Public Speaking Mid-Term

Ethnocentrism

- The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures Avoid: -Speakers need to adapt their messages to the values and expectations of their listeners. -Avoid ethnocentrism when listening to speeches. When you listen to a speaker from a different cultural background, be on guard against the temptation to judge the speaker on the basis of his or her appearance or manner of delivery

Nervousness and How to deal with it

-Aim at transforming it from a negative force into what one expert calls positive nervousness 1-Acquire Speaking Experience 2-Prepare, Prepare, Prepare 3-Think Positively 4-Use the Power of Visualization 5-Know That Most Nervousness Is Not Visible 6-Don't Expect Perfection -Don't think of yourself as having stage fright. Instead, think of it as "stage excitement" or "stage enthusiasm." 11 It can help you get focused and energized

Four types of listening

1- Appreciative listening: Listening for pleasure or enjoyment. 2- Empathic listening: Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker. 3- Comprehensive listening: Listening to understand the message of a speaker. 4- Critical listening: Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it.

Guidelines for Ethical Speaking

1- BE COURTEOUS AND ATTENTIVE 2- AVOID PREJUDGING THE SPEAKER 3- MAINTAIN THE FREE AND OPEN EXPRESSION OF IDEAS

Methods of Organization

1- Chronological: A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern. 2- spatial order: A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern. 3- casual order: A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship. 4- Problem-Solution Order: A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem. 5- Topical Order: A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.

Develop the Speech

1- Focusing Your Topic 2- Developing Your Topic

Four Parts of an Introduction

1- Get the attention and interest of your audience. 2- Reveal the topic of your speech. 3- Establish your credibility and goodwill. 4- Preview the body of the speech.

Practicing Delivery

1- Go through your preparation outline aloud to check how what you have written translates into spoken discourse. 2- Prepare your speaking outline. 3- Practice the speech aloud several times using only the speaking outline. 4- Now begin to polish and refine your delivery. 5- Finally, give your speech a dress rehearsal under conditions as close as possible to those you will face in class.

Organize the Speech

1- Introduction: The opening section of a speech. 2- Body: The main section of a speech. 3- Conclusion: The final section of a speech

Guidelines for Ethical Speaking

1- MAKE SURE YOUR GOALS ARE ETHICALLY SOUND 2- BE FULLY PREPARED FOR EACH SPEECH 3- BE HONEST IN WHAT YOU SAY 4- AVOID NAME-CALLING AND OTHER FORMS OF ABUSIVE LANGUAGE 5- PUT ETHICAL PRINCIPLES INTO PRACTICE

Four Causes of Poor Listening

1- NOT CONCENTRATING 2- LISTENING TOO HAR 3- JUMPING TO CONCLUSIONS 4- FOCUSING ON DELIVERY AND PERSONAL APPEARANCE

Similarities between public speaking & conversation

1- Organizing your thoughts logically 2-Tailoring your message to your audience 3-Telling a story for maximum impact 4-Adapting to listener feedback

Aspects of the speaker's body

1- Personal appearance 2- Movement 3- Eye contact 4- Gestures

Delivering Your Speech

1- SPEAKING EXTEMPORANEOUSLY: A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes. 2- REHEARSE THE SPEECH

Speech Communication Process

1- Speaker: The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener 2- Message: Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else. 3- Channel: The means by which a message is communicated 4- Listener: The person who receives the speaker's message 5- Feedback: The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker 6- Interference: Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners 7- Situation: The time and place in which speech communication occurs.

Presenting the Speech

1- Starting Your Speech 2- Gestures 3- Eye Contact 4-use your voice expressively 5- deal with nerves

How to Become a Better Listener

1- TAKE LISTENING SERIOUSLY 2- BE AN ACTIVE LISTENER: Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view. 3- RESIST DISTRACTIONS 4-DON'T BE DIVERTED BY APPEARANCE OR DELIVERY 5-SUSPEND JUDGMENT 6- FOCUS YOUR LISTENING 7- DEVELOP NOTE-TAKING SKILLS

Two Parts of a Conclusion

1- To let the audience know you are ending the speech. 2- To reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea.

Aspects of Speaker's Voice

1- Volume: The loudness or softness of the speaker's voice. 2- Pitch: The highness or lowness of the speaker's voice. 3- Rate: The speed at which a person speaks. 4- Pauses: A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech. 5- Vocal Variety: Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness 6- Pronunciation: The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language. 7- Articulation: The physical production of particular speech sounds 8- Dialect: A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.

Methods of Delivery

1- reading verbatim from a manuscript: A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience 2- reciting a memorized text 3- speaking impromptu: A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation. 4- speaking extemporaneously: A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

Choosing a Topic (Brainstorming)

Brainstorming: A method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas. 1- Personal Inventory 2- Clustering 3- Internet Search

Speaking Outline (Everything)

Define: A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech. Guidelines: 1- Follow the Visual Framework Used in the Preparation Outline 2- Make Sure the Outline Is Legible 3- Keep the Outline as Brief as Possible 4- Give Yourself Cues for Delivering the Speech Example: I. 1840-1860 A. World Anti-Slavery Convention B. Seneca Falls convention 1. Lucretia Mott 2. Elizabeth Cady Stanton 3. Declaration of Sentiments II. 1900-1920 A. National American Woman Suffrage Association 1. Founding 2. Objectives B. Nineteenth Amendment 1. Campaign 2. Ratification

Preparation Outline (Everything)

Define: A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech. Guidelines: 1-State the Specific Purpose of Your Speech 2- Identify the Central Idea 3- Label the Introduction, Body, and Conclusion 4- Use a Consistent Pattern of Symbolization and Indentation I. Main point A. Subpoint B. Subpoint 1. Sub-subpoint 2. Sub-subpoint a. Sub-sub-subpoint b. Sub-sub-subpoint II. Main point A. Subpoint 1. Sub-subpoint 2. Sub-subpoint B. Subpoint 1. Sub-subpoint 2. Sub-subpoint 5- State Main Points and Subpoints in Full Sentences 6- Label Transitions, Internal Summaries, and Internal Previews 7- Attach a Bibliography 8- Give Your Speech a Title, If One Is Desired

Phrasing the Central Idea (Guidelines)

Define: A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech 1- should be expressed in a full sentence 2- should not be in the form of a question 3- should avoid figurative language 4- should not be vague or overly general

Determining Specific Purpose (tips)

Define: A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech. 1- Write the Purpose Statement as a Full Infinitive Phrase, Not as a Fragment 2- Express Your Purpose as a Statement, Not as a Question 3- Avoid Figurative Language in Your Purpose Statement 4- Limit Your Purpose Statement to One Distinct Idea 5- Make Sure Your Specific Purpose Is Not Too Vague or General

Connectives

Define: A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them. 1- TRANSITIONS: A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another. 2- INTERNAL PREVIEWS: A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next. 3- INTERNAL SUMMARIES: A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points. 4- SIGNPOSTS: A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.

Three Types of Plagiarism

Define: Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own. 1- GLOBAL PLAGIARISM: Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own. 2- PATCHWORK PLAGIARISM: Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own. 3- INCREMENTAL PLAGIARISM: Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people.

Determining General Purpose

Define: The broad goal of a speech 1- to inform: you act as a teacher or lecturer. 2- to persuade: you act as an advocate or a partisan

What is good delivery?

Good delivery does not call attention to itself. It conveys the speaker's ideas clearly, interestingly, and without distracting the audience. Most audiences prefer delivery that combines a certain degree of formality with the best attributes of good conversation—directness, spontaneity, animation, vocal and facial expressiveness, and a lively sense of communication.

Main Points (number)

No more than four or five main points, and most speeches will contain only two or three.

Ethics

The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.