Public Speaking :////////

1. How can a speaker use language to move an audience? Be able to define and provide examples for the different types of device that produce (1) imagery and (2) rhythm.

A speaker may use stylistic devices such as vividness and rhythm. Examples of vividness (imagery) include description, stories, comparisons (simile and metaphor), sounds, personification. Examples of rhythm include repetition, parallel wording, antithesis, alliteration

1. Why are transitions necessary in a speech?

A transition is a phrase or sentence that indicates that a speaker is moving from one main point to another main point in a speech. Basically, a transition is a sentence where the speaker summarizes what was said in one point and previews what is going to be discussed in the next point

1. What is the difference between a voluntary audience and a captive audience?

A voluntary audience gathers because they want to hear the speech, attend the event, or participate in an event. A classroom audience, in contrast, is likely to be a captive audience. Captive audiences are required to be present or feel obligated to do so.

1. What is inclusive language? Why is this concept important for public speakers?

Inclusive language avoids placing any one group of people above or below other groups while speaking. As such, speakers need to think about how they refer to various groups within society.

The following is what type of transition? "To review, we've just learned that UGA students are high-achieving and goal-oriented."

Internal preview

1. How does a speaker determine their main points?

Once you've identified your specific purpose, you can now start thinking about the best way to turn that specific purpose into a series of main points. Remember, your main points are the key ideas that help build your speech, so there should only be about 2 or 3.

1. How is oral language different from written language?

Oral and written language does not function the same way. Oral language is designed to be listened to and to sound conversational, which means that word choice must be simpler, more informal, and more repetitive. Written language uses a larger vocabulary and is more formal

What tips does the book provide for using notes in a speech?

Write a short-phrase outline on 4 × 6 notecards to use when you deliver your speech. Only include key points, not full sentences.

1. What is the three step process for incorporating verbal citations into a speech? Be able to describe each step in detail. What information should you include about your source? (also in textbook)

a) Setup: explains who the speaker or author is and provides the name of the source and other relevant bibliographic information to the audience b) Execution: the actual delivery of the support c) Analysis: explains how an audience should interpret the support provided

1. List and provide examples of the different techniques for helping your audience through your speech

a. Internal preview: a phrase or sentence that gives an audience an idea of what is to come within a section of a speech b. Internal summary: delivered to remind an audience of what they just heard within the speech c. Signpost: a guide a speaker gives her or his audience to help the audience keep up with the content of a speech

False Cause

mistakes correlation or association for causation, by assuming that because one thing follows another it was caused by the other.

Either-or/False Dilemma

implies that one of two outcomes is inevitable,The speaker is trying to lead you to their position (so really you have only one choice)

non sequitur

in a general sense any argument which fails to establish a connection between the premises and the conclusion may be called a non-sequitur.

1. What are the benefits of visual aids?

- Add interest and emotional appeal - Enhance speaker credibility - Improve comprehension and retention - Advance arguments

1. According to your book, how can you avoid offending your audience with your language?

- Be accurate; present the facts accurately - Be aware of the emotional impact; make sure that you don't manipulate feelings - Avoid hateful words; refrain from language that disparages or belittles people - Be sensitive to the audience; know how audience members prefer to be identified

Epideictic Speech

- Build or reaffirm a sense of community by strengthening the bonds between speaker and listener and strengthening the bonds among listeners

1. When should a speaker use a visual as an aid in their speech?

- Clarify a verbal point - Reinforce a verbal point - Advance an argument - Enhance speaker's ethos

Vividness

- Description - Stories - Comparisons (simile and metaphor) - Sounds - Personification

1. What are ethos, pathos, and logos? How can a speaker incorporate each into his or her speech?

- Ethos = to convince an audience of the author's credibility or character - Pathos = to persuade an audience by appealing to their emotions (ex: fear, compassion, pride, anger, etc.) - Logos = the appeal to logic, means to convince an audience by use of logic or reason

How can you enhance credibility?

- Explain your competence - Establish common ground/identification - Deliver speech fluently and with conviction

1. What are the 5 components of an introduction?

- Gain audience's attention right away - State purpose - Establish credibility - Provide reasons to listen - Preview main ideas

1. What are common errors people make when giving commemorative speeches? What can they do to avoid making these errors?

- Inappropriate use of emotion - Inappropriate use of humor - Lack of supporting material - Lack of detail in supporting material - Trite examples - Fuzzy link between virtue and supporting material - Inside jokes

Examples of Rythm

- Repetition - Parallel wording - Antithesis - Alliteration

1. What are the 3 components of a conclusion?

- Signal end - Summarize main ideas (reiterate thesis) - Emphasize strong finish: memorable (mic drop) ending

1. What mistakes do speakers tend to make using visuals and how can they avoid making these mistakes when using PowerPoint?

- Unnecessary - Too small - Too little explanation - Not professionally created - Distracting design - Too many words - Left up too long or passed around that classroom

What can you do about PSA

1. Participate in class activities 2. Prepare a good speech and practice 3. Welcome negative feedback Be a good audience member

What are the 3 steps in the verbal citation process?

1. Set-up 2. Execution 3. Analysis

What are the 3 steps in the verbal citation process?

1. Set-up 2. Execution Analysis

What questions should you ask of examples/stories to test their strength when used to support a claim?

1. Are they representative of the phenomenon? 2. Are there enough of them?

What are 3 questions a speaker should ask of its personal experience supporting material before using it to support a claim?

1. Are you sure your memory is reliable? 2. Is your experience generalizable? Will others interpret it in the same way?

List 2 common mistakes people make when creating and using visual aids in a speech

1. Unnecessary 2. Too small 3. Too little explanation 4. Distracting design 5. Too many words 6. Left up too long

In the introduction of her speech, Nadia admitted that she chose her topic because she thought it would be easy to research. How does this affect her credibility?

Audiences want you to care about your topic

Bill, a lawyer from Greensboro is coming to class to encourage you to volunteer with local organizations after graduating. He will have to establish ______________ with the audience before they will be receptive to his message

Common ground (identification)

"Are you sure the audience shares it and are you sure it is correct" are two questions you should ask of this type of supporting material

Common knowledge

Ethos is the combination of a speaker's _______ and _______

Competence (good will) and Character (good sense)

Ethos refers to the speaker's _________

Credibility

Your strongest source of emotional appeal comes from _______

Delivery. You should speak with sincerity of conviction

Stories and examples that are more_____ are more effective at appealing to emotions than those that are ______

Detailed/specific; vague

Pathos refers to that ___________ in a persuasive message.

Emotional appeal

According to Aristotle, persuasive speeches need _________, _________, and _________

Ethos, pathos, and logos

Caylen is giving a speech about sorority recruitment. She has witnessed the process for 4 years. How can she establish her credibility in the introduction?

Explain her experience that makes her competent

Which fallacy? "The Civil Rights Movement was largely a speech oriented movement. A lot of people participated in boycotts."

Non sequitur

What are 2 things a speaker can do to reduce communication anxiety before a speech?

Practice, think positively, prepare, focus on audience, positive visualization, and practice in the room you'll speak in

What Supporting Material? Because it is easy to improperly interpret them, this type of evidence should be used with caution and in conjunction with other evidence.

Statistics

Commemorative Speech

the purpose is to inspire your audience by heightening their appreciation of your subject

How can a speaker use vivid language? Be able to define and provide examples for the different types of device that produce imagery and rhythm.

Vivid language helps listeners create mental images. It involves both imagery (e.g., concreteness, simile, and metaphor) and rhythm (e.g., parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and assonance). - Concreteness: specific rather than general or abstract - Simile: a comparison using like or as (ex: Love is like a battlefield) - Metaphor: when one of the comparison items is said to be the other (ex: Love is a battlefield) - Parallelism: parallel fashion of items in a sequence (ex: Give me liberty or give me death) - Repetition: creates rhythm by repeating a phrase - Alliteration: repeating two or more words in a series that begin with the same consonant (ex: happy, healthy, and hopeful) - Assonance: gets its rhythm from repeating the same vowel sounds with different consonants in the stressed syllables (ex: mad as a hatter)

Which Fallacy? "Some say that Representative Brown's proposal to reduce University spending is first rate, but don't forget, he never attended college himself."

ad hominem or non sequitur

Ad hominem

an arguer attacks the person instead of the argument

Invalid analogy

assumes that because two things, events, or situations are alike in some known respects, that they are alike in other unknown respects

red herring

attempting to hide a weakness in an argument by drawing attention away from the real issue. A red herring fallacy is thus a diversionary tactic or an attempt to confuse or fog the issue being debated.

Hasty generalization

bases an inference on too small a sample, or on an unrepresentative sample. Often, a single example or instance is used as the basis for a broader generalization

bandwagon

concluding that an idea has merit simply because many people believe it or practice it

slippery slope

suggests that if one step or action is taken it will invariably lead to similar steps or actions, the end results of which are negative and undesirable

Fallacy

• An error in reasoning • An error in logic

Epideictic Speaking (powerpoint)

• Build or reaffirm a sense of community by: - Strengthening the bonds between speaker and listener - Strengthening the bonds among listeners • Depends on the speaker's ability to craft words and images that capture the occasion - move the audience

What are the benefits and drawbacks for each of the major delivery styles?

• Impromptu Speaking - Impromptu speaking is the presentation of a short message without advance preparation - Impromptu speeches often occur when someone is asked to "say a few words" or give a toast on a special occasion • Extemporaneous Speaking - Extemporaneous speaking is the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes - By using notes rather than a full manuscript, the extemporaneous speaker can establish and maintain eye contact with the audience and assess how well they are understanding the speech as it progresses - This is the style most speeches call for • Speaking from a Manuscript - Manuscript speaking is the word-for-word iteration of a written message - The speaker maintains his or her attention on the printed page except when using visual aids - It is useful when a message needs to be delivered in precise words • Speaking from Memory - Memorized speaking is the rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to memory - You might end up speaking in a monotone or a sing-song repetitive delivery pattern

Commemorative Speech Pitfalls

• Inappropriate use of emotion • Inappropriate use of humor • Lack of supporting material • Lack of detail in supporting material • Trite examples • Fuzzy link between virtue and supporting material • Inside jokes

Guidelines for a Powerpoint

• Only use when absolutely necessary - Clearly and concisely explain the visual • Use designs to engage, not distract - No dancing words or pictures • Place blank slide between slides • Give credit to your sources • Practice! - Talk to your audience not the visual aid

Commemorative Speaking

• Tribute speech/praise • Not a memorial speech; it is a tribute speech • Fundamental purpose: to inspire your audience by heightening their appreciation of your subject • Organized around the subject's virtues • Specific incidents, examples, and stories support the virtues • Focus on the subject, not yourself