Public Speaking Test C.7-11 and 15

The introduction has four objections:

1. Get the attention and interest of your audience 2. Reveal the topic of your speech 3. Establish your credibility and goodwill 4. Preview the body of the speech **Gain attention before revealing topic**

Concept

A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.

How do you use Wikipedia?

By scrolling to the bottom and looking at the citations/sources

The process of planning the body of a speech begins when you ____________________________.

Determine the main points

Knowledge

Drawing on personal experience

Recency

Is it current enough?

Extended Example

A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

Abstract

A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author

Signposts

A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses on key ideas.

Personalize

To present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience

Paraphrase

To restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words

Guidelines of Preparation Outline

Use consistent pattern of symbolization, indentation Roman Numerals Label transitions, internal summaries and previews

Evaluating Documents

Authorship, Sponsorship, Recency

Tips for Examples

Clarify ideas Reinforce Ideas personalize ideas make vivid, richly textured practice delivery to enhance

Delivery Cues

Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she wants to deliver key parts of the speech

Citing Sources Orally

Name of document Author/Sponsoring organization Qualifications Date

Statistics

Numerical data

Peer Testimony

Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

Expert Testimony

Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

Main Points

The major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain 2-5 ____ points.

Supporting Materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of ________ ____________ are examples, testimonies, and statistics.

Median

The middle number in a group of numbers

Mode

The number that occurs the most frequently

Tips for the Introduction

1. Keep it relatively brief 2. Be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research. 3. Be creative. 4. Don't worry about the exact wording of your introduction until you have finished preparing the body of the speech. 5. Work out your introduction in detail 6. When you present the speech, don't start talking too soon.

Tips for Preparing Main Points

1. Keep main points separate 2. Try to use the same pattern of wording for each point 3. Balance the amount of time devoted to main points

How to reinforce the central idea in your conclusion

1. Summarize your speech 2. End with a quotation 3. Make a dramatic statement 4. Refer to the introduction

The conclusion has two major functions:

1. To let the audience know you are ending the speech 2. To reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea.

Speaking Outline

A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech

Crescendo Ending

A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity.

Dissolve Ending

A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement.

Academic Database

A database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals

Preparation Outline

A detailed outline prepared during the process of speech preparation that include the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.

Preliminary Bibliography

A list compiled early in the research of works that look as if they might contain helpful information on a speech topic.

Bibliography

A list of all the sources used in preparing a speech

Catalogue

A listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library

Problem-Solution Order

A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Topical Order

A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.

Comparison

A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

Description

A statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness

Process

A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product.

Transition

A word or a phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.

Tips for Research

Start early, think about materials, make preliminary bibliography, take notes efficiently

Direct Quotation

Testimony that is presented word for word

Credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

Goodwill

The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind.

Mean

The average value of a group of numbers

Visual Framework

The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas

Tips for Statistics

Use to quantify ideas use sparingly identify sources explain thoroughly round off use visual aids if needed

Example of Biographical Aid

Who's Who

Examples of Yearbook

World Almanac

Contrast

A statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

Spatial Order

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern.

Chronological Order

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.

Causal Order

A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.

Call Number

A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.

Rhetorical Question

A question that the audience answers mentally rather than outloud

Newspaper and Periodical Databases

A research aid the catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers

Virtual Library

A search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data

Brief Example

A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

Examples

A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

Informative Speech

A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

Internal Previews

A statement in the body of a speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.

Internal Summaries

A statement in the body of a speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points.

Preview Statement

A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.

Connective

A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them. Four types of speech __________ are: transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts.

Reference Work

A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers. Ex. encyclopedias, yearbooks, quotation books, biographical aids

Examples of Academic Databases

Academic OneFile JSTOR Google Scholar

Hypothetical Example

An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

Research Interview

An interview conducted to gather information for a speech.

Sponsoring Organization

An organization, that in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet

Event

Anything that happens or is regarded as happening

Object

Anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form.

Guidelines for informative speech

Don't overestimate what your audience knows Relate subject to audience Don't be too technical Avoid abstractions Personalize ideas

Authorship

Is the author clearly identified? Is the author an expert on the topic? Can his or her data be accepted as objective and unbiased?

Sponsorship

Is the organization objective in its research and fair-minded in its statements? Is it economically unbiased with regard to the issue under discussion? Does it have a history of accuracy and nonpartisanship?

Efficient Notetaking

Plenty of notes Record in consistent format Make separate entries Distinguish direct quotations, paraphrases, own ideas

Strategic Organization

Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

In a research interview avoid:

Questions answerable without interview Leading Questions Hostile, loaded questions

Testimony

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

Quoting out of Context

Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its statement from the words and phrases surrounding it

How to get the attention and interest of your audience

Relate the topic to your audience, state the importance of your topic, startle the audience, arouse the curiosity of the audience, question the audience, begin with a quotation, tell a story.

Gaining Attention

Relate topic to audience State importance of topic Startle audience Arouse curiosity Question audience Begin with quotation Tell story