Public speaking quiz
Schemes-
artful variation of usual world order
Where transitions are used
Used between paragraphs to connect two ideas
Questions to think about when making an audience analysis
Who are my readers? How do I define them in terms of age, economic and social class, gender, education, and so forth? What typical attitudes or stances toward my topic do they have? What in their background or daily experiences helps to explain their point of view?
transitions
a phrase or sentence that indicates that a speaker is moving from one main point to another main point in a speech.
Pathos
emotional appeal and is used to persuade an audience by purposely evoking certain emotions to make them feel the way the author wants them to feel.
the five canons of Rhetoric
invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery.
Deductive reasoning
is a logical approach where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusions.
Inductive reasoning
is arguments that persuade by citing examples that build to a conclusion.
Ethos
is how the speaker tries to show the audience that he or she is reliable, credible, and trustworthy. Ethos is credibility.
Biographical
generally used when a speaker wants to describe a person's life—either a speaker's own life, the life of someone they know personally, or the life of a famous person. By the nature of this speech organizational pattern, these speeches tend to be informative or entertaining; they are usually not persuasive.
Introduction format
I. Introduction A. Attention-Getter: Start with a shocking statistic on plastic waste. B. Relevance: Explain the environmental impact of not recycling. C. Thesis Statement: "Today, we'll explore the crucial role recycling plays in reducing environmental harm and conserving resources."
Trope examples:
Metonymy—substituting one term for another that is closely related to it. The pen is mightier than the sword. -Thomas Paine
Actuating speeches
Motivated sequence format
Scheme examples
Parallelism—using similar structures in phrases, words, or clauses that are paired or in a series Easy come, easy go
convincing speeches
Problem solution format
three organizational formats for persuasive speaking
Problem-solution, Comparative advantage, Motivated Sequence,
Trope examples:
Pun—a play on words Antanaclasis—repetition of a word in two different senses.If we don't hang together, we'll hang separately. -Benjamin Franklin
Biographical example
Purpose To inform my audience about the early life of Marilyn Manson I. Describe Brian Hugh Warner's early life and the beginning of his feud with Christianity. II. Describe Warner's stint as a music journalist in Florida. III. Describe Warner's decision to create Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids.
Trope examples:
Simile—explicit comparison between two unalike things. (Unlike metaphor, simile uses "like" or "as.") As quiet as a mouse.
Invention
The brainstorming, research, and planning stage of rhetoric. After selecting a topic, they might conduct research online to understand what others have said about that topic. May also include planning as a student creates a rough outline. A student must not only select a topic appropriate for their audience, but also research sources that will appeal to that audience.
Delivery-
Was the speaker truly "there" as himself or herself - present to and engaging with the audience? Did the speaker make eye contact with all of the audience?
What Are My Obligations As An Ethical Speaker? (to myself)
1.To myself To speak on subjects that genuinely interest me. To speak as myself, as in keeping with the occasion and topic, and not pretend to be someone I am not - or to have interests or expertise I do not possess. To welcome constructive criticism, and to admit errors of fact or reasoning when They are fairly pointed out.
Tropes
change from the usual and primary meaning of a word.
What Are My Obligations As An Ethical Speaker? (to others)
2.To others To take care that the information I present is accurate - and to know the sources from which I drew it. To recommend to others only actions which I myself have done or am going to do, and only beliefs to which I personally subscribe. To present my thoughts in my own language and not to present the words of others as though They were my own. To give others the benefit of my candid response to their speeches so that they might gain the information they need to improve.
Scheme examples
Antimetabole—repetition of words in reverse grammatical order in successive clauses. I am stuck on Band Aids and Bandaid's stuck on me. -Television commercial
Scheme examples
Antithesis—placing contrasts side by side, usually in parallel statements. Give me liberty or give me death!--Patrick Henry
Motivated Sequence outline
Attention This is the introduction and should have all of the components of a good introduction. The most important aspect of this part is to get the audience to attend to a problem. Need Explain what the problem is. Also see explanation of problem step for the problem-solution format. Satisfaction Preview a solution for this problem. This is also one of the shorter points in this format. Visualization Have the audience "visualize" the positive results which could occur by taking action. Actuate This is the conclusion. In this section, you should have a clear call for action. Specifically explain what you want the audience to do and how they can do it.
important elements in an introduction
Attention getter, Established credibility, Relate topic to audience, Clear Central idea (thesis), and Preview of main points.
audience analysis is and why you might want to use one
Audience analysis helps you plan out your speech to specifically target your audience.
Topical
By far the most common pattern for organizing a speech is by categories or topics. The categories function as a way to help the speaker organize the message in a consistent fashion. The goal of a categorical/topical speech pattern is to create categories (or chunks) of information that go together to help support your original specific purpose.
Organizational formats for informative speaking
Chronological speech pattern, Biographical, Topical, and Spatial
Scheme examples
Climax—arranging words or clauses in increasing order of importance. I came, I saw, I conquered. -Julius Caesar
The Rhetorical Architects Basic Code Body-
Did the body of the presentation satisfy the expectations created by the introduction? Did the speaker provide appropriate support for the claims advanced? Did the speaker use personal examples or examples from everyday life as well as information From research? Did the speaker make the transitions clear, or did he or she lose the audience?
The Rhetorical Architects Basic Code Conclusion-
Did the speaker here, or in the body of the speech adequately summarize? Did the conclusion provide an appropriate sense of an ending?
Question and Answer Session-
Did the speaker seem appropriately knowledgeable about the subject? Did the speaker use the q & a session to further develop themes of the speech? Did the speaker refuse irrelevant questions & rephrase vague ones?
The Rhetorical Architects Basic Code intro-
Did the speech gain the audience's attention? Did the introduction establish the speaker's credibility on and relationship to the topic? Did the introduction motivate the audience by showing them how the topic relates to them? Did the introduction lead to the body of the speech? (thesis and preview of points)
What is the significance of "common ground" for persuasive public speaking?
Finding and highlighting common ground between you, the speaker, and the audience is a great way to create identification during a presentation. Identification allows a speaker to remove the invisible barrier that separates the speaker and audience.
Conclusion format
IV. Conclusion A. Restate Thesis: "In conclusion, recycling is an effective means of reducing environmental harm and preserving valuable resources." B. Recap Main Points: Summarize the benefits of recycling and how it's practiced in daily life. C. Closing Remarks: "Remember, each of us can make a positive impact on the environment by recycling our waste."
Problem-solution outline
Introduction Problem Explain what the problem is Establish the significance of the problem (its effects are serious) Establish the impact of the problem (it affects a lot of people) Show that the problem will not go away on its own Solution Explain what the solution is Show how the solution will solve the problem Demonstrate that the solution is feasible (can actually be implemented) Conclusion: Some variations of this format Background; problem; solution Problem; cause of problem; solution Problem; solution; how solution will work
Memory
Memorizing the speech as well a speaker should know as much as possible about a topic before presenting so that, should an occasion arise to improvise or answer questions, you would know the topic so well that you could respond with accuracy and professionalism.
Trope examples:
Metaphor—implied comparison between two unalike things The classroom was a zoo
Spatial example
Purpose: To explain to a group of college biology students how the urinary system works I. Locate and describe the kidneys and ureters. II. Locate and describe the bladder. III. Locate and describe the sphincter and urethra. All we've done in this example is create a spatial speech order for discussing how waste is removed from the human body through the urinary system. It is spatial because the organization pattern is determined by the physical location of each body part in relation to the others discussed.
Chronological speech pattern example
Purpose: To inform my audience about the books written by Winston Churchill I. Examine the style and content of Winston Churchill's writings prior to World War II. II. Examine the style and content of Winston Churchill's writings during World War II. III. Examine the style and content of Winston Churchill's writings after World War II.
Topical example
Purpose: To persuade a group of high school juniors to apply to attend Generic University I. Life in the dorms II. Life in the classroom III. Life on campus
style
Refers to choices you make to impact a reader or listener. Including word choice, tone, pace, visualization, and other emotion-evoking style options. Usually aligned with the rhetorical appeal pathos because style will often affect the emotions and reactions of your audience.
important elements in a conclusion
Signal the end, Theme summarized and made meaningful, and Memorable clincher/lasting impression.
Delivery
The way in which you give a speech or present a communication piece. All about your eye contact, posture, professionalism, the way you dress, confidence, body language, and so forth.
Comparative advantage outline
This format consists of the discussion of a few advantages of your solution. The generic form of this format is: Introduction Advantage #1 Advantage #2 Advantage #3 Conclusion Some variations of this format Comparative disadvantages (show the disadvantages of one plan and then show the advantages of your plan)
What Are My Obligations As An Ethical Speaker? (To the subject)
To devote to each topic the best research and reflection that I can given the time at my disposal To go beyond weekly newsmagazines and consult experts and specialized books and literature. To acknowledge, and where appropriate to present, both sides of an issue - even when I am going to advocate one side as clearly preferable.
ethical responsibilities as a public speaker
To take care that the information I present is accurate - and to know the sources from which I drew it. To recommend to others only actions which I myself have done or am going to do, and only beliefs to which I personally subscribe. To present my thoughts in my own language and not to present the words of others as though They were my own. To give others the benefit of my candid response to their speeches so that they might gain the information they need to improve.
how to create a good transition
Transition words are snappier, shorter, and quicker than transition phrases. They heighten the pace and intensity of a sentence in a speech. Some examples are: "Instead," "Additionally," "Also," "Next," "Now," "And," "Lastly," "First," "Because," "Since," etc. They work because they are, essentially, a mini open-loop. the beginning phrase of the sentence indicates the conclusion of a period of time (now that, thus far). Table 10.1 "Transition Words" contains a variety of transition words that will be useful when keeping your speech moving.
Arrangement
a student takes ideas from the invention stage and organizes them in a logical manner. Introduction: Statement of facts (background information). Division (a summary of your arguments). Proof (your logical argument/the main body of your speech or writing). Refutation (highlighting the objections to your argument and then dealing with them). Conclusion.
Convincing speeches
aim to get the audience to change their mind to accept the view put forth in the speech.
elements of Good delivery
conversational delivery, Eye contact with entire audience, Enthusiasm/energy, Smooth, fluid delivery, Vocal variety, Vocal emphasis, Appropriate rate, Helpful posture and gestures, Lack of fillers, Visual aid choice and format, Visual aid use and handling
preparing and presenting visual aids
don't look at visual aids, don't put too many words on a slide, visual aids should also be easy for the audience to see. Using colors effectively and high-contrast elements are important. Fonts and backgrounds must work together so that the content is legible.
Logos
logic and is to appeal to the audiences' sense of reason or logic.
Spatial
organizes information according to how things fit together in physical space. This pattern is best used when your main points are oriented to different locations that can exist independently.
Chronological speech pattern
places the main idea in the time order in which items appear—whether backward or forward.
Actuation speeches
seek to incite a certain action in the audience.
Diagram
the claim is backed up with reasoning which is further backed up by evidence. The claim is something the audience does not believe yet, the level of dispute is in between both the evidence and the claim.
tips for writing good note cards
use bullet points, don't write your whole speech down, summarize each section, write your quotes and sources down, Use 3x5 note cards and write on only one side of the cards. Include cues (e.g., "point to slide" or "pause"); write these in a different color or highlight them so you recognize that they are not part of your actual speech. Number your cards. Practice beforehand with cards. Divide information into separate note cards in a way that makes sense to you.
