Public Speaking Midterm

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the dialogue theory of public speaking, proposed by Ronald Arnett and Pat Arneson?

Approaching public speaking as dialogue is more likely to alienate the audience.

There are five important factors to consider when creating a logical outline. One is _______ which requires you maintain grammatical requirements for subject-verb agreement, and a consistent organization pattern and language.

Consistency

If your audience analysis shows the listeners will be a homogeneous audience, you don't need to worry about audience diversity.

False

_________ creates relatively stable proofs because they involve measuring, weighing, and observing physical components to create databases of properties and statements of fact. In short, anything that can be expressed as a number or quantified.

Hard or quantitative science

Most communication problems involving language are caused by _____________. As a public speaker, you can avoid these problems through effective audience analysis.

Individuals assigning different connotative meanings to the same words or phrases

A(n) ____________ is an attempt to change how someone thinks or feels about a topic, generally to change individual behavior.

Persuasive

Research is usually organized into two categories. _________ is conducted to find or revise facts, theories, and applications reported by researcher(s) other than the one(s) conducting the new research. It is the most common type of research conducted.

Secondary research

Analyzing gender, age, income, marital status, race and other demographic factors is ______________.

a demographic analysis

One way to clarify a description of an abstract idea is to use one of four types of illustrations or examples in your speech. You could use __________ to explain what something is NOT so the audience can contrast it against your proposed idea.

a nonexample

Audience analysis that considers characteristics related to a specific speaking situation is ______________.

a situational analysis

_________ listeners focus on what the speaker wants and are eager to get to the bottom line. They appreciate a clear message describing what needs to be done.

action-oriented

As an audience member, listening to and critiquing other student speeches, you should be __________________.

actively focused during speeches, with attention on the speaker to understand the meanings he/she expresses

If you need help with research, a librarian can ________________. A) help you select the best resources for your project B) help you improve your research skills C) give you an in-depth consultation D) all of these statements are true

all of these statements are true

Outlines help you to __________. A) all of these statements are true B) help you remember and focus on the central message in your speech C) reduce the amount of research by helping you focus D) organize and test speech components

all of these statements are true

Using ____ in a speech involves finding words and terms that are suitable or fitting for the speaker, the audience, the speaking context and the speech itself.

appropriate language

Modern, living languages _________ than any ancient languages for which we have written text.

are often much more complicated in their grammatical forms

It is easier to conduct research when you are prepared. Which of the following is NOT effective research preparation?

arrange to meet a librarian so you can shift the responsibility to someone else and delay speech preparation.

"My sister Sally sells sea shells by the seashore" is an example of ____________.

assonance

You can improve you ______________, or your ability to focus on something, through practice.

attention span

As you write your first outline, review your work regularly for _____________, with each main point equally important and with about the same number of supporting points in each main point.

balance and proportion

Theoretically, a persuasive speaker can change audience behavior by changing individual ____________, or the propositions or positions a person holds to be true or false without positive knowledge or proof.

beliefs

There are three categories of public speaking and any speech _________________.

can have elements of all three

Your main point or take-home message in the conclusion should create ___________ by coming back to the initial thesis statement in the introduction, thus providing your initial argument or statement.

circular journey

In public speaking, support (or a source) is used to __________ content so the audience has a clear mental picture of the point the speaker wants to make.

clarify

A _________ belief is a belief that people are actively engaged in and have created across their lifetimes.

core

Weinstein defined 'expertise' as someone with skills in one of two categories: ________________ in or about a specific field or ___________ in an area.

demonstrable skills; knowledge

One way to analyze an audience is through ____________ by watching as people arrive to studying their nonverbal communication and interactions.

direct observation

Deliberately taking facts or information out of context to purposefully reshape the original meaning to serve your own ends is _____________.

distortion

Use a ______ to develop your speech content. You begin with a speech purpose and thesis statement, then add main points with sources and citations.

draft outline

Because people form opinions quickly, a speaker must _____________ to appear credible.

dress and behave comfortably, to appear at ease

Which statement is NOT true about listening? Listening is ________________.

effortless

A(n) __________ speech is designed to distract the audience from their everyday lives. It can be funny or serious, but the context or theme requires emphasis on audience enjoyment.

entertaining

Aristotle referred to what we now call credibility as __________ or appearing to the audience as honest and having the best interests of the audience at heart.

ethos

Stages of listening have been identified to help understand the listening process. One stage identified by Jacob DeVito is _______________ or judging the message, a process that can vary between listeners based on their personal experiences.

evaluating

If your speech involves abstract ideas, you can use __________ to make the idea more concrete to the audience. A(n) _________ is a problem, story or specific situation created to illustrate a principle, phenomenon or method.

example

When selecting a speech topic, try to find a controversial topic you know your audience will care passionately about and argue for the popular side. You can reinforce their established beliefs and be assured of supportive listeners.

false

The history of written language shows that ____________.

fewer than half of modern, living languages do not have writing, and experts don't always know if the writing system is widely used

A(n) _________ compares two objects or ideas from different groups to highlight similarities or differences. While they can create vivid images, listeners might dismiss them as unrealistic and they don't offer support from solid evidence.

figurative analogy

Interviews are usually conducted as one-on-one or as a _______________ where you gather a group of people from the proper demographic, so they can answer questions and you can watch their interactions.

focus group

As citizens we need to know the protections and limitations given us by ____________ so we can be articulate speakers and critical listeners when important issues are discussed in our communities.

free speech

If you want to re-cite someone else's sources in your speech, (for example, by citing a source you found in the footnotes of your textbook) you need to ______________.

go to the original source and read the section carefully before deciding to paraphrase or quote from either of the authors.

Saylor describes three divisions of rhetoric based on three classes of speech listeners, drawn from the three elements of speech making- speaker, subject, and person addressed/hearer. The _________ can judge about things past or future and observe the speaker's oration skills.

hearer

Good listening skills help you to build public speaking skills by ______________.

helping you understand how others form arguments and present information

Being ___________ with an audience requires using logical arguments supported by facts from clearly stated sources to build a trusting relationship with them.

honest

Willingness to listen to dissenting messages even when we disagree with the speaker's message ________________.

honors our right to free speech

Mikhail Bahktin said human interactions take place based on cultural norms and rules. Therefore __________________.

how we engage others depends on speaking contexts and social situations.

You can use several methods to find an appropriate speech topic. Which of the methods below is NOT described in the Saylor text?

ignore speech constraints when you first consider speech topics, then use the constraints to narrow your search

The dialogue theory of public speaking recognizes that contexts and social situations ______________ perceived meanings.

impact

To give a successful ________________ speech, the speaker must select and remain focused on one main point, thank the person who invited the speaker, cover that point as briefly as possible, say thanks (again) for the opportunity to speak, then sit down.

impromptu

Public speaking has been used across history to find and bring to light situations of ______________ within our society. Many social justice movements have started when young speakers decided to stand up for what they believe is fair and just.

inequality and injustice

Ethical concerns in public speaking involve both listeners and speakers. Tilley proposed a structured approach using her ethics pyramid, which involves three basic concepts: _________________________.

intent, means, and end

Research is fun because _________________.

it can lead to new ideas and activities

There are four types of definitions you can use to clarify or identify ideas that are critical for your audience to understand, so they can follow your reasoning. A __________ definition specifically states how a word is used in a specific language, as in a dictionary definition.

lexical

"Listening" and "hearing" are not the same things, ___________ is purposeful and focused while __________ is an accidental and automatic brain response to sound.

listening; hearing

When writing your note cards, plan to put _________ on the middle cards.

main points with key words and phrases, citations for sources and properly cited quotes

Speech delivery should be selected based on the needs of the speech. For example, ___________ or ____________ delivery works best if the wording of the speech is important, such as sharing quotes, lists of figures or other detailed information, but requires a skilled, experienced speaker.

manuscript; memorized

The tools and behaviors we use to reach a desired outcome are the _______________ we use.

means

For a(n) __________ speech, the speaker gives a rote recitation of a written message the speaker has committed to memory.

memorized

Modern public speaking scholars generally classify speech types into three general purposes. Which of the following is NOT one of those speech purposes?

misdirect

Anything that interferes with ability to attend to and understand message is called _________.

noise

O'Hair, Stewart, and Rubenstein identified common speech topics for informative speeches. Speeches about ___________ can include how things are designed, how they function, and what they mean.

objects

While ________ is listed as one of the six language elements a speaker can use to manage audience perceptions, it should be used carefully because it can focus audience attention on your word usage and away from your message.

obscenity

Use effective evaluation criteria when selecting support for your speech. One type of support is to use ________ with considerable knowledge of a topic or considerable skill in a field.

one or more authorities; people

Research is like a black hole. It can consume as much of your time and energy as you are willing to invest. Which of the following is NOT a suggestion to help you efficiently review the most sources?

pay someone else to do the research for you. Heck, ask someone else to write your speech.

The term "meanings are in people, not words" means __________________.

people must agree on the meaning of words for communication to take place

Stories a speaker uses to persuade the audience to accept or reject a specific attitude, value, belief or behavior are _________________.

persuasive narratives

One of the principles of argumentation, ___________, is a statement designed to provide evidence, or support.

premise

Outlines allow you to develop a creative, thoughtful, well-organized speech by ________________.

providing a structure for you to build your ideas into a creative, coherent speech

For your persuasive speech, you are expected to give a speech based on the ____________ for ethical reasons.

pure form of persuasion

There are two main categories of persuasion, determined by the intent of the speaker. In _____________ the speaker urges listeners to engage in particular behavior or to change their perspective on an issue because the person sincerely believes this change is in the best interests of the audience members.

pure persuasion

One of the four primary constraints to public speaking is ___________, or why the speaker is giving a speech. It could be to inform, persuade or entertain an audience.

purpose

It is important to ______ as you build your speech outline.

read your speech out loud and make corrections so the words come naturally to you

The MLK speech, "I have a dream," was given at the Lincoln Memorial on August 1963. In the speech, King repeated the phrase, "I have a dream" eight times. What rhythmic linguistic device was he using?

repetition

One of the three functions of research is __________ or accumulate information about a topic and report to others.

reporting

A research project is a big undertaking so it is important to have a ________ to guide you from developing your thesis statement and through initial research to your final decision regarding which sources, images and quotes to use.

research strategy

One function of research, _______________, is to reconsider existing facts, theories and applications to improve old discoveries.

revision

You can use _______ to create patterned, recurring variance of sound or speech elements to create cadence to your language.

rhythm

Noise is organized into four categories. ____________ happens when a listener is confused by the speaker's intended meaning and struggles to understand the message .

semantic noise

The process of abstraction or moving from words that represent concrete objects to those that represent a concept or idea, allows ___________.

some properties or meanings to be altered or lost and new ones added

When we consider the desired outcome of the ethical pyramid, we need to consider the ___________ and _____________of the message or behavior because an outcome can be good for one but not the other.

source or speaker/receiver or audience

Developing a speech moves through three main stages. In the ___________ stage, you sit down and begin to develop your speech. Generally, you should plan for one day of work for each minute you are speaking.

speech preparation

Some linguists argue that _________ is the primary advancement that allowed our prehistoric ancestors to flourish and succeed.

the acquisition of language skills

If you urge a group of people to take action you need to be sure you understand or at least consider ____________.

the consequences

Public speaking is ________________.

the process of designing and delivering a message to an audience.

When writing your note cards, plan to put ________ on the first card.

the thesis statement and key components of the introduction

One primary speech constraint is the _________, or how long the speaker can talk.

time frame

Consider your audience analysis when deciding how complicated a topic should be, how to clarify key points, and how to define new terms.

true

Speakers should be able to adapt to audience needs by assuming each audience member has a personal frame of reference, or perceptual filter. One way is by remaining alert to audience reactions while giving the speech.

true

When writing and delivering a speech, speakers must remember that audiences are diverse in more than racial or ethnic differences. Be respectful and assume some differences are not obvious.

true

Giving equal support to all your main points, or _________, is one of the five important factors to consider when you create a logical outline.

uniformity