Public Speaking Final Exam

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Types of Informational Speeches

-Definition: These explanations constitute an extended definition, one that is richer and more meaningful than a dictionary explanation. That is what a definition speech is all about giving an extended definition of a concept so that the listeners get a full, richly detailed picture of its meaning. -Description: A description speech paints a vivid picture of a person, a place, an object, or an event. As with all speeches, a description speech should make a point. -Process: A process speech covers the steps or stages by which something is done or made. (perform/demonstration speech & how to -Explanation: (sometimes called an oral report or a lecture) involves explaining a concept or a situation to the audience. -Guidelines for Informative Speaking Relate the Speech to the Listeners' Self-Interest, Make Information Interesting, Avoid Information Overload, Tailor Information for Each Audience, Use the Familiar to Explain the Unfamiliar, Help Listeners Remember Key Information,

Meetings

A meeting is often the best way for small groups to plan and carry out their collective work. Most meetings are unproductive and a waste of time. To have a productive meeting, group leaders and participants should follow well-established principles of effective group communication, as explained below. -Responsibilities of Leaders Need for meeting, Members know purpose and scope, set agenda and length of meeting, timely, set tone, keep minutes, guide don't dominate discussion. -Responsibilities of Participants Prepare for meeting, arrive early, be respectful, participate, have courage to disagree, don't have a personal agenda, don't have private conversations. -Reflective-Thinking Method Define problem, Analyze problem, Establish criteria for evaluating a solution, generate possible solutions, choose best solution, implement the solution, evaluate the solution.

Toasts

A toast is a short tribute spoken as glasses are raised to salute people, occasions, or things. Strive for sincerity, warmth, and brevity. Don't read a toast. Avoid all forms of teasing Browse the Internet for ideas.

the importance of organization

A well-organized speech is easier to understand. A well-organized speech is easier for the audience to remember. A well-organized speech is more likely to be believed.

Speech to Entertain

An entertaining speech provides amusement or diversion for the audience. It can be given in any setting, the primary goal is not to persuade or inform but to create an interesting diversion—an enjoyable experience—for the audience.

Motivated Sequence

Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization and Action

Speech of Acceptance

Brief, Thank the organization giving you the award and recognize the work it is doing, Thank those who played a part in your achieving the honor.

Organizational Patterns

Chronological Pattern: arrange your main points in a time sequence Spatial Pattern: organize items according to the way in which they relate to each other in physical space—top to bottom, left to right Cause-Effect Pattern: concern with why something happens or happened—a cause-effect relationship Problem-Solution Pattern: concerned with why something happens or happened—a cause-effect relationship Topical Pattern: divide your central idea into components or categories, using logic and common sense as your guides.

Selecting Support Materials

Examples, narratives, testimony, and statistics—to develop and amplify your main points

Wedding Speeches

Focus on couple, brief < 3min, don't embarrass anyone, use poem, video or quote if appropriate, End with toast

Guidelines for Long Presentations

Invite audience participation. Use visual aids whenever possible. Give coffee breaks or stretch breaks at regular intervals. Call on people at random. Encourage listeners to take notes

devising main points

Limit the Number of Main Points, Restrict Each Main Point to a Single Idea, Avoid Announcements, Customize Points for Each Audience, Use Parallel Language Whenever Possible

Getting Audience to Act

No matter how much you want audience action, don't browbeat, manipulate, or beg. Don't single out and embarrass those listeners who decline to take action. Listeners who feel pressured might become so resentful that they will decline to support your cause simply out of spite.

Patterns of Organization

Organizing a speech effectively can enhance your persuasiveness.

Types of Persuasive Speeches

Persuasive speeches can be categorized according to two objectives: (1) to influence thinking and (2) to motivate action. Sometimes these categories overlap; for example, you often have to influence thinking before you can motivate action.

Strive to Improve Communication Skills

Seek opportunities for speaking. The best way to improve your skills is to actually give speeches, so look for opportunities in your career and in your community. An excellent place to practice is in a Toastmasters club, where your speaking skills will be critiqued in a friendly, supportive atmosphere. To find the name, specific website, and phone number of the club nearest you, visit www.toastmasters.org. Be a lifetime student of public speaking. You can improve your own speaking skills by studying the speechmaking of others. Whenever you listen to a speech, make notes on what does and doesn't work. Which delivery techniques were effective? Which were ineffective? What speech material seemed to please the listeners? What seemed to bore them? Keep your notes in a file for future reference so that you can profit from both the successes and the failures of others.

Creating the body

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to be cautious in donating to charity Next, ask yourself, "What is my essential message? What big idea do I want to leave in the minds of my listeners?" The answer is your central idea. This central idea is your speech boiled down to one sentence. It is what you want your listeners to remember if they forget everything else. The next step is to ask yourself this question: "How can I get my audience to understand and accept my central idea?" The best way to get the central idea across to your audience is to develop and drive home a few main points that are based on the central idea

Simplifying the Process

Survey all your material. Bring together and examine your personal observations, interview notes, research notes, and visual aids. Choose an organizational method. Three options are recommended: Computer entries. Sticky notes. Index cards. All three options give you flexibility. You can easily move items around, add extra material, and delete unimportant points. Items can be spread out in full view—computer entries on a screen, sticky notes in file folders, and index cards on a tabletop. This procedure lets you see the "big picture"—the overall architecture of your speech. Limit each note to just one idea. To make the method work effectively, you must use a separate computer entry, sticky note, or index card for each point. This will make it easy to move items around. Experiment with different sequences. Try several ways of arranging your material until you find a good sequence, a smooth flow that will be easy for the audience to follow.

Types of Group Presentations

Three popular ways of presenting are the team presentation, the symposium, and the panel discussion. -Team Presentations, Designate Roles, Prepare Content, Plan Your Time, Practice, Practice, Practice, Get Feedback during a Practice Session, Prepare for the Question-and-Answer Period, Plan for Emergencies, Support One Another, Listen to the Presentation Attentively

Goals of persuasive speaking

Win over your listeners. In some cases, your objective may be to convince your audience to adopt your view. For example, you could use a persuasive speech to convince your audience to donate blood. Know your subject thoroughly. You will have little chance of persuading listeners if you are not perceived as knowledgeable and competent with regard to your topic. Develop as much expertise as possible by doing careful, extensive research. Maintain a high standard of ethical behavior. Avoid any degree of manipulation and deceit. Use supports (such as examples and visual aids) that are accurate and truthful, and don't exaggerate or use half-truths. Be forthright in revealing to the audience your true goals and motives, and do not guilt your audience.

supplying transitions

Words, phrases, or sentences that show logical connections between ideas or thoughts are called transitions. They help the listeners stay with you as you move from one part of your speech to the next. Bridges, Internal Summaries, Signposts, Spotlights

Problem- Solution Pattern

You show that a problem exists, and then you present the solution. This pattern is especially effective when listeners either don't know about the problem or don't know how serious it is.

Eulogies

a speech of praise for a friend, relative, or colleague who has died. A eulogy should be dignified, without exaggerated sentimentality. If it is appropriate, you may use humor, such as anecdotes.

Panel Discussion

a team converses on a topic in front of an audience. A panel is usually made up of three to eight members and is led by a moderator. A common pattern is for panelists to give a brief opening statement and then discuss the subject among themselves, with the moderator guiding the flow. At the end of the discussion, the audience is usually invited to ask questions.

Speech to Influence Thinking

an effort to convince people to adopt your position on a particular subject. If some listeners agree with your ideas even before you speak, your job is to reinforce what they already think

Organizing Main Points

chronological, spatial, cause-effect, problem-solution, and topical.

Speech of Introduction

designed for one speaker to introduce another to an audience.

Statement-of-Reasons Pattern

gives reasons for the speaker's argument. It can be used for any persuasive speech, but it is especially useful when the audience leans toward your position yet needs some justification for that leaning.

Symposium

is a series of brief speeches on a common topic, each usually discussing a different aspect of the topic.

Inspirational Speech

is to stir positive emotions—to help people feel excited, uplifted, and encouraged.

Speech of Tribute

praises or celebrates a person, a group, an institution, or an event. It conveys gratitude, respect, or admiration.

Speech of Presentation

should include the following elements: (1) any background information that would help the audience understand the purpose of the award, (2) the criteria used for selecting the recipient, and (3) the achievements of the recipient.

Comparative-Advantages Pattern

to show that your recommended solution is superior to others.

Speech to motivate action

tries to win people over to your way of thinking, but it also attempts one of the most challenging tasks of persuasion: getting people to take action. Your goal is to get listeners to respond in one or more of these ways: start a behavior, continue a behavior, or stop a behavior.


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