PUH 204 midterm

Which of the following is consistent with using the Self-efficacy construct of vicarious learning to support behavior change among high school students with alcohol problems?

peer support groups

a theory construct

reflects the practical application of the concept

Which of the following reflects the construct of volitional control in the Theory of Reasoned Action?

regular use of sunscreen

According to the Health Belief Model, which of the following demonstrates a cue to action?

sharing a post on Facebook about free flu vaccinations

When a woman says she avoids going for a mammogram because the very thought of even being screened for breast cancer frightens her, which of the Self-efficacy theory constructs would explain this behavior?

somatic and emotional states

Which construct of Self-Efficacy Theory would you use to explain behavior based on how we feel when we think about engaging in a particular behavior?

somatic and emotional states

When people quit smoking because a health care provider asks them too, which Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior construct explains this behavior?

subjective norms

the concept of a theory is

the idea upon which the theory is based

Which of the following best exemplifies people with high levels of self-efficacy?

they approach a difficult task as a challenge to overcome, rather than avoided

According to the Self Efficacy Theory construct of somatic and emotional states, attempting new behavior is more likely to occur if:

thinking about it is associated with a pleasurable experience

According to Attribution Theory, it's important to identify behavioral causes at the individual level because the same behavior may result from different causes for different people.

true

Attitudes toward a behavior are formed by a series of beliefs which result in a value being placed on the outcome of the behavior.

true

Behavioral control is determined by a set of beliefs the person has that help or hinder performance of the behavior.

true

Food insecurity is a household-level indicator of minimal economic conditions and reflects limited or uncertain access to food.

true

Learning a new behavior that is similar to one already known increases self-efficacy.

true

The Attribution Theory construct of stability tells us that internal stable causes cannot be changed.

true

The Self-Efficacy Theory construct of verbal persuasion explains that when people are told they will be successful at something new, they are more likely to try.

true

The construct of perceived benefits in the Health Belief Model explains that behavior change is influenced by the extent of expected positive results from the new behavior.

true

The construct of stability in Attribution Theory refers to the extent to which the cause of a particular behavior is consistent or inconsistent, whether it is always the same or if it changes

true

The somatic and emotional state resulting from thinking about engaging in a behavior affects self-efficacy and the likelihood of engaging in the behavior.

true

Very low food security is an individual-level condition which indicates that hunger is present.

true

When anxiety results from thinking about engaging in a behavior, chances are people will avoid engaging in the behavior

true

Which construct of Self-Efficacy Theory would you use to explain behavior based on the support we get from others?

verbal persuasion

Which construct of the Self-Efficacy Theory would you use to explain behavior based on observing the success or failure of others who are similar to us?

vicarious experiences

____________ is the construct of the Theory of Reasoned Action that explains behavior based on our ability to do something at will?

volitional control

In his TED Talk, Dr. Dean Ornish discussed some lifestyle factors that can harm our brain's ability to grow new brain cells. These include

A. Saturated fat and sugar B. Nicotine, opiates, cocaine, and/or too much alcohol C. Chronic stress D. B and C above E. All of the above

Johann Hari, in his TED Talk, Everything you think you know about addiction is wrong", describes a natural experiment provided by Vietnam War soldiers regarding heroin. What did they find?

Approximately 20 percent of all American troops were using heroin when the war ended. The soldiers were followed over time after the war; among the heroin users, 95% of them stopped using heroin on their own - they didn't go to rehab, or experience intense withdrawal. Researchers concluded that addiction is one form of adaptation to your environment.

What is the relationship between beliefs and attitudes and how do these affect health behavior?

Beliefs are those things that individuals perceive as being true. A series of beliefs about something forms an attitude toward it. A person's attitude toward something contributes to the person's likely action related to it.

Briefly describe the difference in the three models of resilience in Davies and colleagues' review article "Enhancing Resilience among Young People: The Role of Communities and Asset-building Approaches to Intervention".

Compensatory model: protective factors act in the opposite direction of closely related risk factors in an effort to compensate for the risk factor which may not be easily amenable to change (eg, parental monitoring compensates for the negative effects of a deviant peer group). Protective model: a person's assets and resources help to reduce or moderate the negative effects of a risk factor. Assets unrelated to an individual's specific risk or traumatic experience can serve to buffer the effects of other risks. For example, support from extended family and a positive school environment may increase adaptive coping (and thus enhance resilience) in a teen who lost her parents in a car accident. Challenge model: there is a curvilinear association between risk factors and outcomes, such that youth exposed to relatively high levels of risk do better as a result of the practice or experience they get from regular exposure; like a muscle that gets stronger with practice, youth get better at dealing with risk than those with very low exposure. But too many risks occurring too often can overwhelm an individual. Moderate risk exposure is considered optimal because it allows adolescents to learn how to adapt and develop skills necessary to deal with risk or adversity.

How does culture influence health behavior?

Culture influences behavioral norms, dictates accepted practices, and forms the beliefs from which health behavior emanates.

Which of the following statements is consistent with an internal locus of control?

During flu season, I wash my hands more often to avoid getting sick.

Explain the relationship between education level and health behavior.

Education is the most sensitive factor in determining health behavior. It is generally related to greater knowledge which is related to informed decision making, higher income which increases the likelihood of better employment opportunities and access to better health care.

Briefly describe the two different strategies the young boys tried to engage smokers on the street in the "Behavioral Science (BS) You Can Use" video?

First, they tried to provide information (telling them that smoking was bad for them and providing the # to a toll-free quit line). Their second strategy, asking the smokers for a light, generated a very different response: smokers tried to convince the young boys to stop smoking and/or never start smoking.

Explain why giving people information is not sufficient for behavior change to occur.

Giving people new information to increase their knowledge is insufficient for behavior change to occur because knowledge without the skills to use it, is almost useless. In order for behavior to change, people need to both know what they have to change, and have the skills necessary for making the change.

Attribution theory would be a reasonable foundation for behavior change interventions that aim to:

Identify causes of unhealthy behavior and them.

The underlying concept of the Health Belief Model explains that behavior results from

Individual beliefs and perceptions.

The construct of behavioral control in the Theory of Planned Behavior explains behavior based on which of the following:

Individual perception of how easy or difficult it is to do something.

Which of the following is true of the Health Belief Model?

It is the most commonly used theory in health education and promotion.

An example of the Attribution Theory construct of external locus of control to change behavior can be seen in which of the following?

Step 2 of the 12 steps of Alcoholics Anonymous which states "We came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity."

Explain how the theory concept and constructs are related.

The concept is the underlying core of the theory. It is the basis from which the theory attempts to explain behavior. The constructs are related to the concept in that they are used to explain how or why the concept explains behavior. They are the ways the concept is used to explain behavior.

Discuss the foundation of theory development.

Theories are developed as a result of inductive reasoning. Conclusions are drawn about observations that repeatedly occur in a specific occurrence or evidence the same phenomenon are drawn from observing the same things repeatedly over time. Sometimes the starting point of theory development is a problem that needs to be solved. In this case, possible behavioral causes of the problem are researched/tested/studied over time with each outcome used as the starting point for the next study/test.

In the article "Enhancing Resilience among Young People....." the authors discuss two theories of psychological theories of resilience.

Theory of Possible Selves and Attribution Theory

Dr. Peter Hendricks gave a lecture on Tobacco and Smoking. What was most interesting or informative aspect of that lecture in your opinion?

This question asks for your opinion, so there are no wrong answers. I found many things in that lecture to be of significant interest and importance (my opinion).

According to the Attribution Theory construct of controllability,

Undesirable health outcomes viewed by others as having controllable causes, lead to blame and stereotyping.

Is food insecurity associated with poor child nutrition and/or health in the US? Why or why not?

Yes, it is significantly associated with both poor child nutrition and poor child health, because food insecurity it is associated with reduced quality, variety and reduced access to nutritious foods; but also because it is often accompanied by poverty which brings a wide variety of stressors at multiple levels. Prolonged stress causes physiological changes that impact health in adverse ways.

models differ from theories in that they

are based on concepts from different theories rather than just one

The concept underlying the Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior is that

behavior Is the result of intention

According to the Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior, a person's attitude toward a behavior results from

beliefs about the behavior

when using community level theories, behavior change is predicted on:

changing factors within social systems

changing the legal limit for a DUI arrest would be consistent with which theoretical level of intervention?

community

the difference between the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is that the TPB:

contains the construct of behavioral control, the TRA does not

lowering sodium intake reduces stroke risk. stroke risk is highest among people with high blood pressure. lower sodium diets help control high blood pressure. This is an example of:

deductive reasoning

Dr. Lappan's Food Insecurity lecture used which theory to describe the impact of food insecurity on individuals and families?

ecological systems theory

A manual that increases knowledge of the health problem being addressed and provides possible solutions would be appropriate to help people with an external locus of control change their behavior.

false

According to Attribution Theory, personal attributes are the basis of all behavior.

false

According to Self-Efficacy Theory, efficacious people see difficult tasks as threats and avoid them.

false

In the Health Belief Model, the constructs of perceived susceptibility and perceived barriers together form the construct of perceived threat.

false

Providing opportunities for people to be successful at a new behavior is an example of the Self-Efficacy Theory construct of somatic and emotional state.

false

The construct of stability in Attribution Theory refers to the extent to which the underlying cause of a behavior can be predicted.

false

The most effective way to increase self-efficacy is through vicarious learning.

false

Which of the following theories would be most appropriate to use as the basis for an intervention aimed at increasing safer sex practices among older adults in an effort to combat the idea that sexually transmitted diseases are a "young person's" problem?

health belief model

repeated observation of higher rates of injury among teen athletes during practices with minimal attention to safety equipment use and lower rates during games with maximum attention to safety equipment use leads to the conclusion that safety equipment prevents injury is an example of

inductive reasoning

Which of the following is an internal, stable cause of behavior?

intellect

theories at the _____ level focus on the assumption that other people in our lives affect our health decisions and thus, our health and behavior

interpersonal

Which of the following is an example of an internal, unstable cause of behavior?

knowledge

Which construct of the Self-Efficacy Theory would you use to explain behavior based on past success engaging in a similar behavior?

mastery experiences