumptions, and appeal to different learning styles) 6- arrange points in a pattern

• How does one explore topics for your speech?

1- Identify Personal Interests 2- Consider Current Events and Controversial Issues 3- Engage the Community: local interests 4- Steer clear of overused and trivial topics 5- Try Brainstorming to generate ideas 6- Utilize internet tools

• What are the different parts of a speech?

1- Introduction: establishes the purpose of the speech and shows it relevance to the audience 2- Body: presents main points that are intended to fulfill the speech purpose 3- Conclusion: brings closure to the speech by restating the purpose, summarizing main points, and reiterating the speech thesis and its relevance to the audience

• What are some important tips in designing presentation aids?

1- Keep the design simple (6 by 6 rule) 2- use design elements consistently 3- select appropriate typeface styles and fonts 4- use color carefully 5- consider subject interpretations of color

• What are the different types of organizations of the persuasive speech?

1- Problem-Solution Pattern: demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem and then to provide justification for a proposed solution (also includes problem-cause-solution pattern and problem-cause-solution-feasibility pattern) 2- Monroe's Motivated Sequence: 5 step sequence that begins with arousing listener's attention and ends with calling for actions; mostly effective with want audience to do something (5 steps: 1- attention 2- need 3- satisfaction(solution) 4- visualization 5- action) 3- Comparative Advantage Pattern: show how viewpoint or proposal is superior to one or more alternative viewpoints or proposals (advantage over alternative); most effective when audience is already aware of issue or problem and agrees that there is a need for solution exits 4- Refutation Pattern: similar to debate, addresses each main point and the refutes an opposing claim to your position; may influence audience members who either disagree with you or are conflicted about where they stand; mist refute strong (not weak) objections; use when you know counter argument is weak and vulnerable

• What are the different types of claims a speaker can make in a speech?

1- claim of fact: focus on whether something is or is not true or whether something will or will not happen; usually address issues for which 2 or more competing answers exist , for those or which an answer doesn't exist yet 2- claims of value: address issues of judgement; argue claims of value try to show that something is right tor wrong, good or bad, worthy or unworthy; evidence tends to be more subjective 3- Claims of policy: recommend that a specific course of action be taken or approved; the word "should" appears; proposing that certain better outcomes would be realized if the proposed conditions were met.

What are the parts of an introduction?

1- gain audience attention (tell a story, establish common ground, offer unusual information, pose a provocative question, use humor, use a quotation) 2- state the topic and purpose 3- establish credibility as a speaker 4- preview the main points 5- motivate the audience to accept your goals

• Name and explain the canons of rhetoric.

1- invention: discovering types of evidence and arguments 2- arrangement: organizing speech best suited for audience 3- style: use of language to express the speech ideas (ex: cursing or speaking in native language) 4- memory: practicing speech until delivery is artful 5- delivery: vocal and nonverbal behavior used when speeking

• How does one use convincing evidence in a speech?

1- offer secondary sources ("external evidence") 2- consider speaker expertise as evidence 3- offer evidence that appeals to audience needs and motivations

• What is the interactive communication process of public speaking?

1- source: sender who creates the message 1- encoding: sender is converting thoughts into words 2- receiver: audience 2- decoding: interpreting message - audience decode the meaning selectively based on their own experiences and attitudes 3- feedback: audience's response in both verbal and nonverbal 4- message: content - thoughts and ideas put into meaningful expressions in verbal and nonverbal 5- channel: way a speaker sends message (air, tv, phone, internet) 6- feedback loop: sender to encodes to transmits to channel to receiver to decode and interpret, back to sender and going in loop (this class focuses on encoding (public speaking) and decoding (giving feedback to speaker))

• What are the different methods of delivery?

1- speaking from manuscript: read a speech verbatim; restricts eye contact and bod movement and limit expressiveness in vocal variety and quality 2-Speaking from memory: oratory: commit entire speech, word for word, to memory (potential for disaster) 3- Speaking impromptu: delivery that is unpracticed, spontaneous, or improvised, involves speaking on relatively short notice with little time to prepare 4- Speaking extemporaneously: not memorizing or writing the speech word for word, you speak from an outline or key words and phrases that isolates the main ideas to be communicated (most preferred bc is natural in delivery and allows for flexibility)

• What are the different categories of the informative speech?

1- speeches about people 2- speeches about current or historical events 3- speeches about concepts 4- speeches about issues 5- speeches about processes 6- speeches about objects or phenomena

• List out delivery cues

1- transitions 2- timing (pause, slow down) 3- speaking rate/volume (slowly, louder) 4- presentation aids (show model, slide 3) 5- source (oral citation) 6- statistic 7- quatation

• What are the different types of outlines used in public speaking?

1- working outline: preparation and rough outline; to organize and firm up main points and with the research you've gathered, develop supporting points to substantiate them; should contain the entire speech 2- speaking outline: used to practice and actually present the speech; is working outline is condensed form and are much briefer 3-sentence outline format: each main and supporting point is stated in sentence form as a declarative statement 4- phrase outline: uses partial construction of the sentence for of each point 5- key-word outline: used the smallest possible units of understanding to outline the main and supporting points (use to just remind you of what to say - best for optimal eye contact)

• How does one motivate and appeal to an audience using persuasive speaking?

1-Appeal to what motivates audience members: Motives arise from needs and desires that we seek to satisfy; if audience is rewarded in some way, they are likely to accept change 2- Appeal to audience members' needs: essential levels vs higher levels 3- encourage mental engagement: central processing vs peripheral processing; also consider cultural orientaion

• What are the parts of a conclusion?

1-signal end of the of the speech and provide closure 2- summarize the key points 3- reiterate the topic and speech purpose 4- challenge the audience to respond 5- make conclusion memorable

• What is an oral citation and how is it done?

An oral citation credits the source of speech material that is derived from other people's ideas. They do not need be include a complete bibliographic reference; must not interrupt the flow. Includes the following: 1- the author or origin of the source 2- the type of source 3- the title or a description of the source 4- the date of the source

• What is speech outlining?

An outline is a plan for arranging the elements of your speech of your thesis; based on coordination and subordination; the logical placement of ideas relative to their importance to one another - coordinate points are of equal importance and are indicated by their parallel allignment - subordinate points are given less weight than the main points they support and are placed on the right of the points they support - Working outline (complete sentences) vs. speaking outline (brief and use words or short phrases only)

• What does it mean to qualify a source?

A simple and straightforward way to demonstrate a source's credibility is to include a brief description of the source's qualifications to address the topic along with your oral citation. This will allow the audience to put the source in perspective. To see how you can orally cite sources in ways that listeners will accept and believe in them.

• What is the definition of public speaking anxiety?

A situation specific social anxiety that arises from anticipating giving an oral presentation

• Why are values, attitudes, and beliefs important to address to an audience?

Because audience members tend to evaluate information in terms of their own point of view rather than the speaker's. You make want your audience to support a cause, but unless you know something about their perspectives on the topic, you wont be able to appeal to them effectively - Attitudes: general evaluations of people, ideas, objects, or events - Beliefs: the ways in which people perceive reality - Values: our most enduring judgements about what's good in life, as shaped by our culture and our unique experiences within in.

• What is brainstorming and how is it done?

Brainstorming is a method of spontaneously generating ideas through word association, topic mapping, or internet browsing using search engines and directories. 1-Word Association: write down one topic that might interest you and your listeners then jot down the first thing that comes to mind related to it and repeat this process until you ave 15-20 items then narrow down the list to select a final topic 2- Topic (mind) mapping: lay out words in a diagram form to show categorical relationships among them by putting a potential topic in the middle and branching in bubbles from there

• List the strategies to build your confidence.

Build Confidence - prepare and practice: start assignment head of time, practice well and often, ask questions and perform in front of others - modify thoughts and attitudes: positive thoughts and breathing lowers heart rate, speech is worthwhile and beneficial to you, treat it as a "verbal assignment" that you care about - Visualize success: summon feelings and actions consistent with successful performance, imagine yourself enjoying the stage and others will follow

• Know the following patterns of arrangement: Chronological

Chronological pattern = temporal pattern -follows natural sequential order of the topic under consideration; describe a series of events or time; or follow set of instructions

• Define the classical appeals.

Classical persuasive appeals include logos, pathos, and ethos 1- Logos: reason and logic: refer to persuasive appeals directed toward audience's systematic reasoning on a topic; can evoke logos in speech with evidence and reasoning within argument 2- Pathos: emotion: feelings such as love, compassion, anger, and fear underlie many of our actions and motivate us to think and feel as we do; helps establish a personal connection with the audience and make claims more relatable; also provoke emotion though imagery and stories and emotionally charged words and repetition; cannot rely on emotion only 3- ethos: speaker credibility: audience perception of the speaker's competence, character, and concern for the audience (higher credibility is perceived as more truthful)

• How does one refer to their sources orally?

Clearly identify the source of your information and provide enough context (including approximate date of publication) to accurately interpret it

• What does it mean to be a critical consumer of online information?

Discerning the accuracy of content; ask self "Who put this information here and why did they do so?What are the source's qualifications? Where is similar information found?" - Recognize propaganda, misinformation, and disinformation - Use Watchdog sites to check facts

• What goes into effective delivery?

Effective delivery is the controlled use of voice and body to express the qualities of naturalness, enthusiasm, confidence, and directness. 1- strive for naturalness: act naturally, not theatrically 2- show enthusiasm: inspire listeners by showing enthusiasm for your topic and for the the occasion; help you feel good about your speech and focuses audiences attention 3- project a sense of confidence: focus on the ideas that you want to convey rather than on yourself; inspire audience's confidence in you by being appearing confident to them 4- be direct: engage directly with audience members and show your interest and concerns for listeners by establishing eye contact, using a friendly tone of voice and facial expressions

• Explain what extemporaneous speaking is? How is it used?

Extemporaneously speaking: - you prepare and practice in advance - not memorized or writing speech word for word but speak from outline of key words and phrases -most conducive to achieving natural, conversational quality and is most prefered - present without manuscript or memorization which give flexibility to adapt to speaking situation (able to modify wording, rearrange points, omit information, etc) - allows for more eye contact, movement, and better control of thoughts and actions

• What is an argument and what goes into it?

In a persuasive speech, one or more arguments serve as the framework for the speaker's appeals. An argument is a stated position, with evidence and reasoning in support of it. The core elements of an srgument consist of claim, evidence, and warrants. 1- claim: states the speaker's conclusion about some state of affairs; answers the question "What are you trying to prove?" 2- Evidence: supporting material providing ground for belief; answer the question "what is your proof for this claim?" 3- warrant: provides reasons or justifications for why the evidence supports the claim; it allows audience members to evaluate whether in fact the evidence is valid for the claim, or warranted

• Define: Intonation

Intonation: the rising and falling of sound across phrases ad sentences - way you say a word invokes different connotation - conveys mood, enthusiasm, concern, and commitment - prevents from being monotone

• How are main points defined in the textbook and what goes into them?

Main points express the key ideas of the speech. Their function is to represent each of the major ideas or claims being made in support of the speech thesis. To create main points, identify the most important ideas you want to convey. - restrict the number of main points - restrict each main point to a single idea - use the purpose and thesis statements as guides

• What is an outline?

Outlines provide a framework for your speech materials and a blueprint for your presentation. An outline separates main and supporting points into larger and smaller divisions and subdivisions. Plotting ideas into hierarchical fashion based on their relative importance to one another and using indentation to visually represent this hierarchy will allow you to examine the underlying logic and relationship of ideas to one another.

• Define: Pauses

Pauses: enhance meaning by providing a type of punctuation, emphasizing a point, drawing attention to a though, or just allowing listeners a moment to contemplate what is being said

• Define: Pitch

Pitch: the range of sounds from high to low (partially determines by sex)

• What is a presentation aid, what are the different types?

Presentation aid can be an object, model, picture, graph, chart, table, audio, video, or multimedia. Visual reinforcement to help listeners understand and retain information that is otherwise difficult to time-consuming to explain in words. 1- Props and models: props = an object, inanimate or live, that helps demonstrate the speaker's points; model = 3D, scale size representation of an object 2- Pictures: 2D and include photos, line drawing, diagrams, maps, and posters 3- Graphs, charts, and tables: represents relationships among 2 or more things, visually organizes complex information into compact form, and groups data to allow viewers to visualize information quickly 4- audio, video,and multimedia: motive attention and help to move among and clarify points; digital storytelling

• What is reasoning?

Reasoning: process of drawing conclusions rom evidence 1- deductive reasoning: begin with general case supported by one or more specific examples of he case, which leads to the conclusion (syllogism - if you accept the general and specific cases, you must accept the conclusion) (hasty generalization: logical fallacy that an isolated case is true for all individuals or conditions concerned) 2- inductive reason: specific to general: build from specific cases to a general case or claim supported by them; offers evidence that points to a conclusion that appears to be, but is not necessarily true; 2 forms include: 1- casual reasoning: the speaker offers a cause and effect relationship as proof of the claim, arguing that once event, circumstance, or idea is the reason for another 2- reasoning by analogy: speaker compares two similar cases and implies that what is true in once case is true in another

• What is rhetoric? Oratory?

Rhetoric = oratory = practice of giving speeches (making effective speeches, usually persuasive nature)

• Define:Speaking rate

Speaking rate: pace at which you convey speech (need happy medium to keep audience interested or able to follow)

• What is persuasive speaking?

To persuade is to advocate, to asked others to accept your views. A persuasive speech is meant to influence audience members' attitudes , beliefs, values, and/or behavior by appealing to some combination of heir needs, desires, interests, and even fears. You aim to produce some shift in the audience's emotions and reasoning about an issue - to arouse involvement and perhaps motivate action for an issue or a cause, or to strengthen beliefs about an certain controversy. Ultimate goal is to reinforce, stimulate, or change the audience's attitudes and beliefs about the issue in question to more closely match that of your own.

• What are the different library portals that Pierce College offers?

Subject guide: Comm studies - EBSCO host - CQ Researcher - Opposing Viewpoints

• What is supporting material?

Supporting material is relevant, motivating, and audience-centered and in the form of examples, stories, testimonies, facts, and statistics. They illustrate and elaborate upon your ideas, provides the audience with evidence for your arguments, and engages them in the topic.

• What does it mean to use supporting points in your main points?

Supporting points organize the evidence you have gathered to explain or justify the main points. Use your research and put in order of importance.

• What are transitions and what do they consist of?

Transitions are words, phrases, or sentences that tie the speech ideas together and enable the listener to follow the speaker as they move from one point to another. Can take the form of full sentence, phrases, or single words - full sentence transitions: moving from one main point to the other - use internal previews and summaries as transitions (preview statement in intro, internal preview, and internal summary)

• What is a presentation aid?

Use of visual, audio, or both to help the audience understand points

• Know the following patterns of arrangement: Spatial

Use spatial when describing the physical arrangement of a place, a scene, or an object, logic suggests that the main points can be arranged in order of their physical proximity or direction relative to one another

• Define: Vocal fillers

Vocal fillers: need to avoid because unnecessary and undesirable (um, like, uh, etc) - appear unprepared and cause audience members to be distracted by message

• Define:Volume

Volume: the relative loudness of a speaker's voice while delivering a speech, is usually most obvious vocal element we notice about a speaker - proper volume is louder than normal conversation and depends of size of room and audience, use of microphone, and background noise

• What is a warrant?

Warrant: provides reasons or justifications for why the evidence supports the claim; it allows audience members to evaluate whether in fact the evidence is valid for the claim, or warranted. 1- Motivational warrants: offers reasons targeted at the audience's needs and emotions (pathos); are implied rather than states outright 2- Authoritative warrants: appeals to the credibility the audience assigns to the source of the evidence; this appeal is bases on ethos; the success or failure rests on how highly the audience regards the authority figure 3- substantive warrants: targets the audience's faith in the speaker's factual evidence as justification for the argument; based on logos; appeals to the audience's rational thinking; includes warrant by cause and warrant by alalogy

• What does it mean to "enlighten rather than advocate"?

Whereas a persuasive speech would seek to modify attitudes or ask an audience to adopt a specific position, an informative speech stops short of this. Yet there are always elements of persuasion in an informative speech, and vice versa. Nerveless, if you keep in mind the general speech purpose of sharing knowledge and deepening understanding, you will be able to deliver a speech whose primary function is to enlighten rather than to advocate.

• What does it mean to practice speech delivery?

You will want to feel and appear natural and that is best achieved with rehearsing both verbal and nonverbal delivery - practice often (at least 6 times)

• What goes into a call to action?

asking audience members to do something in conclusion = call to action - make an explicit appeal to take the specific action - lower barriers to action by telling the audience precisely what they need to do to accomplish the act and remind them of the benefits to themselves of taking the action

• Know the following patterns of arrangement: Cause-effect

cause - effect; topic has multiple causes for a single effect or a single cause for multiple effect (ex: events leading to g=higher interest rates, reasons students drop out of college, effects of skipping vaccinations)

• Define: Dialects

dialects: sub cultural variations on the preferred pronunciation and articulation of its languages (be sure audience is able to understand you)

• What is nonverbal communication?

nonverbal communication: body movements, physical appearance, and qualities of voice (audience responds to visual cues too and is vital to plan and practice)

Know the following patterns of arrangement: Problem-Solution

organizes main points to demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem followed by a proposed solution; most often used in persuasive speeches

• What does it mean to be audience-centered?

preparing a presentation that your audience will want to hear

• Know the following patterns of arrangement: Narrative

storytelling is often a natural and effective way to get your message across; consists of a story or series of short stories complete with character, setting, brief plot, and vivid imagery

• What is the definition of audience analysis?

the process of gathering and analyzing information about audience members attributes and motivations with the explicit aim of preparing your speech in ways that will be meaningful to the,. *single most critical aspect of preparing for any speech

• Know the following patterns of arrangement: Topical

use when each of the main points is a subtopic or category of the speech topic; each main point is is of equal importance